Integrating cognitive load theory and concepts of human-computer interaction

Computers in Human Behavior

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1278-1288

  Hollender, Nina ^a   Hofmann, Cristian ^b   Deneke, Michael ^a   Schmitz, Bernhard ^a  

^a DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b FRAUNHOFER IGD   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cognitive load theory; Computer assisted instruction; Human computer interaction; Learning

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION; E-LEARNING; KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION; USER CENTERED DESIGN;

COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY; COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION; E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT; GERMANE COGNITIVE LOAD; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI); INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNS; INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH; LEARNING;

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION;

EID: 77956182126     PISSN: 07475632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.031     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Alkhalifa, E. M. (2008). Towards demonstrating limited cognitive reception bandwidth. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies (pp. 913-916). doi:10.1109/ICALT.2008.173.
2. F. Amadieu, A. Tricot, and C. Marin Prior knowledge in learning from a non-linear electronic document: Disorientation and coherence of the reading sequences Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 381 388 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12. 017
3. C.S. Ang, P. Zaphiris, and S. Mahmood A model of cognitive loads in massively multiplayer online role playing games Interacting with Computers 19 2 2007 167 179
4. C. Angeli, N. Valanides, and P. Kirschner Field dependence-independence and instructional-design effects on learners' performance with a computer-modeling tool Computers in Human Behavior 25 6 2009 1355 1366 10.1016/j.chb.2009.05.010
5. Ardito, C., De Marsico, M., Lanzilotti, R., Levialdi, S., Roselli, T., Rossano, V., et al. (2004). Usability of e-learning tools. In Paper presented at the AVI 2004-Advanced visual interfaces, May 25-28, 2004, Gallipoli, Italy.
6. R.C. Atkinson, and R.M. Shiffrin Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes K.W. Spence, J.T. Spence, The psychology of learning and motivation 1968 Academic Press New York, NY 89 195
7. R.K. Atkinson, A. Renkl, and M.M. Merrill Transitioning from studying examples to solving problems: Combining fading with prompting fosters learning Journal of Educational Psychology 95 2003 774 783
8. K.A. Austin Multimedia learning: Cognitive individual differences and display design techniques predict transfer learning with multimedia learning modules Computers & Education 53 4 2009 1339 1354 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.06. 017
9. P. Ayres, and T. Van Gog Editorial: State of the art research into Cognitive Load Theory Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 253 257 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.007
10. P. Ayres, N. Marcus, C. Chan, and N. Qian Learning hand manipulative tasks: When instructional animations are superior to equivalent static representations Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 348 353 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.013
11. P. Ayres, and J. Sweller The split-attention principle in multimedia learning R.E. Mayer, The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning 2005 Cambridge University Press New York, NY 135 146
12. P. Ayres, and T. Van Gog State of the art research into Cognitive Load Theory Computers in Human Behavior 25 2009 253 257 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.007
13. A. Baddeley The psychology of memory 1976 Basic Books New York, NY
14. A. Baddeley Working memory: The interface between memory and cognition Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4 3 1992 281 288
15. M. Bannert Managing cognitive load. Recent trends in cognitive load theory Learning and Instruction 12 2002 139 146
16. Cao, Y., Theune, M., & Nijholt, A. (2009). Modality effects on cognitive load and performance in high-load information presentation. In Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 335-344). doi:10.1145/1502650.1502697.
17. S.K. Card, A. Newell, and T.P. Moran The psychology of human-computer interaction 1983 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ
18. J.M. Carroll The Nurnberg funnel: Designing minimalist instruction for practical computer skill 1990 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
19. Caspersen, M. E., & Bennedsen, J. (2007). Instructional design of a programming course: a learning theoretic approach. In Proceedings of the third international workshop on computing education research (pp. 111-122). doi:10.1145/1288580.1288595. (Pubitemid 351203792)
20. P. Chandler, and J. Sweller Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program Applied Cognitive Psychology 10 1996 151 170
21. P.A. Chalmers The role of cognitive theory in human-computer interface Computers in Human Behavior 19 5 2003 593 607
22. Chang, D., Dooley, L., & Tuovinen, J. E. (2002). Gestalt theory in visual screen design: A new look at an old subject. In Proceedings of the world conference on computers in education: Australian topics (pp. 5-12).
