메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 98, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 481-544

Assembly-line justice: A review of operation streamline

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956147908     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

References (504)
  • 1
    • 77956156203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I have used a fictitious name and date in this example
    • I have used a fictitious name and date in this example.
  • 2
    • 77956160055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The federal districts along the U.S-Mexico border are the Southern District of California, the District of Arizona, the District of New Mexico, the Western District of Texas, and the Southern District of Texas. The courthouses are located in San Diego, California; El Centro, California; Yuma, Arizona; Tucson, Arizona; Las Cruces, New Mexico; El Paso, Texas; Alpine, Texas; Del Rio, Texas; Laredo, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and Brownsville, Texas.
  • 3
    • 77956162385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Petty offenses are misdemeanors with a maximum sentence of no more than six months. Petty immigration-related offenses are almost exclusively prosecutions under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 for first-time improper entry into the United States.
  • 4
    • 77956155307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1325
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1325 (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 6
    • 77956138881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, tbl.M-2, available at, At least some of this increase in prosecutions may be due to improved reporting by the U.S. Attorney's Office, but the Department of Justice has not clarified exactly what effect that reporting has had
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, 2008 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR: JUDICIAL BUSINESS OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS 361 tbl.M-2 (2009), available at http://www.uscourts.gov/judbus2008/appendices/M02Sep08.pdf. At least some of this increase in prosecutions may be due to improved reporting by the U.S. Attorney's Office, but the Department of Justice has not clarified exactly what effect that reporting has had.
    • (2009) 2008 Annual Report of the Director: Judicial Business of the United States Courts , vol.361
  • 7
    • 77954053513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration prosecutions hit new high
    • See, e.g., June 2, at Al
    • See, e.g., Spencer S. Hsu, Immigration Prosecutions Hit New High, WASH. POST, June 2, 2008, at Al.
    • (2008) Wash. Post
    • Hsu, S.S.1
  • 8
    • 77956155678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 2009, there were 54, 788 petty immigration prosecutions in the border district courts, tbl.M-2, ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS
    • In 2009, there were 54, 788 petty immigration prosecutions in the border district courts. ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, 2009 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR: JUDICIAL BUSINESS OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS 356 tbl.M-2 (2010), available at http://www.uscourts.gov/judbus2009/appendices/M02Sep09.pdf.
    • (2010) 2009 Annual Report of the Director: Judicial Business of the United States Courts , vol.356
  • 9
    • 77956143764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; pull annual 8 U.S.C. § 1324 prosecutions for 2002-2008 for each border district (Southern District of California, District of Arizona, District of New Mexico, Western District of Texas, and Southern District of Texas); add results together) (results on file with author). Alien smuggling prosecutions under 8 U.S.C. § 1324 in the border district courts went from 2, 208 cases in 2002 to 3, 900 cases in 2008
    • Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-godeep-index-pros. html (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; pull annual 8 U.S.C. § 1324 prosecutions for 2002-2008 for each border district (Southern District of California, District of Arizona, District of New Mexico, Western District of Texas, and Southern District of Texas); add results together) (results on file with author). Alien smuggling prosecutions under 8 U.S.C. § 1324 in the border district courts went from 2, 208 cases in 2002 to 3, 900 cases in 2008.
    • (2009) Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper
  • 11
    • 77956165958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse obtains its data from the Executive Office for United States Attorneys under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2006).
  • 12
    • 77956163666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • According to data from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, drug prosecutions in the federal district courts along the border decreased from 6, 430 cases commenced in 2002 to 4, 966 cases commenced in 2008.
  • 17
    • 77956157991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Certain sources that this Comment cites refer to DHS as the "Immigration and Naturalization Service" or "INS." In 2002, Congress passed the Homeland Security Act, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002), which abolished the INS and created DHS. The Act divided the former INS's functions between three agencies within DHS: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS). Very generally, CBP is responsible for border enforcement, ICE for the interior enforcement of customs and immigration laws, and CIS for adjudicating applications for immigration benefits.
  • 18
    • 77956139647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal courts hit hard by increased law enforcement on border
    • (Admin. Office U.S. Courts Office Pub. Affairs, Washington, D.C.), July, available at
    • See Federal Courts Hit Hard by Increased Law Enforcement on Border, THIRD BRANCH (Admin. Office U.S. Courts Office Pub. Affairs, Washington, D.C.), July 2008, available at http://www.uscourts.gov/ttb/2008-07/article02-l.cfm
    • (2008) Third Branch
  • 19
    • 77956145707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration crackdown begins
    • June 9, available at, 2008 WLNR 10923971
    • Jazmine Ulloa, Immigration Crackdown Begins, BROWNSVILLE HERALD, June 9, 2008, available at 2008 WLNR 10923971.
    • (2008) Brownsville Herald
    • Ulloa, J.1
  • 20
    • 77956142792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are nine Border Patrol sectors along the U.S.-Mexico border: the San Diego and El Centro Sectors in California; the Yuma and Tucson Sectors in Arizona; the El Paso Sector, which spans New Mexico and part of western Texas; and the Marfa, Del Rio, Laredo, and Rio Grande Valley Sectors in Texas. Operation Streamline has yet to be implemented in San Diego, El Centro, or Marfa. A map of these sectors is available at
    • There are nine Border Patrol sectors along the U.S.-Mexico border: the San Diego and El Centro Sectors in California; the Yuma and Tucson Sectors in Arizona; the El Paso Sector, which spans New Mexico and part of western Texas; and the Marfa, Del Rio, Laredo, and Rio Grande Valley Sectors in Texas. Operation Streamline has yet to be implemented in San Diego, El Centro, or Marfa. A map of these sectors is available at http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/ cgov/careers/customs-caree-s-order-careers/bp-agent/sectors-map.ctt/Sectors-Map. pdf
  • 21
    • 77956147860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also infra Figure 1
    • see also infra Figure 1.
  • 22
    • 77956150055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The federal judicial districts along the U.S.-Mexico border do not correspond exactly with the Border Patrol sectors. The San Diego and El Centro sectors fall within the jurisdiction of the Southern District of California. The Yuma and Tucson sectors are under the jurisdiction of the District of Arizona. The portion of the El Paso sector that covers New Mexico falls within the District of New Mexico. The rest of the El Paso sector, as well as the Del Rio sector, fall within the Western District of Texas. The Laredo and Rio Grande Valley sectors are under the jurisdiction of the Southern District of Texas. See infra Figure 1. Operation Streamline currently exists in some form in every southwest border district except the Southern District of California.
  • 23
    • 77956163107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 24
    • 77956161703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • No Streamline jurisdiction actually prosecutes 100 percent of border apprehensions. The Border Patrol, as a matter of policy, does not refer for prosecution juveniles, parents traveling with minor children, persons with certain health conditions, and others who require prompt return to their country of origin for humanitarian reasons.
  • 25
    • 77956136169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Telephone Interview with Richard Durbin, Criminal Chief, U.S. Attorney's Office, W. Dist. of Tex. (Apr. 10, 2009) (notes on file with author) [hereinafter Durbin Interview].
    • See, e.g., Telephone Interview with Richard Durbin, Criminal Chief, U.S. Attorney's Office, W. Dist. of Tex. (Apr. 10, 2009) (notes on file with author) [hereinafter Durbin Interview].
  • 26
    • 77956154378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • If the defendant's prior removal occurred after a felony conviction, the maximum possible penalty under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 is ten years in prison. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326 (2006). If the prior removal occurred after an aggravated felony conviction as defined by 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), the penalty can be up to twenty years in prison.
  • 27
    • 77956140773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. §§ 1101(a)(43), 1326
    • See id. §§ 1101(a)(43), 1326.
  • 28
    • 77956167605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Interview with William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Fry Interview]
    • See, e.g., Interview with William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Fry Interview]
  • 29
    • 77956141725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Heather Williams, First Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Tucson, Ariz. (Sept. 2, 2009) [hereinafter Williams Interview]
    • Interview with Heather Williams, First Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Tucson, Ariz. (Sept. 2, 2009) [hereinafter Williams Interview]
  • 30
    • 77956136905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telephone Interview with Alex Melendez, CJA Panel Attorney, El Paso, Tex. (Sept. 16, 2009) [hereinafter Melendez Interview]
    • Telephone Interview with Alex Melendez, CJA Panel Attorney, El Paso, Tex. (Sept. 16, 2009) [hereinafter Melendez Interview]
  • 31
    • 77956166357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER: PREPARED FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS 6 (July 2008) (on file with author) [hereinafter ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS]
    • see also ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER: PREPARED FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS 6 (July 2008) (on file with author) [hereinafter ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG
    • Report on the Impact on the Judiciary of Law Enforcement Activities Along
  • 32
    • 77956137096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 543
    • See 28 U.S.C. § 543 (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.28
  • 33
    • 77956155677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II" (Dec. 16, 2005), available at
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II" (Dec. 16, 2005), available at http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news-releases/archives/2005-press-releases/ 122005/12162005.xml.
  • 35
    • 77956156775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In many Streamline locations, defendants with prior removals are charged with one count of illegal reentry under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 and a second count of illegal entry under 8 U.S.C. § 1325. Most plead guilty to the lesser illegal entry charge.
  • 36
    • 77956165957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As discussed in Part II. A.2, infra, the city of El Paso is the exception to this rule
    • As discussed in Part II. A.2, infra, the city of El Paso is the exception to this rule.
  • 37
    • 77956136365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 3006A
    • See 18 U.S.C. § 3006A (2006);
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.18
  • 38
    • 77956163113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Office of Defender Serv. Training Branch, CJA Panel Information: Forms, Guidelines, Rates & More, (last visited Feb. 15, 2010)
    • Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Office of Defender Serv. Training Branch, CJA Panel Information: Forms, Guidelines, Rates & More, http://www.fd.org/odstb-CJAPanelInfo.htm (last visited Feb. 15, 2010).
  • 39
    • 77956140187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d 692 (9th Cir. 2009)
    • United States v. Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d 692 (9th Cir. 2009).
  • 40
    • 77956137282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Obama Administration Announces National Strategy to Reduce Drug Trafficking and Flow of Bulk Cash and Weapons Across Southwest Border (June 5, 2009), available at
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Obama Administration Announces National Strategy to Reduce Drug Trafficking and Flow of Bulk Cash and Weapons Across Southwest Border (June 5, 2009), available at http://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr-1244217118076.shtm.
  • 41
    • 77956158185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable Norbert Garney, Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 25, 2009) [hereinafter Garney Interview]
    • Interview with Honorable Norbert Garney, Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 25, 2009) [hereinafter Garney Interview].
  • 42
    • 77956168540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • While this Comment uses the term "migrant" to refer to the undocumented immigrants whom Operation Streamline targets, federal immigration law employs the term "alien"
    • While this Comment uses the term "migrant" to refer to the undocumented immigrants whom Operation Streamline targets, federal immigration law employs the term "alien."
  • 43
    • 77956138535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1357
    • - 8 U.S.C. § 1357 (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 47
    • 77956134212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 48
    • 77956135371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 2-3
    • See id. at 2-3.
  • 49
    • 77956145264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 2. In 2008, for example, the Border Patrol made 97 percent of its nationwide apprehensions along the southwest border, and 91 percent of the migrants it apprehended were from Mexico.
  • 50
    • 77956153446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 51
    • 77956135946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 3
    • NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 3.
  • 52
    • 77956138536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 53
    • 77956167220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian nationals can also be voluntarily returned
    • Canadian nationals can also be voluntarily returned.
  • 54
    • 77956151912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 55
    • 77956144315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Special interest country" is a term DHS uses to denote nations "known to harbor terrorists or foment terrorism"
    • "Special interest country" is a term DHS uses to denote nations "known to harbor terrorists or foment terrorism."
  • 56
    • 77956150065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 57
    • 77956138176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2-3
    • Id. at 2-3.
  • 58
    • 77956140988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1229(a)
    • - 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 59
    • 77956151378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. § 1229a(b)(4)(A)
    • See id. § 1229a(b)(4)(A)
  • 60
    • 77956150064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. § 1362
    • id. § 1362.
  • 61
    • 77956137281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. § 1225(b)(2)(A)
    • See id. § 1225(b)(2)(A).
  • 62
    • 77956161105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. § 1229a(c)(3XA)
    • Id. § 1229a(c)(3XA).
  • 63
    • 77956150822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-546 (1996). The 1996 Act, among other things, vastly expanded the categories of criminal offenses that can make an individual eligible for deportation; created three- and ten-year bars to reentry for certain aliens found to be "unlawfully present" in the United States; and, in section 287(g), allowed DHS to deputize state and local law enforcement officials as federal immigration agents.
  • 64
    • 77956160734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 65
    • 77956146314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1225(bXl)(AXi)
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1225(bXl)(AXi).
