The depopulation of Sand Canyon Pueblo, a large ancestral Pueblo village in Southwestern Colorado

American Antiquity

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 497-525

  Kuckelman, Kristin A ^a  

^a CROW CANYON ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956159390     PISSN: 00027316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7183/0002-7316.75.3.497     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Adams, Karen R. 1999 Macrobotanical Remains. In The Sand Canyon Archaeological Project: Site Testing, edited by Mark D. Varien, Chapter 16. Electronic document, http://www.crowcanyon.org/sitetesting, accessed 8 June 2009.
2. Adams, Karen R., Kristin A. Kuckelman, and Vandy E. Bowyer 2007 Archaeobotanical Remains. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado. Electronic document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman, accessed 8 June 2009.
3. Adler, Michael A. 1989 Ritual Facilities and Social Integration in Nonranked Societies. In The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos, edited by William D. Lipe and Michelle Hegmon, pp. 35-52. Occasional Papers, No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
4. Adler, Michael A., and Amber Johnson (compilers) 1996 Mapping the Puebloan Southwest. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A. D. 1150-1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, pp. 255-272. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
5. Ahlstrom, Richard V. N., Carla R. Van West, and Jeffrey S. Dean 1995 Environmental and Chronological Factors in the Mesa Verde-Northern Rio Grande Migration. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:125-142.
6. Allen, Wilma H., Charles F. Merbs, and Walter H. Birkby 1985 Evidence for Prehistoric Scalping at Nuvakwewtaqa (Chavez Pass) and Grasshopper Ruin, Arizona. In Health and Disease in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Charles F. Merbs and Robert J. Miller, pp. 23-42. Anthropological Research Papers, No. 34. Arizona State University, Tempe.
7. Barnes, Ethne 1994 Developmental Defects of the Axial Skeleton in Paleopathology. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.
8. Benson, Larry, Kenneth Petersen, and John Stein 2006 Anasazi (Pre-Columbian Native-American) Migrations During the Middle-12th and Late-13th Centuries-Were They Drought Induced? Climatic Change DOI: 10.1007/s10584-006- 9065-y.
9. Billman, Brian R., Patricia M. Lambert, and Banks L. Leonard 2000 Cannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelfth Century A. D. American Antiquity 65:145-178.
10. Bradley, Bruce A. 1992 Excavations at Sand Canyon Pueblo. In The Sand Canyon Archaeological Project: A Progress Report, edited by William D. Lipe, pp. 79-97. Occasional Papers, No. 2. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
11. Bradley, Cynthia S. 1998 Obligation and Children: Attitudes of Obligation in the Nurturing and Interpretation of Children. Unpublished Master's thesis, Vermont College of Norwich University, Montpelier, Vermont.
12. Thoughts Count: Ideology and the Children of Sand Canyon Pueblo. In Children in the Prehistoric Puebloan Southwest, edited by Kathryn A. Kamp, pp. 169-195. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
13. Bums, Barney T. 1983 Simulated Anasazi Storage Behavior Using Crop Yields Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A. D. 652-1968. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
14. Cameron, Catherine M. 1990 Pit Structure Abandonment in the Four Corners Region of the American Southwest: Late Basketmaker III and Pueblo I Periods. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:27-37.
15. Migration and the Movement of Southwestern Peoples. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:104-124.
16. Cameron, Catherine M., and Andrew I. Duff 2008 History and Process in Village Formation: Context and Contrasts from the Northern Southwest. American Antiquity 73(1):29-57.
17. Cater, John D., and Mark L. Chenault 1988 Kiva Use Reinterpreted. Southwestern Lore 54(3):19-32.
18. Cordell, Linda 1997 Archaeology of the Southwest. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
19. Cordell, Linda S., Carla R. Van West, Jeffrey S. Dean, and Deborah A. Muenchrath 2007 Mesa Verde Settlement History and Relocation: Climate Change, Social Networks, and Ancestral Pueblo Migration. Kiva 72(4):379-405.
20. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center 2004 The Sand Canyon Pueblo Database. Electronic document, http:www.crowcanyon.org/sand canyondatabase, accessed 8 June 2009.
21. Dean, Jeffrey S. 1988 Dendrochronology and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction on the Colorado Plateaus. In The Anasazi in a Changing Environment, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 119-167. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
22. Dean, Jeffrey S., George J. Gumerman, Joshua M. Epstein, Robert L. Axtell, Alan C. Swedlund, Miles T. Parker, Stephen McCarroll 2000 Understanding Anasazi Culture Change Through Agent-Based Modeling. In Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes, edited by Timothy A. Kohler and George J. Gumerman, pp. 179-205. Oxford University Press, New York.
23. Dean, Jeffrey S., and Carla R. Van West 2002 Environment-Behavior Relationships in Southwestern Colorado. In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 81-99. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
24. Decker, Kenneth W., and Larry L. Tieszen 1989 Isotopic Reconstruction of Mesa Verde Diet from Basketmaker III to Pueblo III. Kiva 55:33-47.
25. Douglass, A. E. 1929 The Secret of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree Rings. National Geographic 56:737-770.
26. Dozier, Edward P. 1970 The Pueblo Indians of North America. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
27. Driver, Jonathan C. 2002 Faunal Variation and Change in the Northern San Juan Region. In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 143-160. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
28. Eddy, Frank W., Allen E. Kane, and Paul R. Nickens 1984 Southwest Colorado Prehistoric Context: Archaeological Background and Research Directions. Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, Denver.
29. Fewkes, Jesse W. 1911 Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, no. 51. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
30. Force, Eric R., and Wayne K. Howell 1997 Holocene Depositional History and Anasazi Occupation in McElmo Canyon, Southwestern Colorado. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series, No. 188. University of Arizona, Tucson.
31. France, Diane L. 1988 A Human Burial from Dolores County, Colorado. Cultural Resource Series, No. 24. Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, Denver.
32. Gish, Jannifer 1990 Pollen Results from Five Pueblo III Sites, Upper Sand Canyon, Southwestern Colorado. Manuscript on file, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
33. Glennie, Gilbert D. 1983 Replication of an A. D. 800 Anasazi Pithouse in Southwestern Colorado. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.
34. Glowacki, Donna M. 2006 The Social Landscape of Depopulation: The Northern San Juan, A. D. 1150-1300. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.
35. th Century Southwest, edited by Timothy A. Kohler, Mark D. Varien, and Aaron M. Wright. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press.
36. Hegmon, Michelle 1989 Social Integration and Architecture. In The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos, edited by William D. Lipe and Michelle Hegmon, pp. 5-14. Occasional Papers, No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
37. Hewett, Edgar L., and Bertha P. Dutton 1945 The Pueblo Indian World: Studies on the Natural History of the Rio Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo Indian Culture. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
38. Holly, Lance E. 2010 Beyond the Point: Arrow Shaft Technology of the Prehistoric American Southwest. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder.
39. Holmer, Richard N. 1986 Common Projectile Points of the Intermountain West. In Anthropology of the Desert West: Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by Carol J. Condie and Don D. Fowler, pp. 89-115. Anthropological Papers, No. 110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
40. Holmer, Richard N., and Dennis G. Weder 1980 Common Post-Archaic Projectile Points of the Fremont Area. In Fremont Perspectives, edited by David B. Madsen, pp. 55-68. Antiquities Section Selected Papers, No. 16. Utah State Historical Society.
41. Hooton, Earnest A. 1930 The Indians of Pecos Pueblo: A Study of Their Skeletal Remains. Yale University Press, Andover, Massachusetts.
42. Huckleberry, Gary A., and Brian R. Billman 1998 Floodwater Farming, Discontinuous Ephemeral Streams, and Puebloan Abandonment in Southwestern Colorado. American Antiquity 63:595-616.
