Therapeutic opportunities in systemic lupus erythematosus: State of the art and prospects for the new decade

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Volumn 69, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1603-1611

  Bertsias, George K ^a   Salmon, Jane E ^b   Boumpas, Dimitrios T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ABETIMUS; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; ATACICEPT; AZATHIOPRINE; BELIMUMAB; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1 ANTIBODY; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; ECULIZUMAB; EPRATUZUMAB; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLIXIMAB; INTERLEUKIN 10 ANTIBODY; LEFLUNOMIDE; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PLACEBO; PRASTERONE; PREDNISONE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB;

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOTHELIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENOME ANALYSIS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE GENE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; MEDICAL CARE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TISSUE INJURY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANTIBODIES, ANTINUCLEAR; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; LUPUS NEPHRITIS; PROGNOSIS; RHEUMATOLOGY;

EID: 77956044827     PISSN: 00034967     EISSN: 14682060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.135186     Document Type: Review

References (152)

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81. Sjöwall C, Sturm M, Dahle C, et al. Abnormal antinuclear antibody titers are less common than generally assumed in established cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1994-2000.
82. Ghillani P, Rouquette AM, Desgruelles C, et al. Evaluation of the LIAISON ANA screen assay for antinuclear antibody testing in autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1109:407-13. (Pubitemid 47511383)
83. Meroni PL, Schur PH. ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1420-2.
84. Cervera R, Boffa MC, Khamashta MA, et al. The Euro-Phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe. Lupus 2009;18:889-93.
85. Tang X, Huang Y, Deng W, et al. Clinical and serologic correlations and autoantibody clusters in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective review of 917 patients in South China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010;89:62-7.
86. Manger K, Manger B, Repp R, et al. Definition of risk factors for death, end stage renal disease, and thromboembolic events in a monocentric cohort of 338 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:1065-70.
87. Toloza SM, Roseman JM, Alarcón GS, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): XXII. Predictors of time to the occurrence of initial damage. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3177-86.
88. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Ugalde J, et al. High impact of antiphospholipid syndrome on irreversible organ damage and survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:77-82. (Pubitemid 38067392)
89. Grootscholten C, Dieker JW, McGrath FD, et al. A prospective study of antichromatin and anti-C1q autoantibodies in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide pulses or azathioprine/ methylprednisolone. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:693-6.
90. Niewold TB, Kelly JA, Flesch MH, et al. Association of the IRF5 risk haplotype with high serum interferon-alpha activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2481-7.
91. Gordon C, Bertsias G, Ioannidis JP, et al. EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:470-6.
92. Nikpour M, Dempsey AA, Urowitz MB, et al. Association of a gene expression profile from whole blood with disease activity in systemic lupus erythaematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1069-75.
93. Jacobi AM, Mei H, Hoyer BF, et al. HLA-DRhigh/CD27high plasmablasts indicate active disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:305-8.
94. Ippolito A, Petri M. An update on mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26 (5 Suppl 51):S72-9.
95. Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. The Euro-lupus project: epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe. Lupus 2009;18:869-74.
96. Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Tom BD, et al. Changing patterns in mortality and disease outcomes for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008;35:2152-8.
97. Chambers SA, Allen E, Rahman A, et al. Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:673-5.
98. Andrade RM, Alarcón GS, González LA, et al. Seizures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA LIV). Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:829-34.
99. Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2399-406. (Pubitemid 37542988)
100. Roman MJ, Crow MK, Lockshin MD, et al. Rate and determinants of progression of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3412-19.
101. Salmon JE, Roman MJ. Subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2008;121 (10 Suppl 1):S3-8.
102. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Olivares N, Ruiz-Arruza I, et al. Predictors of major infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R109.
103. Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Clarke AE. Malignancy in systemic lupus erythematosus: what have we learned? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2009;23:539-47.
104. Nath R, Mant C, Luxton J, et al. High risk of human papillomavirus type 16 infections and of development of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:619-25.
105. Tam LS, Chan PK, Ho SC, et al. Natural history of cervical papilloma virus infection in systemic lupus erythematosus-a prospective cohort study. J Rheumatol 2010;37:330-40.
106. Francis L, Perl A. Pharmacotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:1481-94.
107. Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus 2009;18:767-76.
108. Favas C, Isenberg DA. B-cell-depletion therapy in SLE-what are the current prospects for its acceptance? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009;5:711-16.
109. Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:222-33.
110. Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:1168-78.
111. Bertsias G, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:195-205.
112. Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:241-50.
113. Bertsias G, Boumpas DT. Update on the management of lupus nephritis: let the treatment fit the patient. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4:464-72.
114. Mak A, Cheak AA, Tan JY, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is as efficacious as, but safer than, cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:944-52.
115. Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:1103-12.
116. Illei GG, Austin HA, Crane M, et al. Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:248-57.
117. Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:61-4.
118. Houssiau FA, D'Cruz DP, Sangle SR, et al. Azathioprine Versus Mycophenolate Mofetil for Maintenance Immunosuppression of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: results of a randomized trial (MAINTAIN) Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1150.
119. Wofsy D, Appel GB, Dooley MA, et al. Aspreva Lupus Management Study maintenance results. Lupus 2010;19:S27.
120. Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC, et al. Azathioprine/ methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 2006;70:732-42. (Pubitemid 44215349)
121. Boumpas DT, Austin HA, III, Vaughn EM, et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet 1992;340:741-5.
122. Illei GG, Takada K, Parkin D, et al. Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: longterm followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:995-1002.
123. Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Jónsdóttir T, et al. Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab treatment in patients with cyclophosphamide-resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1263-72. (Pubitemid 46608651)
124. Austin HA, 3rd, Illei GG, Braun MJ, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine in lupus membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:901-11.
125. Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Su L, et al. Prospective analysis of neuropsychiatric events in an international disease inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:529-35.
126. Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al. EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus: literature based evidence for the selection of endpoints. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:477-83.
127. Devreese K, Peerlinck K, Hoylaerts MF. Thrombotic risk assessment in the antiphospholipid syndrome requires more than the quantification of lupus anticoagulants. Blood 2010;115:870-8.
128. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295-306.
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