  • 66
    • 77956156389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id. Expedited removal applies only to individuals arriving at U.S. ports of entry (by land or sea) and to those apprehended within one hundred miles of the border who cannot establish that they have been physically present in the United States for at least fourteen days. Notice Designating Aliens Subject to Expedited Removal Under Section 235(b)(lXA)(iii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 67 Fed. Reg. 68, 924 (Nov. 13, 2002) Designating Aliens For Expedited Removal, 69 Fed. Reg. 48, 877 (Aug. 11, 2004) (expanding expedited removal to apply to individuals apprehended within one hundred miles of the border "who have not established to the satisfaction of an immigration officer that they have been physically present in the U.S. continuously for the fourteen-day (14-day) period immediately prior to the date of encounter"). This notice states that, "as a matter of prosecutorial discretion, " DHS will apply the expansion "only to (1) third-country nationals [not from Mexico or Canada] and (2) to Mexican and Canadian nationals with histories of criminal or immigration violations, such as smugglers or aliens who have made numerous illegal entries."
  • 67
    • 77956163287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 48, 878
    • Id. at 48, 878.
  • 68
    • 77956159318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1225(b)(l)(A)(iMii)
    • - 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(l)(A)(iMii)
    • U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 69
    • 77956164082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 70
    • 84876227045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compare
    • § 1229a (setting forth procedures for formal removal proceedings before an immigration judge), with 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1) (setting forth procedures for expedited removal proceedings before an immigration officer)
    • Compare 8 U.S.C. § 1229a (setting forth procedures for formal removal proceedings before an immigration judge), with 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1) (setting forth procedures for expedited removal proceedings before an immigration officer).
    • U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 71
    • 77956146695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A) (providing a five-year bar to readmission for aliens removed after both expedited and formal proceedings)
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A) (providing a five-year bar to readmission for aliens removed after both expedited and formal proceedings).
  • 72
    • 77956142987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., U.S. Government Seeks to End Litigation Undermining Expedited Removal of Salvadorans (Nov. 17, 2005), available at
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., U.S. Government Seeks to End Litigation Undermining Expedited Removal of Salvadorans (Nov. 17, 2005), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press-release-0798.shtm.
  • 73
    • 77956147067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NUREZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 15 n.70. See also The Southern Border in Crisis: Resources and Strategies to Improve National Security Before the Subcomm. on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship and the Subcomm. on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 12 (2005) (statement of C. Stewart Verdery, Jr., Principal, Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, Inc.; Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies) [hereinafter Verdery Testimony], available at
    • NUREZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 15 n.70. See also The Southern Border in Crisis: Resources and Strategies to Improve National Security Before the Subcomm. on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship and the Subcomm. on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 12 (2005) (statement of C. Stewart Verdery, Jr., Principal, Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, Inc.; Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies) [hereinafter Verdery Testimony], available at http://kyl.senate.gov/ legis-center/subdocs/060705-verdery.pdf.
  • 74
    • 77956140378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 4; see also Pauline Arrilaga, "Catch and Release" Policy Lets Immigrants Roam the United States Freely, ASSOCIATED PRESS, July 15, 2005, available at
    • NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 4; see also Pauline Arrilaga, "Catch and Release" Policy Lets Immigrants Roam the United States Freely, ASSOCIATED PRESS, July 15, 2005, available at http://www.usatoday. conVnews/nation/2005-07-05-border-insecurity-2-x.htm.
  • 75
    • 77956151208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DHS officially put an end to "catch and release" in 2006. See Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Statement of the Honorable Michael Chertoff, Secretary U.S. Department of Homeland Security Before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee (Feb. 28, 2007), ("In July 2005, we were releasing up to 80 percent of non-Mexican illegal aliens because we did not have the bed space to hold them. As of August 2006, all removable aliens caught at the border are detained until returned to their home countries.")
    • DHS officially put an end to "catch and release" in 2006. See Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Statement of the Honorable Michael Chertoff, Secretary U.S. Department of Homeland Security Before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee (Feb. 28, 2007), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/testimony/testimony-1172853501273.shtm, ("In July 2005, we were releasing up to 80 percent of non-Mexican illegal aliens because we did not have the bed space to hold them. As of August 2006, all removable aliens caught at the border are detained until returned to their home countries.")
  • 77
    • 77956153054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Press Release, Dep't of Homeland Sec, Department of Homeland Security Streamlines Removal Process Along Entire U.S. Border (Jan. 30, 2006), available at
    • See also Press Release, Dep't of Homeland Sec, Department of Homeland Security Streamlines Removal Process Along Entire U.S. Border (Jan. 30, 2006), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press-release-0845.shtm
  • 78
    • 77956145045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For this history of the implementation of Operation Streamline in the Del Rio Border Patrol sector, I am indebted to Richard Durbin, Criminal Chief of the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Texas. Unless otherwise indicated, this account comes from my interview with him.
  • 79
    • 77956145503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14.
  • 80
    • 77956163665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra Figure 1
    • See supra Figure 1.
  • 81
    • 77956163111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As a 2005 Congressional Research Service report explains, "OTMs apprehended along the Southwest border by the [U.S. Border Patrol] between official [ports of entry] cannot be returned to Mexico because Mexico will not accept them. Instead, they must be returned to their countries of origin, or third countries that will accept them, by the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO) within Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)." NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 1.
  • 82
    • 77956138880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • OTMs are generally from countries in Central and South America. Between 2002 and 2005, for example, the top four most common countries of origin of OTMs were Honduras, Brazil, El Salvador, and Guatemala. See id. at 17.
  • 83
    • 77956156774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 16
    • See id. at 16.
  • 84
    • 77956167026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The situation in Del Rio was indicative of a larger nationwide trend. "The number of aliens other than Mexican ('OTMs') illegally crossing the border has grown at an alarming rate, " the House Committee on Homeland Security reported in 2006. According to Border Patrol statistics, there were 30, 147 OTMs apprehended in FY2003, 44, 614 in FY2004, 165, 178 in FY2005, and 108, 025 in FY2006, most of them apprehended along the southwest border., available at
    • The situation in Del Rio was indicative of a larger nationwide trend. "The number of aliens other than Mexican ('OTMs') illegally crossing the border has grown at an alarming rate, " the House Committee on Homeland Security reported in 2006. According to Border Patrol statistics, there were 30, 147 OTMs apprehended in FY2003, 44, 614 in FY2004, 165, 178 in FY2005, and 108, 025 in FY2006, most of them apprehended along the southwest border. U.S. HOUSE COMM. ON HOMELAND SEC, SUBCOMM. ON INVESTIGATIONS, A LINE IN THE SAND: CONFRONTING THE THREAT AT THE SOUTHWEST BORDER 27 (2006), available at http://www.house.gov/sites/members/txlO-mccaul/pdf/Investigaions-Border-Report. pdf.
    • (2006) U.S. House Comm. on Homeland Sec Subcomm. on Investigations A Line in the Sand Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border , vol.27
  • 85
    • 77956136165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Expands Expedited Removal Authority Along Southwest Border (Sept. 14, 2005), available at
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Expands Expedited Removal Authority Along Southwest Border (Sept. 14, 2005), available at http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news-releases/archives/2005-press- releases/092005/09142005.xml.
  • 86
    • 77956146107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Verdery Testimony, supra note 51, at 12-13
    • See, e.g., Verdery Testimony, supra note 51, at 12-13.
  • 87
    • 77956160733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Then-Secretary of DHS Michael Chertoff stated, in a September 2005 press release announcing the expansion of expedited removal across the southwest border, that DHS would "acquire additional detention capacity to support the increase in Expedited Removals." Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Expands Expedited Removal Authority Along Southwest Border, supra note 59.
  • 88
    • 77956133288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fiscal year 2005, the Del Rio Border Patrol released 90.9 percent of OTMs on their own recognizance. NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 16, 23
    • In fiscal year 2005, the Del Rio Border Patrol released 90.9 percent of OTMs on their own recognizance. NUNEZ-NETO ET AL., supra note 30, at 16, 23.
  • 89
    • 77956136903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-mexican immigrants swamp texas border city
    • May 30
    • T. Gaynor, Non-Mexican Immigrants Swamp Texas Border City, REUTERS NEWS, May 30, 2005.
    • (2005) Reuters News
    • Gaynor, T.1
  • 91
    • 77956161517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durbin Interview, supra note 14
    • Durbin Interview, supra note 14.
  • 92
    • 77956139063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 93
    • 77956140377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II, " supra note 18 (referring to the program as "Operation Streamline II")
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II, " supra note 18 (referring to the program as "Operation Streamline II")
  • 94
    • 77956137279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Secure Border Initiative Update (Aug. 23, 2006), available at, (referring to the program as "Operation Streamline")
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Secure Border Initiative Update (Aug. 23, 2006), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr- 1158351496818.shtm (referring to the program as "Operation Streamline").
  • 95
    • 77956135183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II, " supra note 18
    • Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., DHS Launches "Operation Streamline II, " supra note 18.
  • 96
    • 77956138533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • When asked why Border Patrol attorneys prosecute Streamline cases in Del Rio and not in other jurisdictions like El Paso, Richard Durbin, Criminal Chief of the USAO for the Western District of Texas, explained that this is a result of "the differing size of the two branch offices and the way in which Streamline was introduced in each of them. When Streamline began in Del Rio in late '05, we had about 7 or 8 AUSAs in Del Rio, handling about 1, 000 felony cases each year. Streamline added about 300-400 additional prosecutions each week, and we simply did not have enough AUSAs on board to address those cases while still handling the felonies. DHS was willing to cross-designate its attorneys to appear in magistrate court each day to handle the cases there. El Paso was and is a much larger office and Streamline prosecutions were phased in more gradually-I don't recall the numbers, but they started well under 50 and worked up over a number of months to 60 or 70 a week. With the larger number of AUSAs we had in El Paso and the smaller number of Streamline prosecutions, we were able to absorb the added workload." E- mail from Richard Durbin, Criminal Chief, U.S. Attorney's Office, W. Dist. of Tex., to author (Aug. 17, 2009, 13:07:12 VST) (on file with author).
  • 97
    • 77956159115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Del Rio Border Patrol Has Landmark Year in Border Enforcement Efforts (Nov. 9, 2007), available at
    • See Press Release, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Del Rio Border Patrol Has Landmark Year in Border Enforcement Efforts (Nov. 9, 2007), available at http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news-releases/archi ves/2007-news-releases/ 112007/11092007-3.xml.
  • 98
    • 77956139647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal courts hit hard by increased law enforcement on border
    • supra note 11. The Yuma program also encompasses migrants apprehended in the easternmost ten-mile stretch of southern California, who are transferred to Yuma for prosecution
    • Federal Courts Hit Hard by Increased Law Enforcement on Border, THIRD BRANCH, supra note 11. The Yuma program also encompasses migrants apprehended in the easternmost ten-mile stretch of southern California, who are transferred to Yuma for prosecution.
    • Third Branch
  • 99
    • 77956160225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 100
    • 77956148932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 101
    • 77956149862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. For a detailed description of the implementation of Streamline in the Tucson sector, see, 110th Cong. 7-10 (2008) (amended written statement of Heather E. Williams, First Assistant Federal Public Defender, District of Arizona, Tucson), available at, [hereinafter Williams Statement]
    • See id. For a detailed description of the implementation of Streamline in the Tucson sector, see Oversight Hearing on the "Executive Office for United States Attorneys" Before the Subcomm. on Commercial and Administrative Law of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. 7-10 (2008) (amended written statement of Heather E. Williams, First Assistant Federal Public Defender, District of Arizona, Tucson), available at http://judiciary. house.gov/hearings/pdf/Williams080625.pdf [hereinafter Williams Statement].
    • Oversight Hearing on the "executive Office for United States Attorneys" before the Subcomm. on Commercial and Administrative Law of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary
  • 102
    • 77956139647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal courts hit hard by increased law enforcement on border
    • supra note 11
    • Federal Courts Hit Hard by Increased Law Enforcement on Border, THIRD BRANCH, supra note 11.
    • Third Branch
  • 103
    • 77956168348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Telephone Interview with Douglas Mosier, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, El Paso, Tex. (June 22, 2009) (notes on file with author) [hereinafter Mosier Interview].
  • 104
    • 77956134987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrant jailing program expands to valley
    • June 10, at 3B
    • Lynn Brezosky, Immigrant Jailing Program Expands to Valley, SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS, June 10, 2008, at 3B.
    • (2008) San Antonio Express-News
    • Brezosky, L.1
  • 105
    • 77956142791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telephone Interview with Thomas Lindenmuth, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, McAllen, Tex. (Nov. 17, 2009)
    • Telephone Interview with Thomas Lindenmuth, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, McAllen, Tex. (Nov. 17, 2009).
