The Triassic chronostratigraphic scale: History and status

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 334, Issue , 2010, Pages 17-39

  Lucas, Spencer G ^a  

^a NEW MEXICO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; NOMENCLATURE; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; TIMESCALE; TRIASSIC; TYPE SECTION;

GERMANY;

AMMONOIDEA; ANISIA; PHLEUM PRATENSE;

EID: 77956019043     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP334.2     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. AGER, D. V. 1987. A defense of the Rhaetian Stage. Albertiana, 6, 4-13.
2. AGER, D. V. 1988. Dogmatism versus pragmatism in the Rhaetian Stage. Albertiana, 7, 16.
3. AGER, D. V. 1990. Rhaetian reconciliation. Albertiana, 8, 8-9.
4. AIGNER, T., HORNUNG, J., JUNGHANS, W.-D. & PÖPPELREITER, M. 1999. Base level cycles in the Triassic of the South-German basin: a short progress report. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I, 1998, 537-544.
5. ALBERTI, F. VON. 1834. Beitrag zu einer Monographie des Bunten Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keupers, und die Verbindung dieser Gebilde zu einer Formation. Verlag der J. G. Cotta'sschen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart und Tubingen, [Facsimile reprinted in 1998 by the Friedrich von Alberti-Stiftung der Hohenloher Muschelkalkwerke, Ingelfingen, Germany].
6. ARCHIPOV, Y., BYCHKOV, Y. M. & POLUBOTKO, I. V. 1971. A new zonal scheme for Triassic deposits from northeast U.S.S.R. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 19, 313-314.
7. ARKELL, W. J. 1933. The Jurassic System in Great Britain. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
8. ARTHABER, G. VON. 1905. Die alpine Trias des Mediterran-Gebietes. In: FRECH, F. (ed.) Trias. Lethea Geognostica, Part 2, Das Mesozoicum. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 1-623.
9. ASSERETO, R. 1974. Aegean and Bithynian: Proposal for two new Anisian substages. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2, 23-39.
10. ASSERETO, R. & CASATI, P. 1965. Revisione della stratigrafia Permo-Triassica della Val Camonica meridionale (Lombardia). Rivista Italiana Paleontologia, 71, 999-1097.
11. BALINI, M. 2003. The proposals for the GSSP of the Ladinian stage: pros and cons of a complex choice. Albertiana, 28, 48-53.
12. BENTON, M. J. & TWITCHETT, R. J. 2003. How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 358-365.
13. BERRY,W. B.N.1987. Growthofa Prehistoric Timescale: Based on Organic Evolution. Blackwell, Palo Alto.
14. BITTNER, A. VON. 1892. Was ist norisch? Geologische Reichsanstalt Jahrbuch, 42, 387-396.
15. BRACK, P., RIEBER, H., NICORA, A. & MUNDIL, R. 2005. The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (southern Alps, northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale. Episodes, 28, 233-244.
16. BRAYARD, A. & BUCHER, H. 2008. Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas from northwestern Guangxi (south China): taxonomy and biochronology. Fossils and Strata, 55, 1-179.
17. BRÜHWILER, T., BRAYARD, A., BUCHER, H. & KUANG, G. 2008. Griesbachian and Dienerian (Early Triassic) ammonoid faunas from northwestern Guangxi and southern Guizhou (south China). Palaeontology, 51, 1151-1180.
18. CAMPBELL, J. D. 1985. Correlation of the New Zealand Triassic succession. Albertiana, 5, 8-20.
19. CARTER, R. M. 1974. A New Zealand case-study of the need for local time-scales. Lethaia, 7, 181-202.
20. CLARK, D. L. (ed.) 1984. Conodont biofacies and provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196, 1-340.
21. COOPER, R. A. (compiler) 2004. New Zealand Geological Timescale 2004/2 Wallchart. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science Information Series, 64, 1 sheet.