43. Katzenberg, M. Anne 1995 Report on Bone Chemistry Studies from the Sand Canyon Locality. Manuscript on file, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
44. Kenzle, Susan C. 1993 Enclosing Walls: A Study of Architectural Function in the American Southwest. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
45. Kohler, Timothy A. 2000 The Final 400 Years of Prehispanic Agricultural Society in the Mesa Verde Region. Kiva 66:191-204.
46. th Century Southwest, edited by Timothy A. Kohler, Mark D. Varien, and Aaron M. Wright. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press.
47. Kohler, Timothy A., C. David Johnson, Mark Varien, Scott Oilman, Robert Reynolds, Ziad Kobti, Jason Cowan, Kenneth Kolm, Schaun Smith, and Lorene Yap 2007 Settlement Ecodynamics in the Prehispanic Central Mesa Verde Region. In The Model-Based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems, edited by Timothy A. Kohler and Sander E. van der Leeuw, pp. 61-104. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe.
48. th Century Southwest, edited by Timothy A. Kohler, Mark D. Varien, and Aaron M. Wright. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press.
49. Kohler, Timothy A., Mark D. Varien, Aaron M. Wright, and Kristin A. Kuckelman 2008 Mesa Verde Migrations: New Archaeological Research and Computer Simulation Suggest why Ancestral Puebloans Deserted the Northern Southwest United States. American Scientist 96:146-153.
50. Kuckelman, Kristin A. 2000 Architecture. In The Archaeology of Castle Rock Pueblo: A Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado. Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/ castlerock. Accessed 6 June 2009.
51. Thirteenth-Century Warfare in the Central Mesa Verde Region. In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 233-253. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
52. 2003a Architecture. In The Archaeology of Yellow Jacket Pueblo: Excavations at a Large Community Center in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/ yellowjacket. Accessed 7 June 2009.
53. 2003b Structural Burning in the Ancient Puebloan Northern Southwest. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Milwaukee.
54. Ancient Violence in the Mesa Verde Region. In The Mesa Verde World, edited by David G. Noble, pp. 127-136. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.
55. Summary and Conclusions. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/sandcanyon. Accessed 6 June 2009.
56. An Agent-Centered Case Study of the Depopulation of Sand Canyon Pueblo. In The Social Construction of Communities: Agency, Structure, and Identity in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by Mark D. Varien and James M. Potter, pp. 109-121. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.
57. 2010a Bioarchaeological Signatures of Strife in Terminal Pueblo III Settlements in the Northern San Juan. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Albuquerque.
58. th Century Southwest, edited by Timothy A. Kohler, Mark D. Varien, and Aaron M. Wright. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press.
59. Kuckelman, Kristin A. (editor) 2007 The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/ sandcanyon. Accessed 4 June 2009.
60. Kuckelman, Kristin A., Bruce A. Bradley, Melissa J. Churchill, and James H. Kleidon 2007 A Descriptive and Interpretive Summary of Excavations, by Architectural Block. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/sandcanyon. Accessed 7 June 2009.
61. Kuckelman, Kristin A., Grant D. Coffey, and Steven R. Copeland 2009 Interim Descriptive Report of Research at Goodman Point Pueblo (Site 5MT604), Montezuma County, Colorado, 2005-2008 [PDF Ttitle]. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/goodmanpoint2005-2008. Date of use: June 6, 2010.
62. Kuckelman, Kristin A., Ricky R. Lightfoot, and Debra L. Martin 2000 Changing Patterns of Violence in the Northern San Juan Region. Kiva 66:147-165.
63. The Bioarchaeology and Taphonomy of Violence at Castle Rock and Sand Canyon Pueblos, Southwestern Colorado. American Antiquity 67:486-513.
64. Kuckelman, Kristin A., and Debra L. Martin 2007 Human Skeletal Remains. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/sandcanyon. Accessed 7 June 2009.
65. Larson, Daniel O., Hector Neff, Donald A. Graybill, Joel Michaelsen, and Elizabeth Ambos 1996 Risk, Climatic Variability, and the Study of Southwestern Prehistory: An Evolutionary Perspective. American Antiquity 6(2):217-241.