  • 106
    • 77956156388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts estimates, for example, that Streamline could easily double the amount of time pretrial services officers spend in court each day. ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, supra note 16, at 28
    • The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts estimates, for example, that Streamline could easily double the amount of time pretrial services officers spend in court each day. ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 28.
    • Report on the Impact on the Judiciary of Law Enforcement Activities Along the Southwest Border
  • 107
    • 77956147068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In Del Rio, however, some defendants are either voluntarily returned or issued a Notice to Appear and given a hearing before an immigration judge; these are individuals who are having prior deportation orders reinstated or are seeking asylum in the United States. E-mail from Stan Antey, Assistant Chief Patrol Agent, U.S. Border Patrol, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 15, 2009, 10:49:01 PST) (on file with author) [hereinafter E-mail from Stan Antey]. In Tucson, it appears that only OTM defendants and defendants whose date of entry occurred more than two weeks prior to their arrest receive a hearing before an immigration judge. Defendants with a prior order of removal have that order reinstated, while all other migrants are processed through expedited removal. E-mail from Richard Bacal, CJA Panel Attorney, Tucson, Ariz., to author (Feb. 18, 2010, 21:20:21 PST) (on file with author).
  • 108
    • 77956161308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Stan Antey, supra note 79
    • E-mail from Stan Antey, supra note 79.
  • 109
    • 77956137280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable Alia Ludlum, U.S. Dist. Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Ludlum Interview]
    • Interview with Honorable Alia Ludlum, U.S. Dist. Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Ludlum Interview].
  • 110
    • 77956155676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 111
    • 77956134787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 112
    • 77956166149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable Victor Garcia, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W.'Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Garcia Interview]
    • Interview with Honorable Victor Garcia, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W.'Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex. (Sept. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Garcia Interview].
  • 113
    • 77956160408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 114
    • 77956146694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operation No Pass initially applied only to the stretch of border located between Mount Cristo Rey and the Paso del Norte Bridge in El Paso
    • Operation No Pass initially applied only to the stretch of border located between Mount Cristo Rey and the Paso del Norte Bridge in El Paso.
  • 115
    • 77956144682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undocumented immigrants will get 'no pass'on border
    • Feb. 22, (though relatively highly trafficked, "[t]he three- to four-mile stretch between the Paso del Norte Bridge and Mount Cristo Rey is not the busiest spot in the sector. Border Patrol officials said they chose the area because head gates make the canal dangerous at that spot and because the area is a drug-smuggling corridor.")
    • See Louie Gilot, Undocumented Immigrants Will Get 'No Pass'on Border, EL PASO TIMES, Feb. 22, 2008 (though relatively highly trafficked, "[t]he three- to four-mile stretch between the Paso del Norte Bridge and Mount Cristo Rey is not the busiest spot in the sector. Border Patrol officials said they chose the area because head gates make the canal dangerous at that spot and because the area is a drug-smuggling corridor.").
    • (2008) El Paso Times
    • Gilot, L.1
  • 116
    • 77956164288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On U.S.-mexican border, new deterrent is jail time
    • Mar. 18, at 1
    • Sara Miller Liana, On U.S.-Mexican Border, New Deterrent Is Jail Time, CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR, Mar. 18, 2008, at 1.
    • (2008) Christian Sci. Monitor
    • Liana, S.M.1
  • 117
    • 77956139646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Border Patrol first implemented Operation Lockdown along the stretch of the U.S.Mexico border that runs between Mount Cristo Rey and Sunland Park, New Mexico, in late 2007 without announcing the program to the public.
  • 118
    • 77956150256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zero-tolerance sector to reach santa teresa
    • Mar. 6, Shortly thereafter, in March 2008, the Border Patrol publicly expanded that zero-tolerance zone farther into New Mexico
    • See Louie Gilot, 'Zero-Tolerance' Sector to Reach Santa Teresa, EL PASO TIMES, Mar. 6, 2008. Shortly thereafter, in March 2008, the Border Patrol publicly expanded that zero-tolerance zone farther into New Mexico.
    • (2008) El Paso Times
    • Gilot, L.1
  • 119
    • 77956165187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Mosier Interview, supra note 75. The Border Patrol used the name Operation Lockdown in the eastern portion of the New Mexico border and the name Operation Swift Justice in the Deming-Columbus area of the border, located farther west.
  • 120
    • 77956139459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 121
    • 77956160054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southwest border courts swamped with immigration-related felony cases
    • Apr. 27, available at, .html ('"We said, "Do you realize that the second week into this we're going to run out of (jail) space?'" Martha Vazquez, chief judge for the District of New Mexico, recalled telling Border Patrol chief David Aguilar. 'We were obviously alarmed because where would we put our bank robbers? Our rapists? Those who violate probation?' she said.")
    • Southwest Border Courts Swamped with Immigration-Related Felony Cases, ASSOCIATED PRESS, Apr. 27, 2007, available at http://www.foxnews.com/story/0, 2933, 268961, 00.html ('"We said, "Do you realize that the second week into this we're going to run out of (jail) space?'" Martha Vazquez, chief judge for the District of New Mexico, recalled telling Border Patrol chief David Aguilar. 'We were obviously alarmed because where would we put our bank robbers? Our rapists? Those who violate probation?' she said.").
    • (2007) Associated Press
  • 122
    • 77956149865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Gregory Wormuth, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 24, 2009). At the time of this interview, Mr. Wormuth was the attorney-in-charge of the Las Cruces USAO. He has since become a magistrate judge in Las Cruces.
  • 123
    • 77956150257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 124
    • 77956142356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 125
    • 77956143564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2010), (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; select 1990; select the District of New Mexico; repeat for 2009) (results on file with author). The data show that 8 U.S.C. § 1326 prosecutions in the District of New Mexico rose 11, 640.9% between 1990 and 2009, from 22 prosecutions to 2, 583
    • See Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2010), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-godeep- index-pros.html (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; select 1990; select the District of New Mexico; repeat for 2009) (results on file with author). The data show that 8 U.S.C. § 1326 prosecutions in the District of New Mexico rose 11, 640.9% between 1990 and 2009, from 22 prosecutions to 2, 583.
  • 126
    • 77956145502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Mosier Interview, supra note 75
    • See Mosier Interview, supra note 75.
  • 127
    • 77956152865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also E-mail from Douglas Mosier, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, El Paso, Tex., to author (Aug. 17, 2009, 8:04:01 PST) (on file with author)
    • See also E-mail from Douglas Mosier, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, El Paso, Tex., to author (Aug. 17, 2009, 8:04:01 PST) (on file with author).
  • 128
    • 77956148530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I went on a line tour of the border with a representative of the El Paso Border Patrol in March 2009, and even he was not sure how much of the sector was comprised of zero-tolerance zones or where those zones were located.
  • 129
    • 77956160917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Indeed, a July 2008 report by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts recommended that the executive branch provide more advance notice of its prosecution policies along the border, noting a "common complaint from judges and district court staff. . . that they rarely hear about major new prosecution initiatives until they have begun or are about to begin." ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 17.
  • 130
    • 77956134211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Part III. A.l, infra
    • See Part III. A.l, infra.
  • 131
    • 77956145046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Mosier Interview, supra note 75
    • See Mosier Interview, supra note 75.
  • 132
    • 77956154900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. By comparison, three years ago, there were roughly 250 to 300 apprehensions per day in the Deming corridor of the El Paso sector alone
    • See id. By comparison, three years ago, there were roughly 250 to 300 apprehensions per day in the Deming corridor of the El Paso sector alone.
  • 133
    • 77956161104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 134
    • 77956164656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Criminal Chief of the USAO for the Western District of Texas believes there may still be a formal cap of one hundred Streamline prosecutions per week in El Paso, but says there have not been that many prosecutions at any point in the past few months. Durbin Interview, supra note 14. Though the Border Patrol estimates that it makes forty to fifty apprehensions per day in the El Paso sector, some portion of those migrants will be processed in Las Cruces, while the others will be processed in El Paso.
  • 135
    • 77956167604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Gamey Interview, supra note 25
    • See Gamey Interview, supra note 25.
  • 136
    • 77956139645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because first-time unlawful entry is a petty offense, defendants charged under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 are not required to receive a preliminary hearing within ten days of their initial appearance.
  • 138
    • 77956144681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author)
    • E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author).
  • 139
    • 77956154718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Williams Interview, supra note 16
    • See, e.g., Williams Interview, supra note 16.
  • 140
    • 77956167025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zero tolerance working, says border patrol
    • Apr. 6, at Al
    • See, e.g., B. McCombs, Zero Tolerance Working, Says Border Patrol, ARIZ. DAILY STAR, Apr. 6, 2008, at Al.
    • (2008) Ariz. Daily Star
    • McCombs, B.1
  • 141
    • 77956134986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bp targeting 40 illegal crossers a day in tucson sector
    • Jan. 24, at B4
    • Brady McCombs, BP Targeting 40 Illegal Crossers a Day in Tucson Sector, ARIZ. DAILY STAR, Jan. 24, 2008, at B4.
    • (2008) Ariz. Daily Star
    • McCombs, B.1
  • 142
    • 77956137095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are Border Patrol stations in Ajo, Casa Grande, Tucson, Nogales, Wilcox, Sonoita, Naco, and Douglas. See U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Border Security, U.S. Border Patrol, Border Patrol Sectors, Tucson Sector (Arizona), Overview, (last visited Feb. 15, 2010)
    • There are Border Patrol stations in Ajo, Casa Grande, Tucson, Nogales, Wilcox, Sonoita, Naco, and Douglas. See U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Border Security, U.S. Border Patrol, Border Patrol Sectors, Tucson Sector (Arizona), Overview, http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border-security/border-j)atrol/border-j) atrol-sectors/tucson-sector-az/tucson-overview.xml (last visited Feb. 15, 2010).
  • 143
    • 77956141910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • By comparison, in 2008, the Border Patrol made 162, 392 apprehensions in San Diego, CA; 40, 962 in El Centro, CA; 8363 in Yuma, Ariz.; 30, 310 in El Paso, Tex.; 5390 in Marfa, Tex.; 20, 761 in Del Rio, Tex.; 43, 659 in Laredo, Tex.; and 75, 476 in Rio Grande Valley, Tex. U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, tbl.35, available at
    • By comparison, in 2008, the Border Patrol made 162, 392 apprehensions in San Diego, CA; 40, 962 in El Centro, CA; 8363 in Yuma, Ariz.; 30, 310 in El Paso, Tex.; 5390 in Marfa, Tex.; 20, 761 in Del Rio, Tex.; 43, 659 in Laredo, Tex.; and 75, 476 in Rio Grande Valley, Tex. U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, 2008 YEARBOOK OF IMMIGRATION STATISTICS, ENFORCEMENT DATA TABLES tbl.35, available at http://www.dns.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2008/ table35.xls.
    • (2008) Yearbook of Immigration Statistics Enforcement Data Tables
  • 144
    • 77956144489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable John M. Roll, Chief Judge, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. (Sept. 2, 2009) (hereinafter Roll Interview]
    • Interview with Honorable John M. Roll, Chief Judge, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. (Sept. 2, 2009) (hereinafter Roll Interview].
  • 145
    • 77956141910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Border Patrol's 317, 709 apprehensions in the Tucson sector in 2008 worked out to a daily average of 870 apprehensions. U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, tbl.35, available at
    • The Border Patrol's 317, 709 apprehensions in the Tucson sector in 2008 worked out to a daily average of 870 apprehensions. U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, 2008 YEARBOOK OF IMMIGRATION STATISTICS, ENFORCEMENT DATA TABLES tbl.35, available at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2008/ table35.xls.
    • (2008) YEarbook of Immigration Statistics, Enforcement Data Tables
  • 146
    • 77956142984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catch and release' is reality for now
    • Apprehensions per day in Tucson typically range from 350 in December (the slowest month of the year) to more than 1, 400 per day in the busiest months of March and April, Jan. 31, at Al
    • Apprehensions per day in Tucson typically range from 350 in December (the slowest month of the year) to more than 1, 400 per day in the busiest months of March and April. Brady McCombs, 'Catch and Release' is Reality for Now, ARIZ. DAILY STAR, Jan. 31, 2009, at Al.
    • (2009) Ariz. Daily Star
    • McCombs, B.1
  • 147
    • 77956135182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roll Interview, supra note 108
    • Roll Interview, supra note 108.
  • 148
    • 77956145260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Richard Bacal, CJA Panel Attorney, Tucson, Ariz. (Sept. 2, 2009) [hereinafter Bacal Interview]. I have made repeated attempts to contact DHS and the Tucson Border Patrol office to determine what criteria that office is using to select migrants for prosecution through Operation Streamline. I have not received a response to those requests. One Tucson federal defender believes the Border Patrol picks a different zone of the Tucson border each day within which to enforce its zero-tolerance policy. Williams Interview, supra note 16.
