Seasonal abundance of particle-phase organic pollutants in an urban/industrial atmosphere

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 211, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 231-250

  Di Filippo, Patrizia ^a   Riccardi, Carmela ^a   Pomata, Donatella ^a   Gariazzo, Claudio ^a   Buiarelli, Francesca ^b  

^a ISPESL   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Industrial district; Non regulated pollutants; Particle associated organic compounds; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL SAMPLES; DIAGNOSTIC RATIOS; FIELD CAMPAIGN; HIGH VARIABILITY; INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS; MARKER COMPOUNDS; METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION; N-ALKANES; ORGANIC SUBSTANCES; PARTICLE ASSOCIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTION LEVEL; REGULATED POLLUTANTS; SAMPLING STATIONS; SOUTHERN ITALY; TOXIC COMPOUNDS; WIND DIRECTIONS;

AIR QUALITY; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; INDUSTRY; ORGANIC ACIDS; PARAFFINS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; TOXICITY;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

2 NITROFLUORENE; ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[E]PYRENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; CHRYSENE DERIVATIVE; CORONENE; DIBENZ[A,C]ANTHRACENE; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; PERYLENE; PHENANTHRENE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PYRENE;

ABUNDANCE; AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PAH; PARTICLE SIZE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; TOXICITY TEST; URBAN ATMOSPHERE; URBAN POLLUTION;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; INDUSTRIAL AREA; METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ORGANIC POLLUTION; PARTICULATE MATTER; QUALITY CONTROL; SUMMER; URBAN AREA; WINTER;