23. K.-E. Chang, Y.-T. Sung, and S.-F. Lin Computer-assisted learning for mathematical problem solving Computers & Education 46 2 2006 140 151 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.08.002
24. B. Chen, H. Wang, R. Proctor, and G. Salvendy A human-centered approach for improving world wide web browsers Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers 29 2 1997 172 179
25. A. Chevalier, and M. Kicka Web designers and web users: Influence of the ergonomic quality of the web site on the information search International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 64 10 2006 1031 1048 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.06. 002
26. M.T.H. Chi, M. Bassok, M.W. Lewis, P. Reimann, and R. Glaser Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems Cognitive Science 13 1989 145 182
27. M.T.H. Chi, R. Glaser, and E. Rees Expertise in problem solving R.J. Sternberg, Advances in the psychology of human intelligence Vol. 1 1982 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 7 75
28. G. Cierniak, K. Scheiter, and P. Gerjets Explaining the split-attention effect: Is the reduction of extraneous cognitive load accompanied by an increase in germane cognitive load? Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 315 324 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.020
29. Clarebout, G., & Elen, J. (2005). The effects of a pedagogical agent in an open learning environment. In Proceeding of the conference on artificial intelligence in education: Supporting learning through intelligent and socially informed technology (pp. 168-175).
30. T. Clarke, P. Ayres, and J. Sweller The impact of sequencing and prior knowledge on learning mathematics through spreadsheet applications Educational Technology Research and Development 53 2005 15 24
31. G. Corbalan, L. Kester, and J.J.G. Van Merriënboer Dynamic task selection: Effects of feedback and learner control on efficiency and motivation Learning and Instruction 19 2009 455 465 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.07.002
32. Courtemanche, F., Najjar, M., & Mayers, A. (2008). Cognitive load estimation for optimizing learning within intelligent tutoring systems. In B. P. Woolf, E. Aïmeur, R. Nkambou, & S. Lajoie (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 5091. Proceedings of the 9th international conference on intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 719-721). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7-88.
33. De Jong, T. (2009). Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought. Instructional Science. doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0.
34. D. DeStefano, and J.-A. LeFevre Cognitive load in hypertext reading: A review Computers in Human Behavior 23 3 2007 1616 1641 10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.012
35. Elting, C., Zwickel, J., & Malaka, R. (2002). Device-dependant modality selection for user-interfaces: An empirical study. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on intelligent user interfaces (pp. 55-62).
36. Fan, X., & Yen, J. (2007). Realistic cognitive load modeling for enhancing shared mental models in human-agent collaboration. In Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems (pp. 1-8). Honolulu, Hawaii: ACM.
37. Feinberg, S., & Murphy, M. (2000). Applying cognitive load theory to the design of web-based instruction. In Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM international conference on computer documentation: Technology & teamwork (pp. 353-360).
38. P. Gerjets, K. Scheiter, and J. Schuh Information comparisons in example-based hypertext environments: Supporting learners with processing prompts and an interactive comparison tool Educational Technology, Research & Development 56 2008 73 92
39. Gray, S., Clair, C. S., James, R., & Mead, J. (2007). Suggestions for graduated exposure to programming concepts using fading worked examples. In Proceedings of the third international workshop on computing education research (pp. 99-110).
40. Grudin, J. (1990). The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design. In Paper presented at the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems: Empowering people, Seattle, WA.
41. S. Guttormsen Schär, and J. Kaiser Revising (multi-) media learning principles by applying a differentiated knowledge concept International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 64 10 2006 1061 1070 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.05.005
42. Hewett, T. T., Baecker, R., Card, S., Carey, T., Gasen, J., Mantei, M., et al. (1996). ACM SIGCHI curricula for human-computer interaction; ACM. Retrieved from http://old.sigchi.org/sigchi/cdg/.