  • 149
    • 77956146507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111. Currently, all Operation Streamline proceedings in Tucson take place in the Special Proceedings courtroom, which is the largest courtroom in the Tucson district courthouse.
  • 150
    • 77956157348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 151
    • 77956143763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14. Though the Del Rio district court did sometimes see as many as sixty misdemeanor illegal entry prosecutions per day, the number of daily prosecutions has certainly increased under Streamline. Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 152
    • 77956141527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14.
  • 153
    • 77956159114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 154
    • 77956133662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Williams Statement, supra note 73, at app. 4
    • See Williams Statement, supra note 73, at app. 4.
  • 155
    • 77956159317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 156
    • 77956139458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. DIST. OF TEX., MAGISTRATE JUDGE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2008 AND JANUARY 2009 (on file with author)
    • W. DIST. OF TEX., MAGISTRATE JUDGE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2008 AND JANUARY 2009 (on file with author).
  • 157
    • 77956136167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, Magistrate Judge Garcia in Del Rio processed 2, 124 criminal cases in the month of January 2009 and 2, 782 in the month of February 2009, and Magistrate Judge Green processed 1, 927 defendants in January 2009 and 1, 567 defendants in February 2009.
  • 158
    • 77956149318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 159
    • 77956150623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The average for the other magistrates in the Western District of Texas was 315 criminal proceedings for the month of January 2009. Id
    • The average for the other magistrates in the Western District of Texas was 315 criminal proceedings for the month of January 2009. Id.
  • 160
    • 77956157990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Garcia Interview, supra note 84
    • See Garcia Interview, supra note 84.
  • 161
    • 77956149125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • See Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 162
    • 77956168934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Garcia Interview, supra note 84. Judge Garcia explains that, during the summer months, border apprehensions tend to be lower. Those numbers rise again during the harvesting season and after the winter holidays.
  • 163
    • 77956159666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 164
    • 77956136364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 165
    • 77956159867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • On the two days I visited the Del Rio district court in late August and early September 2009, there were only twenty-one new prosecutions the first day and fourteen the second, but when I interviewed the head of the Del Rio Federal Defender's office in March 2009, the FPD had handled seventy-one new prosecutions that day. Telephone Interview with William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex. (Apr. 1, 2009) [hereinafter Fry Telephone Interview]. Some have reported that the average number of daily Streamline prosecutions in Del Rio is currently somewhere around fifty or sixty. See Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5.
  • 166
    • 77956163112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. DIST. OF TEX., MAGISTRATE JUDGE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2008 AND JANUARY 2009, supra note 119
    • W. DIST. OF TEX., MAGISTRATE JUDGE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2008 AND JANUARY 2009, supra note 119.
  • 167
    • 77956154004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id. Judge Gamey conducted 712 criminal proceedings in January 2009, Judge McDonald 935 proceedings, and Judge Mesa 1, 017 proceedings. The caseload comparisons for February 2008 and February 2009 demonstrate a similar average caseload increase of 358 cases for these three magistrate judges. In January 2010, the El Paso district court received a fourth magistrate judge. The addition of that judge appears to be alleviating the other magistrates' workloads. E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Feb. 18, 2010, 7:03:07 PST) (on file with author).
  • 168
    • 77956150255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Garney Interview, supra note 25
    • See Garney Interview, supra note 25.
  • 169
    • 77956151717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The caseload statistics of the three El Paso magistrate judges for the months of January 2009, February 2009, and November 2009 reveal a rough average of twenty prosecutions per day. W. DIST. OF TEX., MAGISTRATE JUDGE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 2009, supra note 119; E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Dec. 14, 2009, 14:32:32 PST) (on file with author) (providing caseload statistics for the months of February 2009 and November 2009).
  • 170
    • 77956153445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Interview with Honorable Richard Mesa, Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 25, 2009) [hereinafter Mesa Interview]
    • See Interview with Honorable Richard Mesa, Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 25, 2009) [hereinafter Mesa Interview].
  • 171
    • 77956150061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 172
    • 77956167024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Garney Interview, supra note 25. The Administrative Office report echoes this concern. See ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 14. ("Courts report that Operation Streamline II has been particularly draining on their support staff because of the volume of additional paperwork.").
  • 173
    • 77956151377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Mesa Interview, supra note 130
    • See Mesa Interview, supra note 130.
  • 174
    • 77956166361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 175
    • 77956152864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Robert Miskell, Chief, Criminal Div., U.S. Attorney's Office, Tucson, Ariz., to author (Nov. 18, 2009, 7:24:30 PST) (on file with author)
    • E-mail from Robert Miskell, Chief, Criminal Div., U.S. Attorney's Office, Tucson, Ariz., to author (Nov. 18, 2009, 7:24:30 PST) (on file with author).
  • 176
    • 77956137978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While it is not ideal to measure prosecutions throughout the entire District of Arizona, as that district also encompasses courts in Phoenix, Flagstaff, Prescott, and Yuma, the clerk's office in the District of Arizona unfortunately does not keep statistics on filings by specific charge within each division. E-mail from Michael O'Brien, Chief Deputy Clerk, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz., to author (Nov. 10, 2009, 10:52:47 PST) (on file with author).
  • 177
    • 77956147453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There were 10, 056 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 and 4, 956 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the District of Arizona in 2008, out of 17, 759 total prosecutions. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper, (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; click on 2008; click on Arizona) (results on file with author)
    • There were 10, 056 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 and 4, 956 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the District of Arizona in 2008, out of 17, 759 total prosecutions. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/mdex/cri/cri-godeep-index-pros.html (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; click on 2008; click on Arizona) (results on file with author).
    • (2009)
  • 178
    • 77956133287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There were 1, 194 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 and 2, 459 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the District of Arizona in 2005, out of 7, 905 total prosecutions.
  • 179
    • 77956146313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 180
    • 77956148233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Part HI.A.2, infra, and Figure 4, infra
    • See Part HI.A.2, infra, and Figure 4, infra.
  • 181
    • 77956147280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 182
    • 77956145261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 183
    • 77956133663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 184
    • 77956144488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 185
    • 77956146508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5
    • Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5.
  • 186
    • 77956163664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 187
    • 77956147454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 188
    • 77956139814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Del Rio FPD now accepts Streamline assignments two days per week. See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • The Del Rio FPD now accepts Streamline assignments two days per week. See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 189
    • 77956167603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 190
    • 77956146312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 191
    • 77956166844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5
    • See, e.g., Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5
  • 192
    • 77956133842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • id.
  • 193
    • 77956150618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The maximum attorney-client ratio in the Streamline proceedings in Tucson is six clients per defense attorney. Bacal Interview, supra note 111. The average ratio in El Paso is seven or eight clients per defense attorney. E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author).
  • 194
    • 77956165183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16. Along with the complaint, the defense attorney receives her client's prosecution report and any discovery in the case, which she can take with her when she travels to the detention center to conduct client interviews. Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 195
    • 77956134778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • See, e.g., Bacal Interview, supra note 111
  • 196
    • 77956139061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melendez Interview, supra note 16
    • Melendez Interview, supra note 16.
  • 197
    • 77956137977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., E-mail from William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 14:21:12 PST) (on file with author)
    • See, e.g., E-mail from William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 14:21:12 PST) (on file with author).
  • 198
    • 77956162203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 199
    • 77956143358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16.
  • 200
    • 77956133476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal crossing: Part 3
    • Mar. 6, at Al, available at, ("Before their court appearance, [Del Rio CJA Panel attorney] Jacques De La Mota quickly tries to find if there is anything that might keep his clients in the country, conceding he has only five to 10 minutes with each.").
    • See id. See also Michael Riley, Criminal Crossing: Part 3, DENVER POST, Mar. 6, 2007, at Al, available at http://www.denverpost.corn/fortressamerica/ci- 5363410 ("Before their court appearance, [Del Rio CJA Panel attorney] Jacques De La Mota quickly tries to find if there is anything that might keep his clients in the country, conceding he has only five to 10 minutes with each.").
    • (2007) Denver Post
    • Riley, M.1
  • 201
    • 77956159662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See E-mail from William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 14:21:12 PST) (on file with author)
    • See E-mail from William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 14:21:12 PST) (on file with author).
  • 202
    • 77956146503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 203
    • 77956140778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 204
    • 77956155848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 205
    • 77956134209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81. Section 2.22A(1) of the CJA Guidelines specifies that "[e]xcept in federal capital prosecutions and in death penalty federal habeas corpus proceedings, " compensation paid to CJA Panel attorneys may not exceed a specified hourly rate "for time expended in court or out of court or before a United States magistrate judge.", § 2.22(A)(1) (Judicial Conference of the U.S. 2005), available at, The hourly rate for noncapital cases was $110 per hour in 2009 and will be $125 per hour in 2010. Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Office of Defender Servs., Training Branch, History of Criminal Justice (CJA) Rates, http://www.fd.org/ odstb-CJAHistory.htm (last visited Feb. 15, 2010)
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81. Section 2.22A(1) of the CJA Guidelines specifies that "[e]xcept in federal capital prosecutions and in death penalty federal habeas corpus proceedings, " compensation paid to CJA Panel attorneys may not exceed a specified hourly rate "for time expended in court or out of court or before a United States magistrate judge." GUIDELINES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT AND RELATED STATUTES § 2.22(A)(1) (Judicial Conference of the U.S. 2005), available at http://www.fd.org/Publications/GenRef/Vol7/Volume-7/Section-A.html. The hourly rate for noncapital cases was $110 per hour in 2009 and will be $125 per hour in 2010. Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Office of Defender Servs., Training Branch, History of Criminal Justice (CJA) Rates, http://www.fd.org/odstb-CJAHistory.htm (last visited Feb. 15, 2010).
    • Guidelines for the Administration of the Criminal Justice Act and Related Statutes
  • 206
    • 77956162062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • At the time these $50 per client payments were occurring (between 2005 and 2008), the CJA hourly rate ranged between $90 per hour and $100 per hour.
  • 207
    • 77956144861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 208
    • 77956160221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., (May 4, 2008), available at, Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5
    • See, e.g., NAT'L ASS'N OF CRIMINAL DEF. LAWYERS, ADOPTED NACDL POLICY ON OPERATION STREAMLINE (May 4, 2008), available at http://www.nacdl.org/public. nsf26cfl0555dafce2b85256d97005c8fd0/064f68eac7e3ac5852575c80057cll4? OpenDocument; Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 5.
    • Nat'L Ass'N of Criminal Def. Lawyers Adopted Nacdl Policy on Operation Streamline
  • 209
    • 77956152862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81. According to Judge Ludlum, in 2009, CJA Panel attorneys typically billed thirty minutes per Streamline defendant at an hourly rate of $110 per hour, for a total of $44 per client
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81. According to Judge Ludlum, in 2009, CJA Panel attorneys typically billed thirty minutes per Streamline defendant at an hourly rate of $110 per hour, for a total of $44 per client.
  • 210
    • 77956159864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 211
    • 77956138369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 212
    • 77956167601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Telephone Interview with Edgar Holguin, Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 30, 2009) [hereinafter Holguin Interview]
    • See Telephone Interview with Edgar Holguin, Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 30, 2009) [hereinafter Holguin Interview].
  • 213
    • 77956162562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 214
    • 77956146311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author)
    • E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author).
  • 215
    • 77956167424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Melendez Interview, supra note 16
    • See Melendez Interview, supra note 16.
  • 216
    • 77956150820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 217
    • 77956142110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 218
    • 77956157347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • El Paso Streamline defendants are typically held briefly at the El Paso County Jail in downtown El Paso and then transferred to the West Texas Detention Center in Sierra Blanca, Tex., almost ninety miles southeast of El Paso.
  • 219
    • 77956149316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 220
    • 77956147851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While Mr. Melendez reported that the meeting spaces at these detention facilities tend to afford adequate privacy, he did say that occasionally it is possible to overhear other people's conversations.
  • 221
    • 77956157984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 222
    • 77956157985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 223
    • 77956151906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • See Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 224
    • 77956158544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Roll Interview, supra note 108
    • See Roll Interview, supra note 108.
  • 225
    • 77956164070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • See Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 226
    • 77956163110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 227
    • 77956163879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Given that the desks are relatively close together in one open room, it is not difficult to hear the conversations that others are having. On the day I observed attorney-client meetings in Tucson, I could hear a number of the attorney-client conversations happening at nearby tables.
  • 228
    • 77956166145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16.
  • 229
    • 77956158728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 230
    • 77956156771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fry Interview, supra note 16
    • Fry Interview, supra note 16.