66. LeBlanc, Steven A. 1999 Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
67. Lekson, Stephen H. 1999a The Chaco Meridian: Centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California
68. 1999b Great Towns in the Southwest. In Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, edited by Jill E. Neitzel, pp. 3-21. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series, No. 3. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona, and University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
69. Lightfoot, Ricky R. 1993 Synthesis. In The Duckfoot Site, Volume I: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, pp. 297-302. Occasional Papers, No. 3. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
70. Lightfoot, Ricky R. and Kristin A. Kuckelman 2001 A Case of Warfare in the Mesa Verde Region. In Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare, edited by Glen E. Rice and Steven A. LeBlanc, pp. 51-64. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
71. Linton, Ralph 1944 Nomad Raids and Fortified Pueblos. American Antiquity 10:28-32.
72. Lipe, William D. 1989 Social Scale of Mesa Verde Anasazi Kivas. In The Architecture of Social Integration in Prehistoric Pueblos, edited by William D. Lipe and Michelle. Hegmon, pp. 53-71. Occasional Papers, No. 1. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
73. Introduction. In The Sand Canyon Archaeological Project: A Progress Report, edited by William D. Lipe, pp. 1-10. Occasional Papers, No. 2. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
74. The Depopulation of the Northern San Juan: Conditions in the Turbulent 1200s. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:143-169.
75. Social Power in the Central Mesa Verde Region, A. D. 1150-1290. In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 203-232. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
76. Lipe, William D. (editor) 1992 The Sand Canyon Archaeological Project: A Progress Report. Occasional Papers, No. 2. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
77. Lipe, William D., and Scott G. Ortman 2000 Spatial Patterning in Northern San Juan Villages, A. D. 1050-1300. Kiva 66:91-122.
78. Lipe, William D., and Mark D. Varien 1999a Pueblo III (A. D. 1150-1300). In Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin, edited by William D. Lipe, Mark D. Varien, and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 290-352. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver.
79. 1999b Pueblo II (A. D. 900-1150). In Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin, edited by William D. Lipe, Mark D. Varien, and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 242-289. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver.
80. Matson, R. G., and Brian Chisholm 1991 Basketmaker II Subsistence: Carbon Isotopes and Other Dietary Indicators from Cedar Mesa, Utah. American Antiquity 56:444-459.
81. Mindeleff, Victor 1891 A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola. In Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1886-1887, pp. 3-228. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
82. Morgan, Lewis H. 1965 Houses and Houselife of the American Aborigines. Reprinted. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Originally published 1881, Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. 12, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
83. Muir, Robert J. 1999 Zooarchaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo, Colorado. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
84. Faunal Remains. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/sandcanyon. Accessed 8 June 2009.
85. Muir, Robert J., and Jonathan C. Driver 2002 Scale of Analysis and Zooarchaeological Interpretation: Pueblo III Faunal Variation in the Northern San Juan Region. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21:165-199.
86. Identifying Ritual Use of Animals in the Northern American Southwest. In Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity, edited by Sharyn J. Jones O'Day, Wim Van Neer, and Anton Ervynck, pp. 128-143. Oxbow Books.
87. Munro, Natalie D. 1994 An Investigation of Anasazi Turkey Production in Southwestern Colorado. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
88. Ortman, Scott G., Erin L. Baxter, Carole L. Graham, G. Robin Lyle, Lew W. Matis, Jamie A. Merewether, R. David Satterwhite, and Jonathan D. Till 2005 The Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Laboratory Manual, Version I Electronic Document,. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/LabManual. Accessed 6 June 2009.
89. Ortman, Scott G., Mark D. Varien, and T. Lee Gripp 2007 Empirical Bayesian Methods for Archaeological Survey Data: An Application From the Mesa Verde Region. American Antiquity 12(2):241-212.
90. Parsons, Elsie C. 1974 The Social Organization of the Tewa of New Mexico. Reprinted. Kraus Reprint, Millwood, New York. Originally published 1929, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, No. 36.