43. T.S. Hilbert, and A. Renkl Learning how to use a computer-based concept-mapping tool: Self-explaining examples helps Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 267 274 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.006
44. A. Holzinger, M.D. Kickmeier-Rust, S. Wassertheurer, and M. Hessinger Learning performance with interactive simulations in medical education: Lessons learned from results of learning complex physiological models with the HAEMOdynamics SIMulator Computers & Education 52 2 2009 292 301 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.08.008
45. B.D. Homer, J.L. Plass, and L. Blake The effects of video on cognitive load and social presence in multimedia-learning Computers in Human Behavior 24 3 2008 786 797 10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.009
46. K. Hornbæk Current practice in measuring usability: Challenges to usability studies and research International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 64 2 2006 79 102
47. H. Horz, C. Winter, and S. Fries Differential benefits of situated instructional prompts Computers in Human Behavior 25 4 2009 818 828 10.1016/j.chb.2008.07.001
48. Hsu, P.-S., Chang, T.-J., Chuang, C.-P., & Wu, M.-H. (2008). A dynamic, real time and non-interference quantitative measurement technique on diagnosing instructional condition for adaptive e-learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-Pacific services computing conference (pp. 1471-1476). doi:10.1109/APSCC.2008.108.
49. Huang, W., Hong, S.-H., & Eades, P. (2006). Predicting graph reading performance: a cognitive approach. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific symposium on information visualisation (pp. 207-216).
50. S. Ik-Park, G. Lee, and M. Kim Do students benefit equally from interactive computer simulations regardless of prior knowledge levels? Computers & Education 52 3 2009 649 655
51. ISO (1998). ISO 9241-11 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs)-Part 11: Guidance on usability.
52. Kalyuga, S. (1997). Cognitive load effects and design of computer based instruction. In Poster session presented at the second ACM international conference on digital libraries, Philadelphia, PA.
53. S. Kalyuga Relative effectiveness of animated and static diagrams: An effect of learner prior knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 24 3 2008 852 861 10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.018
54. S. Kalyuga, P. Ayres, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller The expertise reversal effect Educational Psychologist 38 1 2003 23 31
55. L. Kester, P.A. Kirschner, and G. Corbalan Designing support to facilitate learning in powerful electronic learning environments: Introduction Computers in Human Behavior 23 2007 1047 1054
56. Khawaja, M. A., Ruiz, N., & Chen, F. (2007). Potential speech features for cognitive load measurement. In Proceedings of the 19th Australasian conference on computer-human interaction: Entertaining user interfaces, Adelaide, Australia.
57. Khawaja, M. A., Ruiz, N., & Chen, F. (2008). Think before you talk: An empirical study of relationship between speech pauses and cognitive load. In Proceedings of the 20th Australasian conference on computer-human interaction: Designing for habitus and habitat (pp. 335-338).
58. K. Kiili Towards a participatory multimedia learning model Education and Information Technologies 11 1 2006 21 32
59. Kim, S., & Dey, A. K. (2009). Simulated augmented reality windshield display as a cognitive mapping aid for elder driver navigation. In Proceedings of the 27th international SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 133-142).
60. Kirschner, F., Paas, F., & Kirschner, P. A. (2008). Individual versus group learning as a function of task complexity: An exploration into the measurement of group cognitive load. In J. Zumbach, N. Schwartz, T. Seufert, & L. Kester (Eds.), Beyond knowledge: The legacy of competence-meaningful computer-based learning environments (1st ed., pp. 21-28). Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8827-8.
61. F. Kirschner, F. Paas, and P.A. Kirschner A cognitive load approach to collaborative learning: United brains for complex tasks Educational Psychology Review 21 1 2009 31 42 10.1007/s10648-008-9095-2
62. F. Kirschner, F. Paas, and P.A. Kirschner Individual and group-based learning from complex cognitive tasks: Effects on retention and transfer efficiency Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 306 314 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12. 008
63. A. Koohang Expanding the concept of usability Informing Science Journal 7 2004 129 141
64. A. Koohang, and J. du Plessis Architecting usability properties in the e-learning instructional design process International Journal on ELearning 3 3 2004 38 44
65. G. Korakakis, E.A. Pavlatou, J.A. Palyvos, and N. Spyrellis 3D visualization types in multimedia applications for science learning: A case study for 8th grade students in Greece Computers & Education 52 2 2009 390 401 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.011
66. M. Kurosu, and K. Kashimura Apparent usability vs. inherent usability: Experimental analysis on the determinants of the apparent usability I. Katz, R. Mack, L. Marks, Conference on human factors in computing systems 1995 ACM Denver, Colorado 292 293
67. Lawrence, C. (2006). Take a load off: cognitive considerations for game design. In Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment (pp. 91-95). Perth, Australia: Murdoch University.