  • 231
    • 77956163286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.;
  • 232
    • 77956164077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garcia Interview, supra note 84
    • Garcia Interview, supra note 84.
  • 233
    • 77956143956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(2) (2006).
    • See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(2) (2006).
  • 234
    • 77956140583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16.
  • 235
    • 77956137453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 236
    • 77956137455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 237
    • 77956162566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As Mr. Fry explains, a false statement also can be charged as a felony under other Title 8 provisions. Any false claim is, in Mr. Fry's words, "problematic and worrisome to a defense lawyer. They tend to have more serious immigration consequences as well." E-mail from William D. Fry, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 10, 2009, 17:31:11 PST) (on file with author). Defendants who have made false claims to U.S. citizenship may also have used false documents to try to enter the United States, which can trigger a charge under 18 U.S.C. § 1546 (fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents), 18 U.S.C. § 1426 (reproduction of citizenship papers), or 18 U.S.C. § 1542 (false statements in application and use of a passport).
  • 238
    • 84860311537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1426, 1542
    • See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1546, 1426, 1542 (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.18 , pp. 1546
  • 239
    • 77956145497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16.
    • See Fry Interview, supra note 16.
  • 240
    • 77956159314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 241
    • 77956165393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 242
    • 77956168535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Part III.B.5, infra, for a discussion of whether this practice of holding defendants for more than forty-eight hours before an initial appearance violates the Fourth Amendment or Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 5
    • See Part III.B.5, infra, for a discussion of whether this practice of holding defendants for more than forty-eight hours before an initial appearance violates the Fourth Amendment or Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 5.
  • 243
    • 77956156954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Garney Interview, supra note 25
    • See Garney Interview, supra note 25.
  • 244
    • 77956158919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 245
    • 77956133840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 246
    • 77956160223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 247
    • 77956142354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 248
    • 77956157989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 249
    • 77956145259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Certain districts have obtained the authorization of the attorney general to implement a "fast-track program, " which allows the government to charge less than the most serious offense in exchange for a guilty plea from the defendant. These programs exist only where the volume of cases (generally immigration cases) is so high that, without such an agreement, the resources of the district would be strained beyond capacity. Memorandum from John Ashcroft, Attorney Gen., Dep't of Justice, to All U.S. Attorneys, Department Principles for Implementing an Expedited Disposition or "Fast-Track" Prosecution Program in a District (Sept. 27, 2003);
  • 250
    • 84255167253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Currently, Tucson is the only Operation Streamline jurisdiction discussed in this Comment that has a fast-track agreement in place
    • reprinted in 16 FED. SENT'G REP. 134 (2003), available at http://www.justice.gov/ag/readingroom/ag- 092203.pdf. Currently, Tucson is the only Operation Streamline jurisdiction discussed in this Comment that has a fast-track agreement in place.
    • (2003) Fed. Sent'g Rep. , vol.16 , pp. 134
  • 251
    • 77956156033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 252
    • 77956165956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 253
    • 77956135181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 254
    • 77956151910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 255
    • 77956134784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 256
    • 77956143562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 257
    • 77956152502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 258
    • 77956150457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16.
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16.
  • 259
    • 77956156956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111. On the day I observed Streamline proceedings in Tucson, for example, Mr. Bacal noted that one of his Streamline clients being offered a plea agreement of ninety days might have been offered ten to sixteen months had he ended up in the non-Streamline setting, given that he had a prior aggravated felony on his record. Mr. Bacal and the other defense attorneys I interviewed were unable to say why certain clients are put through the Streamline process while others, who seem to have identical profiles, end up in the non- Streamline process.
  • 260
    • 77956139998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interpreters are only readily available for Spanish-speaking defendants. If necessary, the defense attorney can obtain an evaluation by a federal court interpreter to determine whether the client has the requisite fluency in Spanish to work with an interpreter. Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 261
    • 77956160916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 262
    • 77956166670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16.
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16.
  • 263
    • 84860801682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's clogging the courts? Ask America's busiest judge
    • July 23, available at
    • Russell Goldman, What's Clogging the Courts? Ask America's Busiest Judge, ABC NEWS, July 23, 2008, available at http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id= 5429227&page=l.
    • (2008) Abc News
    • Goldman, R.1
  • 264
    • 77956144860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable Robert Brack, U.S. Dist. Judge, Dist. of N.M., Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 24, 2009) [hereinafter Brack Interview]
    • Interview with Honorable Robert Brack, U.S. Dist. Judge, Dist. of N.M., Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 24, 2009) [hereinafter Brack Interview].
  • 265
    • 77956158546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id.
    • See id.
  • 266
    • 77956135771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, THIRD BRANCH (Admin. Office U.S. Courts Office Pub. Affairs, Washington, D.C.), June, available at
    • See Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, THIRD BRANCH (Admin. Office U.S. Courts Office Pub. Affairs, Washington, D.C.), June 2006, available at http://www.uscourts.gov/ttb/06-06/border/index.html.
    • (2006)
  • 268
    • 77956141908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, (finding Judge Brack's criminal immigration caseload to be the highest among district judges nationwide in March 2008 and March 2007 as well)
    • See also TRANSACTIONAL RECORDS ACCESS CLEARINGHOUSE, SURGE IN IMMIGRATION PROSECUTIONS CONTINUES (2008), available at http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/ reports/188 (finding Judge Brack's criminal immigration caseload to be the highest among district judges nationwide in March 2008 and March 2007 as well).
    • (2008) Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Surge in Immigration Prosecutions Continues
  • 269
    • 77956167216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "Reentry of deported alien" under 8 U.S.C § 1326 ranked first, followed by "Fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents" under 18 U.S.C § 1546 and "Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc." under 8 U.S.C § 1325.
  • 270
    • 77956166479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See TRANSACTIONAL RECORDS ACCESS CLEARINGHOUSE, IMMIGRATION PROSECUTIONS FOR JANUARY 2010, supra note 214, tbl.4 (click "more" in the line for Judge Robert Brack); TRANSACTIONAL RECORDS ACCESS CLEARINGHOUSE, SURGE IN IMMIGRATION PROSECUTIONS CONTINUES, supra note 214, tbl.4;
  • 272
    • 77956139643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See E-mail from Honorable Robert Brack, U.S. Dist. Judge, Dist. of N.M., Las Cruces, N.M., to author (Oct. 29, 2009, 17:02:05 PST) (on file with author)
    • See E-mail from Honorable Robert Brack, U.S. Dist. Judge, Dist. of N.M., Las Cruces, N.M., to author (Oct. 29, 2009, 17:02:05 PST) (on file with author).
  • 273
    • 77956147452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 27
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 27.
  • 274
    • 77956143764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), prison term, average prison term, and "Ave. Days Ref. to Court Disp."
    • Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-godeep-index-pros. html (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge (title and section), prison term, average prison term, and "Ave. Days Ref. to Court Disp."
    • (2009) Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper
  • 275
    • 77956142570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • click on 2008; click on N. Mexico) (results on file with author). While this is an average for the entire District of New Mexico, Judge Robert Brack of Las Cruces notes that the average processing times are much lower in Las Cruces. Six years ago, the average § 1326 defendant in Las Cruces who received a sentence of time served spent about seventy days in jail. By Judge Brack's estimation, that average is currently closer to forty days. E-mail from Honorable Robert Brack, U.S. Dist. Judge, Dist. of N.M., Las Cruces, N.M., to author (Aug. 17, 2009, 14:06:37 PST) (on file with author).
  • 276
    • 77956144856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Operation Streamline Nets 1, 200-Plus Prosecutions in Arizona (July 24), available at, (describing success of Operation Streamline in Arizona and elsewhere)
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Operation Streamline Nets 1, 200-Plus Prosecutions in Arizona (July 24, 2007), available at http://www.customs.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news-releases/archives/2007-news- releases/072007/07242007-3.xml (describing success of Operation Streamline in Arizona and elsewhere).
    • (2007)
  • 277
    • 77956157343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 2 ("The number of apprehensions made by the Border Patrol declined for the third year in a row to 724, 000 in 2008 after reaching a mid- decade peak of 1, 189, 000 in 2005.")
    • See RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 2 ("The number of apprehensions made by the Border Patrol declined for the third year in a row to 724, 000 in 2008 after reaching a mid- decade peak of 1, 189, 000 in 2005.").
  • 278
    • 77956155847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2
    • Id. at 2.
  • 279
    • 77956155097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g. Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Attorney General Mukasey at a Briefing on Immigration Enforcement and Border Security Efforts (Feb. 22), available at
    • See, e.g. Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Attorney General Mukasey at a Briefing on Immigration Enforcement and Border Security Efforts (Feb. 22, 2008), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr-1203722713615.shtm;
    • (2008)
  • 280
    • 77956168213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, CBP Border Patrol Apprehensions Down Along Southern Border (July 7), available at
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, CBP Border Patrol Apprehensions Down Along Southern Border (July 7, 2007), available at http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroorn/news-releases/archives/2007-news-releases/ 072007/070 72007.xml;
    • (2007)
  • 281
    • 77956154898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Fact Sheet: Securing America's Borders CBP 2006 Fiscal Year in Review (Oct. 30), available at
    • Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec, Fact Sheet: Securing America's Borders CBP 2006 Fiscal Year in Review (Oct. 30, 2006), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/reteases/prj 162226345208.shtm.
    • (2006)
  • 282
    • 77956137094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Hsu, supra note 5
    • See Hsu, supra note 5.
  • 283
    • 77956150622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • After fiscal year 2000, border apprehensions steadily declined for three years. There were 1, 266, 214 apprehensions in FY 2001, 955, 310 in FY 2002, and 931, 557 in FY 2003. Apprehensions then climbed slightly to 1, 160, 395 in FY 2004 and 1, 188, 977 in FY 2005 before declining again to 1, 089, 096 in FY 2006, 876, 803 in FY 2007, 723, 840 in FY 2008, and 556, 041 in FY 2009.
  • 285
    • 77956147643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1-2
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1-2;
  • 286
    • 77956134032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, SECURING AMERICA'S BORDERS: CBP FISCAL YEAR 2009 IN REVIEW FACT SHEET, supra note 9
    • U.S. DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC, SECURING AMERICA'S BORDERS: CBP FISCAL YEAR 2009 IN REVIEW FACT SHEET, supra note 9.
  • 287
    • 77956148044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • According to DHS, "The all-time apprehension record was 1, 693, 000 in 1986 immediately preceding passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which allowed the legalization of several million unauthorized immigrants, established sanctions for employers who knowingly hired unauthorized immigrants, and provided for increased border enforcement."
  • 288
    • 77956162380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1.
  • 289
    • 77956151207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 224
    • See supra note 224.
  • 290
    • 77956153632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEXICAN MIGRATION AND THE U.S. ECONOMIC CRISIS: A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (Wayne A. Cornelius et al. eds., 2010)
    • MEXICAN MIGRATION AND THE U.S. ECONOMIC CRISIS: A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (Wayne A. Cornelius et al. eds., 2010).
  • 291
    • 77956146506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at xii
    • Id. at xii.
  • 292
    • 77956151014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Julia Preston, Mexican Data Show Migration to US. in Decline, N.Y. TIMES, May 14, 2009, at Al (citing Mexican census data revealing that "about 226, 000 fewer people emigrated from Mexico to other countries during the year that ended in August 2008 than during the previous year, a decline of 25 percent. All but a very small fraction of emigration, both legal and illegal, from Mexico is to the United States .. Mexican and American researchers say that the current decline, which has also been manifested in a decrease in arrests along the border, is largely a result of Mexicans' deciding to delay illegal crossings because of the lack of jobs in the ailing American economy.").
  • 293
    • 77956136901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, e.g., Diana Washington Valdez, Officials: Apprehensions Dip as U.S. Economy Struggles, EL PASO TIMES, Oct. 20, 2008 available at (quoting Tom Fullerton, professor of economics and finance at the University of Texas at El Paso and an expert on the border economy, as saying that "fewer Mexican nationals are trying to cross the border because they know the U.S. economic downturn has resulted in diminished job prospects"); Christopher Sherman, Third Year of Fewer Illegal Immigrants Caught, ASSOCIATED PRESS, June 16, 2009, available at http.//abcnews.go.comAJS/wireStory?id=7855349 (quoting Jeffrey Passel, senior demographer at the Pew Hispanic Center, as saying that the main reason Mexicans emigrate to the United States is for jobs, "and there aren't any").
  • 294
    • 77956167215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1
    • RYTINA & SIMANSKI, supra note 9, at 1.
  • 295
    • 77956140581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.0 percent in May 2000 and 9.4 percent in May 2009. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Databases, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, (last visited Mar. 17, 2010).