22. COPE, J. C. W. 1996. The role of the secondary standard in stratigraphy. Geological Magazine, 133, 107-110.
23. DAGYS, A. 1988a. An alternative interpretation of the Rhaetian. Albertiana, 7, 4-6.
24. DAGYS, A. 1988b. Major features of the geographic differentiation of Triassic ammonoids. In: WIEDMANN, J. & KULLMANN, J. (eds) Cephalopods Past and Present. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 341-349.
25. DIENER, C. 1921. Die Faunen der Hallstatter Kalke des Feuerkogels bei Aussee. Akademie Wissenschaft Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Sitzungsberichte, 130, 21-33.
26. DIENER, C. 1926. Die Fossillagerstätten in den Halstätter Kalken des Salzkammergutes. Akademie Wissenschaft Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Sitzungsberichte, 135, 73-101.
27. ERWIN, D. H. 2006. Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
28. GAETANI, M. 1996. The International Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy. Albertiana, 18, 3-4.
29. GAETANI, M. 2009. GSSP of the Carnian Stage defined. Albertiana, 37, 36-38.
30. GEE, E. R. 1935. Salt Range, Punjab and north-western frontier province. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 69, 64-72.
31. GRIESBACH, C. L. 1880. Paleontological notes on the Lower Trias of the Himalayas. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 13, 94-113.
32. GUEX, J. 1978. Le Trias inférieur des Salt Ranges (Pakistan): Problèmes biochronologiques. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 71, 105-141.
33. GUEX, J., HUNGERBÜHLER, A., JENKS, J., TAYLOR, D. & BUCHER, H. 2005a. Dix-huit nouveaux genres d'ammonites du Spathien (Trias inférieur) de l'Ouest américain (Idaho, Nevada, Utah et Californie): Note préliminaire. Bulletin de Géologie Lausanne, 362, 1-31.
34. GUEX, J., HUNGERBÜHLER, A., JENKS, J., TAYLOR, D. & BUCHER, H. 2005b. Dix-neuf espèces d'ammonites du Spathien (Trias inférieur) de l'Ouest américain (Idaho, Nevada, Utah et Californie): Note préliminaire. Bulletin de Géologie Lausanne, 363, 1-25.
35. GÜMBEL, C. W. VON. 1859. Ü ber die Gleichstellung der Gesteinmasen in den nord-östlichen Alpen mit ausseralpinen Flötzschichten. Verhandlungen Gesellschaft Deutsches Naturforschung und Ärtzte Karlsruhe, 54, 80-88.
36. GÜMBEL, C. W. VON. 1861. Geognostische Beschreibung des bayerischen Alpengebirges. J. Perthes, Gotha.
37. HANSCH, W. 1998. Friedrich von Alberti (4.9.1795-12.9.1878); 47 p. [Attached to facsimile reprint of Alberti (1834) by the Friedrich von Alberti-Stiftung der Hohenloher Muschelkalkwerke, Ingelfingen, Germany.]
38. HARLAND, W. B., COX, A. V., LLEWELLYN, P. G., PICKTON, C. A. G., SMITH, A. G. & WALTERS, R. 1982. A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. HARLAND, W. B., ARMSTRONG, R. L., COX, A. V., CRAIG, L. E., SMITH, A. G. & SMITH, D. G. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. HAUER, F. R. VON. 1850. Uber die Gliederung des Alpen-Kalks in den Ost-Alpen. Neues Jahrbuch, 1850, 584.
41. HYATT, A. & SMITH, J. P. 1905. The Triassic cephalopod genera of America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 40, 1-394.
42. JENKS, J. 2007. Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid biostratigraphy at Crittenden Springs, Elko County, Nevada and a new ammonoid from the Meekoceras gracilitatus zone. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 40, 81-90.
43. KIPARISOVA, L. D. & POPOV, Y. N. 1956. Subdivision of the Lower series of the Triassic System into stages. Doklady Akademiya Nauk USSR Seriya Geologicheskaya, 109, 842-845.
44. KIPARISOVA, L. D. & POPOV, Y. N. 1964. The project of subdivision of the Lower Triassic into stages. XXII International Geological Congress, Reports of Soviet Geologists, 16a, 91-99.