EID: 77956063693     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: 15732932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-009-0295-2     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. MRB Abas BRT Simoneit 1996 Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from Malaysia: Initial study Atmospheric Environment 30 2779 2793 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00336-3
2. A Albinet E Leoz-Garziandia H Budzinski E Villenave 2007 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): Concentrations and sources Science of the Total Environment 384 280 292 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.028
3. A Albinet E Leoz-Garziandia H Budzinski E Villenave 2007 Sampling precautions for the measurement of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air Atmospheric Environment 41 4988 4994 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.061
4. G Andreou SD Alexiou G Loupa S Rapsomanikis 2008 Identification, abundance and origin of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the fine atmospheric particulate matter of Athens, Greece Water Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 8 99 106 10.1007/s11267-007-9142-x
5. J Arey B Zielinska R Atkinson AM Winer T Ramdahl JN Pitts 1986 The formation of nitro-PAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx Atmospheric Environment 20 2339 2345 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90064-8
6. Aria Technologies (2001). Minerve Wind Field Models version 7.0, General Design Manual. ARIA Tech. Report, May 2001.
7. R Atkinson J Arey 1994 Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Formation of atmospheric mutagens Environmental Health Perspectives 102 117 126 10.2307/3431940
8. HA Bamford JE Baker 2003 Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the Mid-Atlantic region Atmospheric Environment 37 2077 2091 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00102-X
9. P Baumard H Budzinski P Garrigues 1998 PAHs in Arcachon Bay, France: Origin and biomonitoring with caged organisms Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 8 577 586 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00014-9
10. E Borsella P Di Filippo C Riccardi S Spicaglia A Cecinato 2004 Data quality of PAH determinations in environmental monitoring Annali di Chimica 94 691 698 10.1002/adic.200490086
11. AM Caricchia S Chiavarini M Pezza 1999 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmospheric particulate matter in the city of Naples (Italy) Atmospheric Environment 33 3731 3738 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00199-5
12. A Cecinato B Amati V Di Palo F Marino M Possanzini 1999 Determination of short-chain organic acids in airborne aerosols by ion chromatography Chromatographia 50 11-12 670 672 10.1007/BF02497301
13. Cooke, W. F., Liousse, C., Cachier, H., & Feichter, J. (1999). Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(22), 137-22,162.
14. TMCM De Kok HAL Driece JGF Hogervorst JJ Briedé 2006 Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: A review of recent studies Mutation Research 613 103 122 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.07.001
15. P Di Filippo C Riccardi C Gariazzo F Incoronato D Pomata S Spicaglia, et al. 2007 Air pollutants and the characterization of the organic content of aerosol particles in a mixed industrial/semi-rural area in central Italy Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9 275 282 10.1039/b615118c
16. RA Duce 1978 Speculations on the budget of particulate and vapor phase non-methane organic carbon in the global troposphere Pure and Applied Geophysics 116 2-3 244 273 10.1007/BF01636883
17. European Commission (EC) Working Group on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. (2001). Ambient air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Position paper. EC/DG Environment.
18. G-C Fang K-F Chang C Lu H Bai 2004 Estimation of PAHs dry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) study at Urban, Industry Park and rural sampling sites in central Taiwan, Taichung Chemosphere 55 6 787 796 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.012
19. PM Fine S Shen C Sioutas 2004 Inferring the sources of fine and ultrafine particulate matter at downwind receptor sites in the Los Angeles basin using multiple continuous measurements Aerosol Science and Technology 38 182 195 10.1080/02786820390229499
20. Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., & Pitts, J. N. J. (2000). Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere-theory, experiments, and applications. San Diego: Academic Press.
21. MP Fraser GR Cass BRT Simoneit 1999 Particulate organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and in the urban atmosphere Atmospheric Environment 33 2715 2724 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00311-2
22. MP Fraser GR Cass BRT Simoneit 2003 Air quality model evaluation for organics. 6. C6-C24 organic acids Environmental Science and Technology 37 3 446 453 10.1021/es0209262
23. 10 in the eight major Italian cities and quantification of the health effects. NY: ISEE Buffalo. August 19-22.
24. C Gariazzo A Pelliccioni MP Bogliolo G Scalisi 2004 Evaluation of a Lagrangian Particle Model (SPRAY) to assess environmental impact of an industrial facility in complex terrain Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 155 137 158 10.1023/B:WATE.0000026525.82039.ef
25. C Gariazzo V Papaleo A Pelliccioni G Calori P Radice G Tinarelli 2007 Application of a Lagrangian particle model to assess the impact of harbour, industrial and urban activities on air quality in the Taranto area, Italy Atmospheric Environment 41 6432 6444 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.005
26. PM Gschwend RA Hites 1981 Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 12 2359 2367 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90089-2
27. K Hayakawa N Tang K Akutsu T Murahash H Kakimoto R Kizu, et al. 2002 Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in downtown and suburban Kanazawa, Japan Atmospheric Environment 36 5535 5541 10.1016/S1352-2310(02) 00252-2
28. TT Hien LT Thanh T Kameda N Takenaka H Bandow 2007 Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with particle size in urban aerosols at the roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Atmospheric Environment 41 1575 1586 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.045
29. M Kalaitzoglou E Terzi C Samara 2004 Patterns and sources of particle-phase aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural sites of western Greece Atmospheric Environment 38 16 2545 2560 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.042
30. M Kishida K Imamura N Takenaka Y Maeda PH Viet H Bandow 2008 Concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter and the gaseous phase at roadside sites in Hanoi, Vietnam Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81 174 179 10.1007/s00128-008-9450-5
31. SC Lee KF Ho LY Chan B Zielinska JC Chow 2001 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong Atmospheric Environment 35 5949 5960 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00374-0
32. M Lewandowski M Jaoui TE Kleindienst JH Offenberg EO Edney 2007 Composition of PM2.5 during the summer of 2003 in research Triangle Park, North Carolina Atmospheric Environment 41 4073 4083 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.012
33. Y Liu M Sklorz J Schnelle-Kreis J Orasche T Ferge A Kettrup, et al. 2006 Oxidant denuder sampling for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivates in ambient aerosol: Evaluation of sampling artefact Chemosphere 62 1889 1898 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.049
34. MA Mazurek 2002 Molecular identification of organic compounds in atmospheric complex mixtures and relationship to atmospheric chemistry and sources Environmental Health Perspectives 110 6 995 1003
35. E Menichini F Monfredini 2003 Monitoring of carcinogenic PAHs in air under mild-warm ambient temperatures: Relative importance of vapor- and particulate-phase analyses in assessing exposure and risk International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 83 11 897 908 10.1080/03067310310001621060