    • According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.0 percent in May 2000 and 9.4 percent in May 2009. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Databases, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?series-id=LNS 14000000 (last visited Mar. 17, 2010).
  • 296
    • 77956153442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posting of Catherine Rampell to Economix, (May 15, 2009, 19:23 EST)
    • Posting of Catherine Rampell to Economix, http://economix.blogs.nytimes. com/ (May 15, 2009, 19:23 EST).
  • 297
    • 77956167787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, BORDER CONTROL: REVISED STRATEGY IS SHOWING SOME POSITIVE RESULTS 12-15 (1994)
    • See U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, BORDER CONTROL: REVISED STRATEGY IS SHOWING SOME POSITIVE RESULTS 12-15 (1994), available at http://www.druglibrary. org/schaffer/GOVPUBS/gao/pdf23.pdf.
  • 298
    • 77956155102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Secure Border Initiative (Nov. 2, 2005)
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Secure Border Initiative (Nov. 2, 2005), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press-release-0794. shtm.
  • 299
    • 77956144680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The number of Border Patrol agents nationwide was 9, 821 in 2000. ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 56.
  • 300
    • 77956138173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It was expected to reach 19, 700 by the end of September 2009. U.S. GOV'T ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE, CBP COULD IMPROVE ITS ESTIMATION OF FUNDING NEEDED FOR NEW BORDER PATROL AGENTS 1 (June 15, 2009), available at http://www.gao.gov/ products/GAO-09-542R
  • 301
    • 77956157542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The 2010 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill includes funding for 20, 163 Border Patrol agents. COMMS. ON APPROPRIATIONS, IIITH CONG., FY2010 CONFERENCE SUMMARY: HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS 1 (Oct. 7, 2009), available at http://appropriations.house.gov/pdf/Homeland- Security-FY10-Conference.pdf [hereinafter COMMS. ON APPROPRIATIONS, I I ITH CONG., FY2010 CONFERENCE SUMMARY: HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS].
  • 302
    • 77956146691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There is a strong documented correlation between increases in Border Patrol personnel and increases in illegal immigration filings in the district courts. ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 7
  • 303
    • 77956148743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Part III.A.4, infra
    • See Part III.A.4, infra.
  • 304
    • 77956133478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEXICAN MIGRATION AND THE U.S. ECONOMIC CRISIS: A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE, supra note 227, at 65-67
    • MEXICAN MIGRATION AND THE U.S. ECONOMIC CRISIS: A TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE, supra note 227, at 65-67.
  • 305
    • 77956140983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Joe Perez, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Office of Pub. Affairs, El Paso Sector, El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 26, 2009)
    • Interview with Joe Perez, U.S. Customs and Border Prot., Office of Pub. Affairs, El Paso Sector, El Paso, Tex. (Mar. 26, 2009).
  • 306
    • 77956149124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 307
    • 77956160052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Holguin Interview, supra note 165; Interview with Robert Kinney, Supervisory Assistant Fed. Pub. Defender, Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 25, 2009) [hereinafter Kinney Interview] ("And it's really hard to explain to someone who is not familiar with our system and our culture that if you have committed a crime and already paid the time for that crime, that that crime somehow advances you not only in your offense level but in your criminal history .. Because, conceptually, it's hard for me to understand, too. For them, it's almost impossible.").
  • 308
    • 77956167022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durbin Interview, supra note 14
    • Durbin Interview, supra note 14.
  • 309
    • 77956144143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Bacal Interview, supra note 111; Melendez Interview, supra note 16
    • See, e.g., Bacal Interview, supra note 111; Melendez Interview, supra note 16.
  • 310
    • 77956159486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melendez Interview, supra note 16
    • Melendez Interview, supra note 16.
  • 311
    • 77951172536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mexican Drug Cartel Violence Spills Over, Alarming U.S., , Mar. 22, at Al
    • See, e.g., Randal C. Archibold, Mexican Drug Cartel Violence Spills Over, Alarming U.S., N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 22, 2009, at Al
    • (2009) N.Y. Times
    • Archibold, R.C.1
  • 312
    • 77956137976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mexico Under Siege: The Drug War at Our Doorstep, L.A. TIMES, (last visited Mar. 3, 2010)
    • Mexico Under Siege: The Drug War at Our Doorstep, L.A. TIMES, http://projects.latimes.eom/mexico-drug-war/#/its-a-war (last visited Mar. 3, 2010).
  • 315
    • 77956143764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (), (search by Lead Charge: Compare; select the District of Arizona, prosecutions (number), statutory code order, annual series, and last 7 years; see numbers for 8 U.S.C. § 1324 and 1325 for the years 2002- 2008) (results on file with author).
    • Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-express-index-pros. html (search by Lead Charge: Compare; select the District of Arizona, prosecutions (number), statutory code order, annual series, and last 7 years; see numbers for 8 U.S.C. § 1324 and 1325 for the years 2002- 2008) (results on file with author).
    • (2009) Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express
  • 317
    • 77956155304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213.
  • 318
    • 77956133081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Push on immigration crimes is said to shift focus
    • note
    • Solomon Moore, Push on Immigration Crimes Is Said to Shift Focus, N. Y. TIMES, Jan. 12, 2009, at Al, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/us/ 12prosecute.html? -r=l&hp=&pagewanted=all. The article, citing data from the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University, reports that white-collar prosecutions have fallen by 18 percent over the past five years, weapons prosecutions by 19 percent, organized crime prosecutions by 20 percent, and public corruption prosecutions by 14 percent. "Drug prosecutions - the enforcement priority of the Reagan, first Bush and Clinton administrations - have declined by 20 percent since 2003."
    • (2009) N. Y. Times
    • Moore, S.1
  • 320
    • 77956166358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factory justice?
    • Evan Pellegrino, Factory Justice?, TUCSON WEEKLY, Feb. 11, 2010, available at http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/factory-justice/Content?oid= 1800952 ("According to data provided by the [Tucson district] court clerk, marijuana cases dropped 26 percent; other drug cases, 28 percent; firearms and explosives, 21 percent; violent offenses, 17 percent; forgery and counterfeiting, 63 percent; larceny and theft, 28 percent.")
    • Evan Pellegrino, Factory Justice?, TUCSON WEEKLY, Feb. 11, 2010, available at http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/factory-justice/Content?oid= 1800952 ("According to data provided by the [Tucson district] court clerk, marijuana cases dropped 26 percent; other drug cases, 28 percent; firearms and explosives, 21 percent; violent offenses, 17 percent; forgery and counterfeiting, 63 percent; larceny and theft, 28 percent.").
    • (2010) Tucson Weekly
    • Pellegrino, E.1
  • 321
    • 77956163476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore, supra note 249
    • Moore, supra note 249.
  • 322
    • 77956148438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 323
    • 77956157346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 324
    • 77956150060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 325
    • 77956134572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration prosecutions surge under bush's watch
    • note
    • see also Dianne Solis, Immigration Prosecutions Surge Under Bush's Watch, DALLAS MORNING NEWS, Jan. 13, 2009, at 1A (quoting former Dallas U.S. Attorney Richard Roper as saying, "The practical effect [of a zero-tolerance approach to immigration] is it hurt our ability to prosecute white-collar fraud. If we don't do them in the U.S. attorney's office they won't get done because they are so labor-intensive. It is difficult for the local district attorney's office to handle that.").
    • (2009) Dallas Morning News
    • Solis, D.1
  • 326
    • 77956142572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration prosecutions straining court system
    • (McAllen, Tex.), Feb. 9, 2010 Misdemeanor prosecutions in the Laredo sector rose from 3260 in 2007 to 13, 664 in
    • Jeremy Roebuck, Immigration Prosecutions Straining Court System, MONITOR (McAllen, Tex.), Feb. 9, 2010, available at http://www.themonitor.com/news/ system-35217- court-irnmigration.html. Misdemeanor prosecutions in the Laredo sector rose from 3260 in 2007 to 13, 664 in 2009.
    • (2009) Monitor
    • Roebuck, J.1
  • 327
  • 329
    • 77956145496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the calculation for the first nine months of fiscal year, when filings under § 1325 comprised 58.9 percent of all charges filed.
    • This is the calculation for the first nine months of fiscal year 2009, when filings under 8 U.S.C. § 1325 comprised 58.9 percent of all charges filed.
    • (2009) U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 330
    • 77956157772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filings under § 1326 comprised an additional 32 percent
    • Filings under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 comprised an additional 32 percent.
    • U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 331
    • 77956154379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • See id.
    • U.S.C. , vol.8
  • 333
    • 77956143559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 14-15
    • Id. at 14-15.
  • 334
    • 77956156199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 12
    • See id. at 12.
  • 335
    • 77956151010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 18
    • Id. at 18.
  • 336
    • 77956139058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore, supra note 249
    • See Moore, supra note 249.
  • 337
    • 77956154716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durbin Interview, supra note 14. The exception is when a defendant requests a trial, at which point the USAO does become involved
    • See Durbin Interview, supra note 14. The exception is when a defendant requests a trial, at which point the USAO does become involved.
  • 338
    • 77956169297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore, supra note 249
    • Moore, supra note 249.
  • 339
    • 77956168933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telephone Interview with Jon Sands, Fed. Pub. Defender, Dist. of Ariz. (Sept. 17, 2009) [hereinafter Sands Interview]
    • Telephone Interview with Jon Sands, Fed. Pub. Defender, Dist. of Ariz. (Sept. 17, 2009) [hereinafter Sands Interview].
  • 340
    • 77956142786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Marshals Serv., United States Marshals (Apr. 2009)
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Marshals Serv., United States Marshals (Apr. 2009), available at http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/general-1209.pdf.
  • 341
    • 77956138172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bush crackdown on illegal aliens stretches marshals to limit
    • Mar. 12
    • Jeff Bliss, Bush Crackdown on Illegal Aliens Stretches Marshals to Limit, BLOOMBERG NEWS, Mar. 12, 2008, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601086&sid=aJ1YuleVtwDA.
    • (2008) Bloomberg News
    • Bliss, J.1
  • 344
    • 77956166669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part III.A. 1, infra
    • See Part III.A. 1, infra.
  • 346
    • 77956158545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 63
    • See id. at 63.
  • 347
    • 77956155101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinney Interview, supra note 240
    • Kinney Interview, supra note 240.
  • 348
    • 77956154380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two arrested in attempt to crash border
    • Sept. 23, at A29 ("[ICE official Michael Unzueta] said that violence linked to human smuggling was rising because the business has become dominated by well-organized criminal groups in Mexico.")
    • See, e.g., Julia Preston, Two Arrested in Attempt to Crash Border, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 23, 2009, at A29 ("[ICE official Michael Unzueta] said that violence linked to human smuggling was rising because the business has become dominated by well-organized criminal groups in Mexico.").
    • (2009) N.Y. Times
    • Preston, J.1
  • 351
    • 77956143762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brack Interview, supra note 211
    • See, e.g., Brack Interview, supra note 211.
  • 353
    • 77956140580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRAC reports, for example, that prosecutions under § 1028 ("fraud and related activity - ID documents") rose 67 percent from (the year before Operation Streamline began) to 2009.
    • TRAC reports, for example, that prosecutions under 18 U.S.C. § 1028 ("fraud and related activity - ID documents") rose 67 percent from 2004 (the year before Operation Streamline began) to 2009.
    • (2004) U.S.C. , vol.18
  • 354
    • 77956158181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Those prosecutions went from 832 in 2004 to 1, 391 in 2009. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-godeep-index-pros.html (search by fiscal year, lead charge (title and section), and prosecutions filed; click on 2004; repeat for 2009) (results on file with author).
  • 357
    • 77956167997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 56-57
    • Id. at 56-57.
  • 358
    • 77956148232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See also Holguin Interview, supra note 165 ("I think one of the things you're seeing is people leave the U.S. a lot less frequently than they used to. People would return to Mexico two to three times a year, for Christmas, a wedding, a funeral, and they would come back. Now people are foregoing those trips.").
  • 359
    • 77956143761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Honorable Robert Brack, Sentencing Proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico, Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 24, 2009) (notes on file with author)
    • Honorable Robert Brack, Sentencing Proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico, Las Cruces, N.M. (Mar. 24, 2009) (notes on file with author).
  • 360
    • 77956139456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 361
    • 77956167998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 362
    • 77956164654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Ordones-Soto, No. A-09-CR-590-SS, slip op. at 2 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 5, 2010)
    • United States v. Ordones-Soto, No. A-09-CR-590-SS, slip op. at 2 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 5, 2010).
  • 363
    • 77956158182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 364
    • 77956150254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judge Sparks noted that the cost of detaining the three defendants sentenced to time served in this order amounted to $ 13, 350
    • Judge Sparks noted that the cost of detaining the three defendants sentenced to time served in this order amounted to $ 13, 350.