68. D. Leutner, C. Leopold, and E. Sumfleth Cognitive load and science text comprehension: Effects of drawing and mentally imagining text content Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 284 289 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.010
69. Lim, J., & Reiser, R. A. (2006). Effects of part-task and whole-task instructional approaches and levels of learner expertise on learner acquisition and transfer of a complex cognitive skill. In Proceedings of the seventh international conference on learning sciences (pp. 425-431).
70. R. Low, and J. Sweller The modality principle in multimedia learning R.E. Mayer, The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning 2005 Cambridge University Press New York, NY 147 158
71. Lyons, L., Lee, J., Quintana, C., & Soloway, E. (2006). MUSHI: A multi-device framework for collaborative inquiry learning. In Proceedings of the seventh international conference on learning sciences (pp. 453-459).
72. R.I. Madrid, H.V. Oostendorp, and M.C. Puerta Melguizo The effects of the number of links and navigation support on cognitive load and learning with hypertext: The mediating role of reading order Computers in Human Behavior 25 1 2009 66 75 10.1016/j.chb.2008.06.005
73. T. Mandel Elements of user interface design 1997 John Wiley & Sons New York, NY
74. J.T. Mayes, and C.J. Fowler Learning technology and usability: A framework for understanding courseware Interacting with Computers 11 1999 485 497
75. Mehlenbacher, B., Bennett, L., Bird, T., Ivey, M., Lucas, J., Morton, J., et al. (2005). Usable e-learning: A conceptual model for evaluation and design. In Paper presented at the HCI international 2005: 11th international conference on human-computer-interaction, Las Vegas, NV.
76. G.A. Miller The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information Psychological Review 63 1956 81 97
77. D.C. Moos Note-taking while learning hypermedia: Cognitive and motivational considerations Computers in Human Behavior 25 5 2009 1120 1128 10.1016/j.chb.2009.05.004
78. B.H. Ngu, and S. Rethinasamy Evaluating a CALL software on the learning of English prepositions Computers & Education 47 1 2006 41 55 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.08.016
79. J. Nielsen Usability engineering 1994 Academic Press San Diego, CA
80. J. Nielsen Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics Conference companion on human factors in computing systems 1994 ACM Boston, MA 152 158
81. Oviatt, S. (2006). Human-centered design meets cognitive load theory: Designing interfaces that help people think. In Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on multimedia (pp. 871-880).
82. Oviatt, S., Arthur, A., & Cohen, J. (2006). Quiet interfaces that help students think. In Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology (pp. 191-200).
83. Oviatt, S., Coulston, R., & Lunsford, R. (2004). When do we interact multimodally? Cognitive load and multimodal communication patterns. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces (pp. 129-136). State College, PA: ACM.
84. F. Paas, J. Tuovinen, J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, and A. Darabi A motivational perspective on the relation between mental effort and performance. Optimizing learner involvement in instruction Educational Technology, Research & Development 53 2005 25 33 10.1007/BF02504795
85. F. Paas, J.E. Tuovinen, H. Tabbers, and P. Van Gerven Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory Educational Psychologist 38 2003 63 71 (Pubitemid 36400005)
86. F. Paas, and J.J.G. Van Merriënboer Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach Journal of Educational Psychology 86 1 1994 122 133
87. E. Pollock, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller Assimilating complex information Learning and Instruction 12 2002 61 86
88. J. Preece, H. Sharp, and Y. Rogers Interaction design. Beyond human-computer interaction 2002 John Wiley & Sons New York, NY
89. R. Razavi, M. Fleury, and M. Ghanbari Enabling cognitive load-aware AR with rateless coding on a wearable network Advances in Multimedia 2008 1 12 10.1155/2008/853816
90. P.J. Reber, and K. Kotovsky Implicit learning in problem solving: The role of working memory capacity Journal of Experimental Psychology 126 2 1997 178 203 (Pubitemid 127458057)
91. Y. Rogers New theoretical approaches for HCI Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 38 2004 87 143
92. Ruiz, N., Taib, R., & Chen, F. (2006). Examining the redundancy of multimodal input. In Proceedings of the 18th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Design: Activities, Artefacts and Environments (pp. 389-392). Sydney, Australia: ACM.