45. KITTL, E. 1903. Geologische Exkursionen im Salzkam-mergut. 9th International Geological Congress, Vienna 1903, Führer für die Exkursionen in Österreich, 4, part 3.
46. KOZUR, H. 1972. Vorläufige Mitteilung zur Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias sowie einige Bermerkungen zur Stufenund Unterstufenglie-derung der Trias. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie und Bergbaustudenten in Osterriech, 21, 361-412.
47. KOZUR, H. 1973. Beiträge zur Sratigraphie und Paläontologie der Trias. Geologische Paläontologische Mittei-lungen Innsbruck, 3, 1-30.
48. KOZUR, H. 1975. Probleme der Triasgliederung und Paral-lelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias, Teil II: Anschluss der germanischen Trias an die internationale Triasgliederung. Freiberger Forschungshefte C, 304, 51-77.
49. KOZUR, H. 1992. The problem of the Lower Triassic subdivision. Albertiana, 10, 21-22.
50. KOZUR, H. W. & BACHMANN, G. H. 2005. Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana, 32, 21-35.
51. KRYSTYN, L. 1978. Eine neue Zonengliederung im alpinmediterranean Unterkarn. Schriftenreihe Erdwis-senschaftlichen Kommissionen Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 4, 37-75.
52. KRYSTYN, L. 1980. Stratigraphy of the Hallstatt region. Abhandlungen Geologischen Bundesanstalt Wien, 35, 69-98.
53. KRYSTYN, L. 1990. A Rhaetian Stage - chronostratigraphy, subdivisions and their intercontinental correlation. Albertiana, 8, 15-24.
54. KRYSTYN, L. & ORCHARD, M. J. 1996. Lowermost Triassic ammonoid and conodont biostratigraphy of Spiti, India. Albertiana, 17, 10-21.
55. KRYSTYN, L. & SCHLAGER, W. 1971. Der Stratotypus des Tuval. Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici, 54, 591-605.
56. KRYSTYN, L., SCHAFFER, G. & SCHLAGER, W. 1971. Der stratotypus des Nor. Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici, 54, 591-605.
57. KRYSTYN, L., BHARGAVA, O. N. & RICHOZ, S. 2007a. A candidate GSSP for the base of the Olenekian Stage: Mud at Pin Valley; Himachal Pradesh (W. Himalaya), India. Albertiana, 35, 5-29.
58. KRYSTYN, L., BOQUEREL, H., KUERSCHNER, W., RICHOZ, S. & GALLET, Y. 2007b. Proposal for a candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian Stage. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41, 189-199.
59. KUMMEL, B.1957. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part L. Triassic Ammonoidea. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder and Lawrence, 1-490.
60. KUMMEL, B.1979. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part A. Triassic. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder and Lawrence, 351-389.
61. LIEBERMAN, H. M. 1980. The suitability of the Raibl sequence as a stratotype for the Carnian Stage and the Julian Substage of the Triassic. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 9, 35-42.
62. LUCAS, S. G. 1999. The epicontinental Triassic, an overview. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I, 1998, 475-496.
63. LUCAS, S. G. & ORCHARD, M. J. 2004. Triassic. In: SELLEY, R. C., COCKS, L. M. R. & PLIMER, I. R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 344-351.
64. LUCAS, S. G., GOODSPEED, T. H. & ESTEP, J. W. 2007. Ammonoid biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Sinbad Formation, east-central Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 40, 103-108.
65. MACKE, D. L. & NICHOLS, K. M. 2007. Conodonts as evolving heavy-mineral grains. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41, 262-267.
66. METCALFE, I., NICOLL, R. S. & WARDLAW, B. R. 2007. Conodont index fossil Hindeodus changxingensis Wang fingers greatest mass extinction event. Palaeo-world, 16, 202-207.
67. MIETTO, P. & MANFRIN, S. 1995. A high resolution Middle Triassic ammonoid standard scale in the Tethys Realm. A preliminary report. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 166, 539-563.