  • 366
    • 77956155846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ordones-Soto, No. A-09-CR-590-SS, slip op. at 2
    • Ordones-Soto, No. A-09-CR-590-SS, slip op. at 2.
  • 368
    • 77956155675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3
    • Id. at 3.
  • 369
    • 77956137092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 5
    • Id. at 5.
  • 370
    • 77956164837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCombs, supra note 104. On the day I observed Streamline proceedings in Tucson, the average sentence among defendants who pled guilty was 31.5 days
    • McCombs, supra note 104. On the day I observed Streamline proceedings in Tucson, the average sentence among defendants who pled guilty was 31.5 days.
  • 371
    • 77956167021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., ICE Detention Reform: Principles and Next Steps (Oct. 6, 2009), available at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/ press-ice-detention-reform-fact-sheet.pdf (noting that the cost of detaining an immigrant varies by location but can exceed $100 per day).
  • 372
    • 77956167789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This assumes a detention cost of $100 per migrant per day, with five days of Streamline proceedings per week, for fifty weeks each year (accounting for about ten federal holidays).
  • 373
    • 77956138879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One Tucson magistrate judge reports that each day at least thirty Streamline defendants receive a sentence other than time served. E-mail from Honorable Bernardo Velasco, U.S. Magistrate Judge, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz., to author (Nov. 3, 2009, 13:33:35 PST) (on file with author). Given that there are seventy prosecutions each day, approximately forty defendants are sentenced to time served. Time served in Tucson works out to one or two days in detention, unless the migrant is apprehended over a weekend, in which case she may spend three or four days in detention.
  • 374
    • 77956143355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16. Thus the calculation used an average detention period of two days and an average daily detention cost of $100, multiplied by forty defendants each day, five days per week, fifty weeks per year.
  • 375
    • 77956144313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • CJA Panel attorneys are paid $125 per hour and typically spend five hours on Streamline proceedings in a day. Approximately fifteen CJA Panel attorneys participate in the Streamline proceedings each day, five days per week.
  • 376
    • 77956141168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111. That results in an average weekly cost of $ 46, 875 and an annual cost of $ 2, 343, 750
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111. That results in an average weekly cost of $46, 875 and an annual cost of $ 2, 343, 750.
  • 378
    • 77956133080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Dep't of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, BJA Programs: Southwest Border Prosecution Initiative, (last visited Mar. 3, 2010)
    • U.S. Dep't of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, BJA Programs: Southwest Border Prosecution Initiative, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/ southwest.html (last visited Mar. 3, 2010).
  • 379
    • 77956160407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • See Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 380
    • 77956135179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty dollars per client multiplied by eighty clients results in a payment to the CJA lawyer of $ 4, 000 for one day of representation
    • Fifty dollars per client multiplied by eighty clients results in a payment to the CJA lawyer of $ 4, 000 for one day of representation.
  • 381
    • 77956163877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This assumes one eight-hour workday spent conducting client interviews and another two to three hours the following day participating in the Streamline court proceedings, at $ 125 per hour.
  • 382
    • 77956134985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Telephone Interview with CJA Panel Attorney, Tucson, Ariz. (Feb. 25, 2010) (notes on file with author) [hereinafter Tucson CJA Panel Attorney Telephone Interview].
  • 383
    • 77956165765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The attorney asked to remain anonymous. As noted in Part II.D.1, infra, if an Operation Streamline defendant contests the charges against her, she faces at least thirty days in detention (the time the government automatically receives to prepare for trial).
  • 384
    • 77956139060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(2) (2006). Similarly, certain magistrate judges in Tucson are allegedly requiring defendants who object to the en masse plea hearings to wait two weeks for an individual hearing. Tucson CJA Panel Attorney Telephone Interview. Because most Streamline defendants will receive a sentence of time served if they plead guilty, very few are willing to spend additional time in detention to contest the charges or object to the format of the hearings.
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.18
  • 385
    • 77956153825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.18
  • 386
    • 77956161100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lock-'em-up border policy gains favor
    • May 25, at A21
    • J Root, Lock-'Em-Up Border Policy Gains Favor, FORT WORTH STAR-TELEGRAM, May 25, 2008, at A21.
    • (2008) Fort Worth Star-telegram
    • Root, J.1
  • 387
    • 77956144859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 388
    • 77956167427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 293
    • See supra note 293.
  • 389
    • 77956151373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • last visited Mar. 17
    • See Hoover's, GEO Group, Financial Statements, http://www.hoovers.com/ geo- group/-ID-42155, ticker-GEO-/free-co-fin-factsheet.xhtml (last visited Mar. 17, 2010).
    • (2010) Financial Statements
  • 390
    • 77956145257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments protect undocumented immigrants in the United States
    • The Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments protect undocumented immigrants in the United States.
  • 391
    • 30744456943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Zadvydas v. Davis, 693 ("[OJnce an alien enters the country, the legal circumstance changes, for the Due Process Clause applies to all 'persons' within the United States, including aliens, whether their presence here is lawful, unlawful, temporary, or permanent.")
    • See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 693 (2001) ("[OJnce an alien enters the country, the legal circumstance changes, for the Due Process Clause applies to all 'persons' within the United States, including aliens, whether their presence here is lawful, unlawful, temporary, or permanent.").
    • (2001) U.S. , vol.533 , pp. 678
  • 392
    • 77956147065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Though the topic will not be addressed here, Operation Streamline may also result in violations of the Model Rules of Judicial Conduct, given the ways in which it implicates the ability of judges to remain independent, impartial, and professionally competent.
  • 393
    • 77956157770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213.
  • 394
    • 77956148529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The exception, as noted above, is El Paso, where defendants receive two appearances
    • The exception, as noted above, is El Paso, where defendants receive two appearances.
  • 395
    • 77956168345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Garcia Interview, supra note 84
    • See, e.g., Garcia Interview, supra note 84.
  • 396
    • 77956138704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Roll Interview, supra note 108
    • See, e.g., Roll Interview, supra note 108.
  • 397
    • 77956149120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 129
    • See supra note 129.
  • 398
    • 77956150621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)
    • FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b).
  • 399
    • 77956159485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In El Paso, however, defendants generally plead guilty in groups of seven or eight at a time. E-mail from Honorable Richard Mesa, U.S. Magistrate Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., El Paso, Tex., to author (Sept. 17, 2009, 11:25:29 PST) (on file with author).
  • 400
    • 77956149123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d 692, 693 (9th Cir. 2009)
    • United States v. Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d 692, 693 (9th Cir. 2009).
  • 401
    • 77956163662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Under that standard of review, the court held that each of the defendants had failed to show "a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have entered the plea."
  • 402
    • 77956155480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 701 (quoting United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004))
    • Id. at 701 (quoting United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004)).
  • 403
    • 77956149121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Honorable Bernardo Velasco, U.S. Magistrate Judge, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. (Dec. 14, 2009)
    • Interview with Honorable Bernardo Velasco, U.S. Magistrate Judge, Dist. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. (Dec. 14, 2009).
  • 404
    • 77956157988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Head of the federal defender's office in del rio, points out that under
    • (a)(1), the government has to prove an entry, which may be impossible when a Border Patrol agent has not seen the migrant cross the border and there is no circumstantial evidence of an entry
    • For example, William Fry, Head of the Federal Defender's office in Del Rio, points out that under 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(1), the government has to prove an entry, which may be impossible when a Border Patrol agent has not seen the migrant cross the border and there is no circumstantial evidence of an entry.
    • U.S.C. , vol.8 , pp. 1325
    • Fry, W.1
  • 405
    • 84255192895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (a)(1), Even if the client has confessed to illegal entry, the defense attorney may be able to get that confession suppressed
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(1) (2006). Even if the client has confessed to illegal entry, the defense attorney may be able to get that confession suppressed.
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.8 , pp. 1325
  • 406
    • 77956141907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • See Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 407
    • 77956156030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See infra note 328 for a discussion of the INA provisions that may prevent a Streamline defendant from acquiring legal status in the United States after pleading guilty.
  • 408
    • 77956169296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Las Cruces Federal Defender, for example, represented a legal permanent resident prosecuted through Streamline who had lost his "green card" and could not afford the renewal fee. The client traveled to Mexico and, upon return to the United States, was told at a border inspection station that he could not enter until he paid the renewal fee. Unable to pay, he attempted to cross the border illegally. When he spotted a Border Patrol truck, the client walked up to the truck and asked the agents inside to help him get his "green card" back. The client was arrested and prosecuted under 8 U.S.C. § 1325.
  • 409
    • 77956155100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kinney Interview, supra note 240
    • See Kinney Interview, supra note 240.
  • 410
    • 77956142789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See U.S. CONST, amend. VI
    • See U.S. CONST, amend. VI
  • 411
    • 84871587246 scopus 로고
    • Powell v. Alabama, 68-69
    • Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 68-69 (1932)
    • (1932) U.S. , vol.287 , pp. 45
  • 412
    • 84879811141 scopus 로고
    • McMann v. Richardson, 771 ., ("It has long been recognized that the right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.")
    • McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970) ("It has long been recognized that the right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.")
    • (1970) U.S. , vol.397 , Issue.14 , pp. 759
  • 413
    • 77956137975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • see also Padilla v. Kentucky, No. 08- 651, 2010 WL 1222274, at 11 (U.S. Mar. 31, 2010) ("It is our responsibility under the Constitution to ensure that no criminal defendant-whether a citizen or not-is left to the 'mercies of incompetent counsel.'") (quoting Richardson, 397 U.S. at 771).
  • 414
    • 77956144141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16
    • Williams Interview, supra note 16.
  • 415
    • 77956166841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 416
    • 77956136900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In Padilla, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment requires defense attorneys to advise noncitizen defendants about the immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Padilla, 2010 WL 1222274, at 11.
  • 417
    • 77956161890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 7
    • Williams Statement, supra note 73, at 7.
  • 418
    • 77956165579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There are multiple sections of the Immigration and Nationality Act that may prevent a Streamline defendant from eventually acquiring legal status in the United States. First, an individual who has been found to have entered the United States without passing through immigration inspection will generally never be eligible to adjust her status to Legal Permanent Resident.
  • 419
    • 77956147450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (i)
    • See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i) (2006).
    • (2006) U.S.C. , vol.8 , pp. 1255
  • 420
    • 84957884425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second, under, (a)(9)(A)(i), an individual who has been ordered removed cannot seek readmission to the United States within five years of the removal, or within twenty years if she was convicted of an aggravated felony
    • Second, under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A)(i), an individual who has been ordered removed cannot seek readmission to the United States within five years of the removal, or within twenty years if she was convicted of an aggravated felony.
    • U.S.C. , vol.8 , pp. 1182
  • 421
    • 77956163109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. § 1182(a)(9)(A)(i). Third, those Streamline defendants who are arrested after having already crossed the border and who have spent more than 180 days or more than one year unlawfully present in the United States are subject to the three- and ten-year bars to reentry in 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(I) and (II), respectively.
  • 422
    • 77956167020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(I), (IT). Fourth, if a Streamline defendant is found to have committed a "crime of moral turpitude" in the past, she will be inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). See id. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(l).
  • 423
    • 77956137974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Holguin Interview, supra note 165
    • See Holguin Interview, supra note 165
  • 424
    • 77956142571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinney Interview, supra note 240
    • Kinney Interview, supra note 240.
  • 425
    • 77956168539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111;
  • 426
    • 77956159866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 427
    • 77956162737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • See, e.g., Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
  • 428
    • 77956148931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holguin Interview, supra note 165
    • Holguin Interview, supra note 165.
  • 429
    • 77956156387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.6 (2004)
    • See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.6 (2004).
  • 430
    • 77956148230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 16
    • ADMIN. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS, REPORT ON THE IMPACT ON THE JUDICIARY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SOUTHWEST BORDER, supra note 16, at 16.
  • 431
    • 77956163661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.7, 1.8 (2004)
    • See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.7, 1.8 (2004).
  • 432
    • 84900529463 scopus 로고
    • Holloway v. Arkansas, 485-86, ("[DJefense attorneys have the obligation, upon discovering a conflict of interests, to advise the court at once of the problem.")
    • Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 485-86 (1978) ("[DJefense attorneys have the obligation, upon discovering a conflict of interests, to advise the court at once of the problem.").
    • (1978) U.S. , vol.435 , pp. 475
  • 433
    • 77956146103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 434
    • 77956139059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens and noncitizens alike are entitled to the separation of powers guarantee in the U.S. Constitution
    • Citizens and noncitizens alike are entitled to the separation of powers guarantee in the U.S. Constitution.