93. Ruiz, N., Taib, R., Shi, Y., Choi, E., & Chen, F. (2007). Using pen input features as indices of cognitive load. In Proceedings of the ninth international conference on multimodal interfaces (pp. 315-318).
94. G. Salmon E-moderating: The key to teaching and learning online 2000 Kogan Page London, UK
95. Samaras, H., Bousiou, D., Giouvanakis, T., & Tarabanis, K. (2007). Multimedia learning design based on learning object technology. In Proceedings of the IASTED European conference internet and multimedia systems and applications (pp. 248-253).
96. A. Sawicka Dynamics of cognitive load theory: A model-based approach Computers in Human Behavior 24 3 2008 1041 1066
97. Sawicka, A., Kopainsky, B., & Gonzalez, J.J., 2008. Learning about dynamic problems with computer simulators: A case of system dynamics simulation models. In Proceedings of the 2008 eighth IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies (pp. 569-571). IEEE Computer Society.
98. W. Schnotz, S. Fries, and H. Horz Motivational aspects of cognitive load theory M. Wosnitza, S. Karabenick, A. Efklides, P. Nenniger, Contemporary motivation research: From global to local perspectives 2009 Hogrefe & Huber Göttingen, Germany 69 96
99. W. Schnotz, and C. Kürschner A reconsideration of cognitive load theory Educational Psychology Review 19 4 2007 469 508
100. Schreiber, J. (2009). Bridging the gap between useful and aesthetic maps in car navigation systems. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services (pp. 1-4). doi:10.1145/1613858.1613922.
101. R. Schwonke, A. Renkl, C. Krieg, J. Wittwer, V. Aleven, and R. Salden The worked-example effect: Not an artefact of lousy control conditions Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 258 266 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.011
102. T. Seufert, I. Jänen, and R. Brünken The impact of intrinsic cognitive load on the effectiveness of graphical help for coherence formation Computers in Human Behavior 23 3 2007 1055 1071 10.1016/j.chb.2006.10.002
103. T. Seufert, M. Schütze, and R. Brünken Memory characteristics and modality in multimedia learning: An aptitude-treatment-interaction study Learning and Instruction 19 1 2009 28 42 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.01.002
104. H. Sharp, Y. Rogers, and J. Preece Interaction design. Beyond human-computer interaction 2nd ed. 2007 John Wiley & Sons Chichester, UK
105. Shi, Y., Ruiz, N., Taib, R., Choi, E., & Chen, F. (2007). Galvanic skin response (GSR) as an index of cognitive load. In CHI'07 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2651-2656).
106. R.M. Shiffrin, and W. Schneider Controlled and automatic human information processing II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory Psychological Review 84 1977 127 190
107. B. Shneiderman Designing the user interface. Strategies for effective human-computer interaction 3rd ed. 1998 Addison-Wesley Reading, MA
108. B. Shneiderman, and C. Plaisant Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction 4th ed. 2004 Addison-Wesley Reading, MA
109. K.J. Sinclair, C.E. Renshaw, and H.A. Taylor Improving computer-assisted instruction in teaching higher-order skills Computers & Education 42 2 2004 169 180 10.1016/S0360-1315(03)00070-8
110. P. Siozos, G. Palaigeorgiou, G. Triantafyllakos, and T. Despotakis Computer based testing using "digital ink": Participatory design of a Tablet PC based assessment application for secondary education Computers & Education 52 4 2009 811 819 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.006
111. D. Squires, and J. Preece Predicting quality in educational software: Evaluating for learning, usability and the synergy between them Interacting with Computers 11 1999 467 483
112. R. Stark, H. Mandl, H. Gruber, A. Renkl, and J. Sweller Conditions and effects of example elaboration Learning and Instruction 12 2002 39 60
113. J. Sweller Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning R.E. Mayer, The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning 2005 Cambridge University Press New York, NY 19 30
114. J. Sweller The redundancy principle in multimedia learning R.E. Mayer, The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning 2005 Cambridge University Press New York, NY 159 168
115. J. Sweller The worked example effect and human cognition Learning and Instruction 16 2006 165 169
116. Sweller, J. (2008). Evolutionary bases of human cognitive architecture: Implications for computing education. In Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on computing education research (pp. 1-2).