68. MIETTO, P., ANDREETTA, R. ET AL. 2007a. A candidate of the global stratotype section and point for the base of the Carnian Stage (FAD of Daxatina) in the Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (southern Alps, NE Italy). Albertiana, 6, 78-97.
69. MIETTO, P., BURATTI, N. ET AL. 2007b. New constraints for the Ladinian-Carnian boundary in the southern Alps: Suggestions for global correlation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41, 275-281.
70. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1869. Über die Gliederung der oberen Triasbildungen der östlichen Alpen. Geologische Reichsanstalt Jahrbuch, 24, 91-150.
71. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1874. Faunengebeite und Facies-gebilde der Trias-Periode in den Ost-Alpen - Eine stratigraphische studie. Geologische Reichsanstalt Jahrbuch, 24, 81-134.
72. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1882a. Die Hallstätter Entwicklung der Trias. Akademie Wissenschaft Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Sitzungsberichte, 101, 769-780.
73. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1882b. Die Cephalopoden der medterranean Triasprovinz. Geologische Reichsanstalt Abhandlungen, 10, 1-322.
74. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1888. Über einige arktische Trias-Ammoniten des nördlichen Sibirien. Mémoire Academie Imperial Science St. Pétersbourg, 36, 1-21.
75. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1892. Die Hallstätter Entwicklunung der Trias. Sitzungsberichte Akademie Wissenschaften Wien, 101, 769-780.
76. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1893. Die Cephalopoden der Halstätter Kalke. Geologische Reichsanstalt Abhandlungen, 6, 1-835.
77. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON. 1902. Die Cephalopoden der Hallstätter Kalke. Geologische Reichsanstalt Abhandlungen, 6, 175-356.
78. MOJSISOVICS, E. VON, WAAGEN, W. H. & DIENER, C. 1895. Entwurf einer Gliederung der pelagischen Sediments des Trias-Systems. Akademie Wissenschaft Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Sitzungsberichte, 104, 1279-1302.
79. MONNET, C. & BUCHER, H. 2005a. Anisian (Middle Triassic) ammonoids from North America: quantitative biochronology and biodiversity. Stratigraphy, 2, 281-296.
80. MONNET, C. & BUCHER, H. 2005b. New middle and late Anisian (Middle Triassic) ammonoid faunas from northwestern Nevada (USA): taxonomy and biochronology. Fossils and Strata, 52, 1-121.
81. NICOLL, R. S., METCALFE, I. & WANG, C. 2002. New species of the conodont genus Hindeodus and the conodont biostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary interval. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 20, 609-631.
82. OGG, J. G. 2004a. The Triassic Period. In: GRADSTEIN, F. M., OGG, J. & SMITH, A. (eds) A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 271-306.
83. OGG, J. G. 2004b. Status of divisions of the international geologic time scale. Lethaia, 37, 183-199.
84. OGG, J. G., OGG, G. & GRADSTEIN, F. M. 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
85. ORCHARD, M. J. & TOZER, E. T. 1997a. Triassic conodont biochronology and intercalibration with the Canadian ammonoid sequence. Albertiana, 20, 33-44.
86. ORCHARD, M. J. & TOZER, E. T. 1997b. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada sedimentary basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 45, 675-692.
87. ORCHARD, M. J., GRǍDINARU, E. & NICORA, A. 2007. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Deşli Caira, north Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41, 341-346.
88. PALMER, A. R. 1983. Geologic Time Scale, Decade of North American Geology. Boulder, Geological Society of America.
89. PEARSON, D. A. B. 1970. Problems of Rhaetian stratigraphy with special reference to the lower boundary of the stage. Journal of the Geological Society London, 146, 125-150.
90. PIA, J. VON. 1930. Grundbegriffe der Stratigraphie. F. Deuticke, Leipzig und Wien.
91. REMANE, J., BASSETT, M. G. ET AL. 1996. Revised guidelines for the stablishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission of Stratigraphy (ICS). Episodes, 19, 77-81.