  • 435
    • 77951898171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boumediene v. Bush, 2246, ("Because the Constitution's separation-of-powers structure, like the substantive guarantees of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. protects persons as well as citizens, foreign nationals who have the privilege of litigating in our courts can seek to enforce separation-of-powers principles.")
    • See, e.g., Boumediene v. Bush, 128 S. Ct. 2229, 2246 (2008) ("Because the Constitution's separation-of-powers structure, like the substantive guarantees of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . . protects persons as well as citizens, foreign nationals who have the privilege of litigating in our courts can seek to enforce separation-of-powers principles.")
    • (2008) S. Ct. , vol.128 , pp. 2229
  • 436
    • 72549106491 scopus 로고
    • INS v. Chadha, 958-59, (internal citation omitted)
    • INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 958-59 (1983) (internal citation omitted).
    • (1983) U.S. , vol.462 , pp. 919
  • 437
    • 77956138530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesa Interview, supra note 130
    • Mesa Interview, supra note 130.
  • 438
    • 77956155845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Durbin Interview, supra note 14
    • See, e.g., Durbin Interview, supra note 14.
  • 439
    • 77956152676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 440
    • 77956149860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213
    • Immigration Crisis Tests Federal Courts on Southwest Border, supra note 213.
  • 441
    • 77956163108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 442
    • 77956164072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNN television broadcast Nov. 10, (transcript available at
    • Lou Dobbs This Week (CNN television broadcast Nov. 10, 2007) (transcript available at http://edition.cnn.corr/TRANSCRIPTS/071l/10/ldtw.01 .html).
    • (2007) Lou Dobbs This Week
  • 443
    • 77956166668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 444
    • 77956166840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125
    • Fry Telephone Interview, supra note 125.
  • 445
    • 77956133838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, U.S. Congressman John Culberson, Zero Tolerance Program Dramatically Reducing Illegal Immigration (July 13, 2007)
    • Press Release, U.S. Congressman John Culberson, Zero Tolerance Program Dramatically Reducing Illegal Immigration (July 13, 2007).
  • 446
    • 77956142787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Congressman John Culberson, U.S. House of Representatives, Seventh Dist. of Tex., to Carlos Carrillo, Border Patrol Sector Chief, Laredo, Tex. (Aug. 29, 2007)
    • Letter from Congressman John Culberson, U.S. House of Representatives, Seventh Dist. of Tex., to Carlos Carrillo, Border Patrol Sector Chief, Laredo, Tex. (Aug. 29, 2007).
  • 447
    • 77956167426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81
    • Ludlum Interview, supra note 81.
  • 448
    • 77956155302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Attorneys' Manual § 3-2.300 (1997)
    • United States Attorneys' Manual § 3-2.300 (1997).
  • 449
    • 77956152675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sands Interview, supra note 265
    • Sands Interview, supra note 265.
  • 450
    • 77956145254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991)
    • County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991).
  • 451
    • 77956141167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Mesa Interview, supra note 130
    • See, e.g., Mesa Interview, supra note 130;
  • 452
    • 77956160405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 453
    • 77956162907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111
    • Bacal Interview, supra note 111.
  • 454
    • 77956150058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, U.S. Dist. Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 8, 2009, 11:02:55 PST) (on file with author) [hereinafter E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum]
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, U.S. Dist. Judge, W. Dist. of Tex., Del Rio, Tex., to author (Sept. 8, 2009, 11:02:55 PST) (on file with author) [hereinafter E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum].
  • 455
    • 77956158725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The probable cause determination is typically made two days before the defendant appears in court for plea and sentencing
    • The probable cause determination is typically made two days before the defendant appears in court for plea and sentencing.
  • 456
    • 77956135366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 457
    • 77956158179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 458
    • 77956158923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 459
    • 77956162382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 460
    • 77956156386 scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Rhoden v. United States, 432 ., (9th Cir., (distinguishing criminal arrests, to which Riverside applies, from "border detentions, " which "involve a distinct set of considerations and require different administrative procedures")
    • See, e.g., Rhoden v. United States, 55 F.3d 428, 432 n.7 (9th Cir. 1995) (distinguishing criminal arrests, to which Riverside applies, from "border detentions, " which "involve a distinct set of considerations and require different administrative procedures").
    • (1995) F.3d , vol.55 , Issue.7 , pp. 428
  • 461
    • 77956134029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, supra note 354
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, supra note 354.
  • 462
    • 77956153055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3(d)
    • - 8 C.F.R. § 287.3(d) (2009).
    • (2009) C.F.R. , vol.8 , pp. 287
  • 463
    • 77956148930 scopus 로고
    • See United States v. Perez-Bustamante, 51, (5th Cir., (holding that the delay between arrest and arraignment is one factor a court can consider in determining whether a confession was voluntary)
    • See United States v. Perez-Bustamante, 963 F.2d 48, 51 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that the delay between arrest and arraignment is one factor a court can consider in determining whether a confession was voluntary).
    • (1992) F.2d , vol.963 , pp. 48
  • 464
    • 77956150252 scopus 로고
    • In Riverside, the Supreme Court left open the issue of what remedy was appropriate for an unreasonable delay in determining probable cause. Powell v. Nevada
    • In Riverside, the Supreme Court left open the issue of what remedy was appropriate for an unreasonable delay in determining probable cause. Powell v. Nevada, 511 U.S. 79 (1994).
    • (1994) U.S. , vol.511 , pp. 79
  • 465
    • 77956161697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, supra note 354
    • E-mail from Honorable Alia Ludlum, supra note 354.
  • 466
    • 77956136363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FED. R. CPJM. P. 5(a)(1)(A), (b) (emphasis added)
    • FED. R. CPJM. P. 5(a)(1)(A), (b) (emphasis added).
  • 467
    • 77956169295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In United States v. Encarnacion, the First Circuit Court of Appeals found no violation of Rule 5 where DHS detained an undocumented immigrant for one week prior to filing criminal charges under 8 U.S.C. § 1326. 239 F.3d 395 (1st Cir. 2001). The court found that the arrest and detention were civil in nature and were neither a pretext for holding the defendant in order to develop criminal charges, nor a dilatory tactic.
  • 468
    • 77956162564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at 399. It is unclear, however, whether those same conditions are fulfilled in Del Rio, with its two-week delays, or whether other courts of appeals will follow the First Circuit's reasoning.
  • 469
    • 77956138703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 71
    • See supra note 71.
  • 470
    • 77956140181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telephone Interview with Karen Hewitt, U.S. Attorney, S. Dist. of Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) [hereinafter Hewitt Interview]
    • Telephone Interview with Karen Hewitt, U.S. Attorney, S. Dist. of Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) [hereinafter Hewitt Interview].
  • 471
    • 77956156955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 474
    • 77956133283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This number includes the apprehensions for both the San Diego and El Centro sectors. There were 162, 392 apprehensions in the San Diego sector in 2008, and 40, 962 apprehensions in the El Centro sector.
  • 475
    • 77956168536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 476
    • 77956140375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There was an average of 557 daily apprehensions in the Southern District of California in 2008 (203, 354 annual apprehensions in El Centro and San Diego combined, divided by 365 days)
    • There was an average of 557 daily apprehensions in the Southern District of California in 2008 (203, 354 annual apprehensions in El Centro and San Diego combined, divided by 365 days).
  • 477
    • 77956138878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 478
    • 77956137454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367.
  • 479
    • 77956148528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 481
    • 77956134984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367.
  • 482
    • 77956159483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 483
    • 77956143356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telephone Interview with Karen Hewitt, U.S. Attorney, S. Dist. of Cal. (Feb. 16, 2010)
    • Telephone Interview with Karen Hewitt, U.S. Attorney, S. Dist. of Cal. (Feb. 16, 2010).
  • 484
    • 77956156584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367.
  • 485
    • 77956158922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 486
    • 77956153244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 487
    • 77956164071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There were 745 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the Southern District of California in 2007, 1, 069 in 2008, and 1, 978 in 2009. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express, (search by Lead Charge: Focus; select the Southern District of California, lead charge 8 U.S.C. § 1326, prosecutions filed, annual series, and last 7 years) (results on file with author)
    • There were 745 prosecutions filed under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the Southern District of California in 2007, 1, 069 in 2008, and 1, 978 in 2009. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express (2009), http://rracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-express-index-pros.html (search by Lead Charge: Focus; select the Southern District of California, lead charge 8 U.S.C. § 1326, prosecutions filed, annual series, and last 7 years) (results on file with author).
    • (2009)
  • 488
    • 77956155099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The average sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the Southern District of California was twenty-one months in 2008 and twenty-three months in 2009. By comparison, the average sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the District of New Mexico was ten months in 2008 and eight months in 2009. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper, (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge, prosecutions filed, and average prison term) (results on file with author)
    • The average sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the Southern District of California was twenty-one months in 2008 and twenty-three months in 2009. By comparison, the average sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 in the District of New Mexico was ten months in 2008 and eight months in 2009. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: Going Deeper (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-godeep-index-pros.html (search by fiscal year, district, lead charge, prosecutions filed, and average prison term) (results on file with author).
    • (2009)
  • 489
    • 77956162904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express, (search by Lead Charge: Rank; select lead charge 8 U.S.C. § 1324, prosecutions (per capita), annual series, last 7 years, table, and rank order; repeat for 21 U.S.C. § 952) (results on file with author)
    • Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Federal Criminal Enforcement: TRAC Express (2009), http://tracfed.syr.edu/index/cri/cri-express-index-pros. html (search by Lead Charge: Rank; select lead charge 8 U.S.C. § 1324, prosecutions (per capita), annual series, last 7 years, table, and rank order; repeat for 21 U.S.C. § 952) (results on file with author).
    • (2009)
  • 490
    • 77956162381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367
    • Hewitt Interview, supra note 367.
  • 491
    • 77956135365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apprehensions declined in El Centro from 40, 962 in 2008 to approximately 33, 500 in 2009
    • Apprehensions declined in El Centro from 40, 962 in 2008 to approximately 33, 500 in 2009.
  • 492
    • 77956145253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 370 and Telephone Interview, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, El Centro, Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) (notes on file with author)
    • See supra note 370 and Telephone Interview, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, El Centro, Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) (notes on file with author).
  • 493
    • 77956163660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apprehensions declined in San Diego from 162, 392 in 2008 to 118, 721 in 2009
    • Apprehensions declined in San Diego from 162, 392 in 2008 to 118, 721 in 2009.
  • 494
    • 77956165005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 370 and Telephone Interview, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, San Diego, Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) (notes on file with author)
    • See supra note 370 and Telephone Interview, U.S. Border Patrol, Office of Pub. Affairs, San Diego, Cal. (Feb. 12, 2010) (notes on file with author).
  • 495
    • 77956168344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Though apprehensions did not decline in San Diego between 2007 and 2008-the first year this prosecution plan was in place-they did decline in El Centro. MCCABE & BATALOVA, supra note 369
    • Though apprehensions did not decline in San Diego between 2007 and 2008-the first year this prosecution plan was in place-they did decline in El Centro. MCCABE & BATALOVA, supra note 369.
  • 496
    • 77956157986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 497
    • 77956151371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Obama Administration Announces National Strategy to Reduce Drug Trafficking and Flow of Bulk Cash and Weapons Across Southwest Border (June 5, available at
    • See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., Obama Administration Announces National Strategy to Reduce Drug Trafficking and Flow of Bulk Cash and Weapons Across Southwest Border (June 5, 2009), available at http://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr-1244217118076.shtm;
    • (2009)
  • 499
    • 77956145498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goldman, supra note 210
    • Goldman, supra note 210.
  • 500
    • 77956162563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hsu, supra note 5
    • Hsu, supra note 5.
  • 501
    • 77956137793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 502
    • 77956167995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is important to note, however, that expedited removal is far from a perfect solution. As it currently exists, the procedure has received widespread criticism and involves potential constitutional violations of its own
    • It is important to note, however, that expedited removal is far from a perfect solution. As it currently exists, the procedure has received widespread criticism and involves potential constitutional violations of its own.
  • 503
    • 26044481747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two cheers for expedited removal in the new immigration laws
    • 674 ., (detailing many examples of articles criticizing expedited removal)
    • See, e.g., David A. Martin, Two Cheers for Expedited Removal in the New Immigration Laws, 40 VA. J. INT'L L. 673, 674 n.2 (detailing many examples of articles criticizing expedited removal).
    • Va. J. Int'l L. , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 673
    • Martin, D.A.1
  • 504
    • 77956134028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Crisis on the Border: Case Overload, (last visited Feb. 25
    • Admin. Office of the U.S. Courts, Crisis on the Border: Case Overload 2006, http://ww.uscourts.gov/ttb/2008-07/irnages/CrisisOnTheBorder2006.wmv (last visited Feb. 25, 2009).
    • (2006)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.