91. Petersen, Kenneth L. 1988 Climate and the Dolores River Anasazi: A Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction from a 10, 000-Year Pollen Record, La Plata Mountains, Southwestern Colorado. Anthropological Papers, No. 113. University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
92. A Warm and Wet Little Climatic Optimum and a Cold and Dry Little Ice Age in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U. S. A. Climatic Change 26:243-269.
93. Petersen, Kenneth L., and Meredith H. Matthews 1987 Man's Impact on the Landscape: A Prehistoric Example from the Dolores River Anasazi, Southwestern Colorado. Journal of the West 26(3):4-16.
94. Powell, John W. 1875 Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries, Explored in 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
95. Salzer, Matthew W. 2000 Temperature Variability and the Northern Anasazi: Possible Implications for Regional Abandonment. Kiva 65(4):295-318.
96. Schiffer, Michael B. 1972 Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37:156-165.
97. Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
98. Schlanger, Sarah H., and Richard H. Wilshusen 1993 Local Abandonments and Regional Conditions in the North American Southwest. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 85-98. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
99. Schorger, A. W. 1966 The Wild Turkey: Its History and Domestication. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
100. Simpson, James H. 1964 Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country Made in 1849. Edited and annotated by Frank McNitt. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
101. Speth, John D., and Susan L. Scott 1989 Horticulture and Large-Mammal Hunting: The Role of Resource Depletion and the Constraints of Time and Labor. In Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, edited by Susan Kent, pp. 71-79. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
102. Spielmann, Katherine A., and Eric A. Angstadt-Leto 1996 Hunting, Gathering, and Health in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Joseph A. Tainter and Bonnie B. Tainter, pp. 79-106. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
103. Szuter, Christine R., and Frank E. Bayham 1989 Sedentism and Prehistoric Animal Procurement Among Desert Horticulturalists of the North American Southwest. In Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, edited by Susan Kent, pp. 80-95. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
104. Till, Jonathan D., and Scott G. Ortman 2007 Artifacts. In The Archaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo: Intensive Excavations at a Late-Thirteenth-Century Village in Southwestern Colorado Electronic Document, edited by Kristin A. Kuckelman. Available: http://www.crowcanyon.org/sandcanyon. Accessed 8 June 2009.
105. Turner, Christy G., II, and Jacqueline A. Turner 1999 Man Corn: Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
106. Van West, Carla R. 1990 Modeling Prehistoric Climatic Variability and Agricultural Production in Southwestern Colorado: A GIS Approach. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.
107. Modeling Prehistoric Agricultural Productivity in Southwestern Colorado: A GIS Approach. Reports of Investigations, No. 67. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, and Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado.
108. Van West, Carla R., and Jeffrey S. Dean 2000 Environmental Characteristics of the A. D. 900-1300 Period in the Central Mesa Verde Region. Kiva 66:19-44.
109. Varien, Mark D. 1999 Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape: Mesa Verde and Beyond. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
110. Varien, Mark D., William D. Lipe, Michael A. Adler, Ian M. Thompson, and Bruce A. Bradley 1996 Southwestern Colorado and Southeastern Utah Settlement Patterns: A. D. 1100 to 1300. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A. D. 1150-1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, pp. 86-113. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
111. Varien, Mark D., Scott G. Ortman, Timothy A. Kohler, Donna M. Glowacki, and C. David Johnson 2007 Historical Ecology in the Mesa Verde Region: Results from the Village Ecodynamics Project. American Antiquity 72(2):273-299.
112. Varien, Mark D., and Richard H. Wilshusen (editors) 2002 Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
113. White, Tim D. 1992 Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
114. Wilshusen, Richard H. 1986 The Relationship Between Abandonment Mode and Ritual Use in Pueblo I Anasazi Protokivas. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:245-254.
115. Wright, Aaron M. 2006 A Low-Frequency Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from the La Plata Mountains, Colorado, and its Implications for Agricultural Paleoproductivity in the Mesa Verde Region. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
116. th Century Southwest, edited by Timothy A. Kohler, Mark D. Varien, and Aaron M. Wright. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press.