117. J. Sweller, and P. Chandler Why some material is difficult to learn Cognition and Instruction 12 3 1994 185 233
118. J. Sweller, J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, and F. Paas Cognitive architecture and instructional design Educational Psychology Review 10 1998 251 296
119. N. Tractinsky Aesthetics and apparent usability: Empirically assessing cultural and methodological issues S. Pemberton, SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1997 ACM Atlanta, Georgia 115 122
120. N. Tselios, N. Avouris, and A. Dimitracopoulou Evaluation of distance-learning environments: Impact of usability on student performance International Journal of Educational Telecommunications 7 4 2001 355 378
121. N. Tselios, N. Avouris, and V. Komis The effective combination of hybrid usability methods in evaluating educational applications of ICT: Issues and challenges Education and Information Technologies 13 1 2008 55 76 10.1007/s10639-007-9045-5
122. M.E. Tudoreanu, and E. Kraemer Balanced cognitive load significantly improves the effectiveness of algorithm animation as a problem-solving tool Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 19 5 2008 598 616 10.1016/j.jvlc.2008. 01.001
123. Tuovinen, J. E. (2000). Optimising student cognitive load in computer education. In Proceedings of the Australasian conference on computing education (pp. 235-241).
124. T. Van Gog, L. Kester, F. Nievelstein, B. Giesbers, and F. Paas Uncovering cognitive processes: Different techniques that can contribute to cognitive load research and instruction Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 325 331
125. J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, and P. Ayres Research on cognitive load theory and its design implications for e-learning Educational Technology, Research & Development 53 3 2005 5 13
126. J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, L. Kester, and F. Paas Teaching complex rather than simple tasks: Balancing intrinsic and germane load to enhance transfer of learning Applied Cognition Psychology 20 2006 343 352
127. J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, J.G. Schuurman, M.B.M. De Croock, and F.G.W.C. Paas Redirecting learners attention during training: Effects on cognitive load, transfer test performance and training efficiency Learning and Instruction 12 2002 11 37
128. J.J.G. Van Merriënboer, and J. Sweller Cognitive load theory and complex learning: Recent developments and future directions Educational Psychology Review 17 2 2005 147 177 10.1007/s10648-005-3951-0
129. C. Van Nimwegen, H. Van Oostendorp, D. Burgos, and R. Koper Does an interface with less assistance provoke more thoughtful behavior? 7th international conference on learning sciences 2006 International Society of the Learning Sciences Bloomington, Indiana 785 791
130. H. Van Oostendorp, and S. De Mul Learning by exploration: Thinking aloud while exploring an information system Instructional Science 27 1999 269 284
131. L.S. Vygotski Learning and mental development at school age B. Simon, J. Simon, Educational psychology in the U.S.S.R. 1963 Routledge & Kegan Paul London, UK 21 34
132. J. Wirth, J. Künsting, and D. Leutner The impact of goal specificity and goal type on learning outcome and cognitive load Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 299 305 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.004
133. A. Wong, N. Marcus, P. Ayres, L. Smith, G.A. Cooper, and F. Paas Instructional animations can be superior to statics when learning human motor skills Computers in Human Behavior 25 2 2009 339 347 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.012
134. Yin, B., Ruiz, N., Chen, F., & Khawaja, M. A. (2007). Automatic cognitive load detection from speech features. In Proceedings of the 19th Australasian conference on computer-human interaction: Entertaining user interfaces (pp. 249-255).
135. P. Zaharias, and A. Poylymenakou Developing a usability evaluation method for e-learning applications: Beyond functional usability International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 25 1 2009 75 98
136. J. Zumbach, and M. Mohraz Cognitive load in hypermedia reading comprehension: Influence of text type and linearity Computers in Human Behavior 24 3 2008 875 887 10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.015