36. E Menichini F Monfredini F Merli 1999 The temporal variability of the profile of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air: A study in a medium traffic area in Rome, 1993-1998 Atmospheric Environment 33 3739 3750 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00114-4
37. E Menichini N Iacovella F Monfredini L Turrio-Baldassarri 2007 Atmospheric pollution by PAHs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs simultaneously collected at a regional background site in central Italy and at an urban site in Rome Chemosphere 69 3 422 434 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.078
38. J Mocak AM Bond S Mitchell G Scollary 1997 A statistical overview of standard (IUPAC and ACS) and new procedures for determining the limits of detection and quantification: Application to voltammetric and stripping techniques (Technical Report) Pure and Applied Chemistry 69 2 297 328 10.1351/pac199769020297
39. L Morawska J Zhang 2002 Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures Chemosphere 49 1045 1058 10.1016/S0045-6535(02) 00241-2
40. IC Nisbet PK La Goy 1992 Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 16 3 290 300 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X
41. M Odabasi N Vardar A Sofuoglu Y Tasdemir TM Holsen 1999 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in Chicago Science of the Total Environment 227 57 67 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00004-2
42. OEHHA (2002). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available from: www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot-spots/pdf/TSDNov2002.pdf.
43. OEHHA (2005). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available from: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot-spots/pdf/May2005Hotspots.pdf.
44. OEHHA (2009). Air toxics hot spots risk assessment guidelines part II: Technical support document for cancer potency factors (May 2009). Available from: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot-spots/2009/AppendixB.pdf.
45. C Oliveira C Pio C Alves M Evtjugina P Santos V Gonçalves, et al. 2007 Seasonal distribution of polar organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of two large cities from the north and south of Europe Atmospheric Environment 41 5555 5570 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.001
46. JGJ Olivier AF Bouwman KW Van Der Hoek JJM Berdowski 1998 Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NOx, NH3 and N2O in 1990 Environmental Pollution 102 Suppl. 1 135 148 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80026-2
47. E Perraudin H Budzinski E Villenave 2007 Identification and quantification of ozonation products of anthracene adsorbed on silica particles Atmospheric Environment 41 28 6005 6017 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.010
48. C Perrino S Canepari E Cardarelli M Catrambone T Sargolini 2008 Inorganic constituents of urban air pollution in the Lazio region (Central Italy) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136 69 86 10.1007/s10661-007-9718-y
49. C Perrino M Catrambone G Esposito D Lahav Y Mamane 2009 Characterisation of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants in the East Mediterranean by diffusion denuder sampling lines Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 152 231 244 10.1007/s10661-008-0311-9
50. T Petry P Schmid C Schlatter 1996 The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Chemosphere 32 4 639 648 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00348-7
51. JN Pitts Jr HR Paur B Zielinska J Arey AM Winer T Ramdahl, et al. 1986 Factors influencing the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on filters and ambient POM with ozone Chemosphere 15 675 685 10.1016/0045-6535(86)90033-0
52. M Possanzini V Di Palo P Gigliucci MC Tomasi Scianò A Cecinato 2004 Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC-MS method Atmospheric Environment 38 1727 1734 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.024
53. WF Rogge LM Hildemann MA Mazurek GR Cass BRT Simoneit 1993 Sources of fine organic aerosol-2. Noncatalyst and catalyst equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks Environmental Science and Technology 27 4 636 651 10.1021/es00041a007
54. WF Rogge LM Hildemann MA Mazurek GR Cass BRT Simoneit 1993 Sources of fine organic aerosol-4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants Environmental Science and Technology 27 13 2700 2711 10.1021/es00049a008
55. K Saarnio M Sillanpää R Hillamo E Sandell AS Pennanen RO Salonen 2008 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated particulate matter from six urban sites in Europe Atmospheric Environment 42 40 9087 9097 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.022
56. JJ Schauer WF Rogge LM Hildemann MA Mazurek GR Cass BRT Simoneit 1996 Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers Atmospheric Environment 30 22 3837 3855 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00085-4
57. JJ Schauer MJ Kleeman GR Cass BRT Simoneit 2001 Measurement of emission from air pollution sources. 3. C1-C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood Environmental Science and Technology 35 1716 1728 10.1021/es001331e
58. JJ Schauer MJ Kleeman GR Cass BRT Simoneit 2002 Measurement from air pollution sources. 5. C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles Environmental Science and Technology 36 1169 1180 10.1021/es0108077
59. MF Simcik SJ Eisenreich PJ Lioy 1999 Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan Atmospheric Environment 33 5071 5079 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00233-2
60. BRT Simoneit 1984 Organic matter of the troposphere-III. Characterization and sources of petroleum and pyrogenic residues in aerosols over the western United States Atmospheric Environment 18 1 51 67 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90228-2
61. WL Stefanov MS Ramsey PR Christensen 2003 Identification of fugitive dust generation, transport, and deposition areas using remote sensing Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 9 2 151 165 10.2113/9.2.151
62. CW Sweet SJ Vermette 1992 Toxic volatile organic-compounds in urban air in Illinois Environmental Science & Technology 26 1 165 173 10.1021/es00025a020
63. G Tinarelli D Anfossi G Brusasca E Ferrero U Giostra MG Morselli, et al. 1994 Lagrangian particle simulation of tracer dispersion in the Lee of a schematic two-dimensional hill Journal of Applied Meteorology 33 744 756 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0744:LPSOTD>2.0.CO;2
64. M Tsapakis EG Stephanou 2003 Collection of gas and particle semi-volatile organic compounds: Use of an oxidant denuder to minimize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air sampling Atmospheric Environment 37 4935 4944 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.026
65. M Tsapakis EG Stephanou 2005 Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: Study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and distribution Environmental Pollution 133 1 147 156 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012
66. BJ Turpin P Saxena E Andrews 2000 Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: Problems and prospects Atmospheric Environment 34 2983 3013 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4
67. US-EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2001). Database of sources of environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States (Version 3.0); < http://www.epa.gov/ncea/Dioxin-Database/dioxindb.zip >.
68. L Webster AD McIntosh CF Moffat EJ Dalgarno NA Brown RJ Fryer 2000 Analysis of sediments from Shetland Island voes for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steranes and triterpanes Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2 29 38 10.1039/a907556i
69. WHO (2003). Environmental Health Criteria 229 Selected nitro- And Nitrooxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
70. B Zielinska J Sagebiel WP Arnott CF Rogers KE Kelly DA Wagner, et al. 2004 Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions Environmental Science and Technology 38 2557 2567 10.1021/es030518d