92. ROSENBERG, G. 1958. 50 Jahre nach Mojsisovics. Mittei-lungen Geologische Gesellschaft Wien, 50, 293-314.
93. ROSTOVCEV, K. O. & DAGYS, A. S. 1984. A standard for the Lower Triassic. 27th International Geological Congress. Stratigraphy. C01.1, Moscow; Nauka, 79-86.
94. SALVADOR, A. (ed.) 1994. International Stratigraphic Guide. Second Edition. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
95. SHAH, S. M. I. (ed.) 1977. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, 12, 1-138.
96. SHAW, A. B. 1969. Adam and Eve, paleontology and the non-objective arts. Journal of Paleontology, 43, 1085-1098.
97. SHEVYREV, A. A. 2002. Ammonoid zones of the Olenekian Stage (Lower Triassic) and their correlation. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 10, 476-487.
98. SHEVYREV, A. A. 2003. In searching for global stratotype sections and points of the Triassic stage boundaries. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 11, 653-658.
99. SHEVYREV, A. A. 2006. Triassic biochronology: state of the art and main problems. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 14, 629-641.
100. SHIGETA, Y., ZAKHAROV, Y. D., MAEDA, H. & POPOV, A. M. (eds) 2009. The Lower Triassic System in the Abrek Bay area, south Primorye, Russia. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 38, 1-218.
101. SILBERLING, N. J. & NICHOLS, K. M. 1988. Comment on 'a defense of the Rhaetian Stage. Albertiana, 7, 7-8.
102. SILBERLING, N. J. & TOZER, E. T. 1968. Biostratigraphic classification of the marine Triassic in North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 110, 1-63.
103. SLAVIN, V. I. 1961. Stratigraphic position of the Rhaetian Stage. Sovyetskaya Geologiya, 3, 68-78.
104. SLAVIN, V. I. 1963. Au sujet du Rhétian. Bureau Recherches Geoloie et Minieres Memoir, 15, 29-32.
105. SMITH, J. P. 1914. The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 83, 1-254.
106. SMITH, J. P. 1927. Upper Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 141, 1-262.
107. SMITH, J. P. 1932. Lower Triassic ammonoids of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 167, 1-199.
108. SPATH, L. F. 1934. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. The Ammonoidea of the Trias. The Trustees of the British Museum, London.
109. SPATH, L. F. 1951. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). Part V. The Ammonoidea of the Trias (II). The Trustees of the British Museum, London.
110. SUMMESBERGER, H. & WAGNER, L. 1972. Der Stratotypus der Anis (Trias). Annalen Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 76, 515-538.
111. TOZER, E. T. 1965. Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 65-12, 1-45.
112. TOZER, E. T. 1967. A standard for Triassic time. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 156, 1-45.
113. TOZER, E. T. 1971. Triassic time and ammonoids: Problems and proposals. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 989-1031.
114. TOZER, E. T. 1974. Definitions and limits of Triassic stages and substages: suggestions prompted by comparisons between North America and the Alpine-Mediterranean region. Schriftenreihe Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2, 195-206.
115. TOZER, E. T. 1978. Review of the Lower Triassic ammonoid succession and its bearing on chronostratigraphic nomenclature. Schriftenreihe Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 4, 21-36.
116. TOZER, E. T. 1981. Triassic Ammonoidea: Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. In: HOUSE, M. R. & SENIOR, J. R. (eds) The Ammonoidea. Systematics Association Special Volume 18, Academic Press, London, 397-431.
117. TOZER, E. T. 1984. The Trias and its ammonoids: the evolution of a time scale. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report, 35, 1-171.
118. TOZER, E. T. 1985. Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy (STS): History 1968-1984. Albertiana, 3, 3-6.
119. TOZER, E. T. 1986a. Triassic stage terminology. Albertiana, 5, 10-14.
120. TOZER, E. T. 1986b. Definition of the Permian-Triassic (P-T) boundary: the question of the age of the Otoceras beds. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 34, 291-301.
121. TOZER, E. T. 1988. Rhaetian: a substage, not a stage. Albertiana, 7, 9-15.
122. TOZER, E. T. 1990. How many Rhaetians? Albertiana, 8, 10-13.
123. TOZER, E. T. 1994. Canadian Triassic ammonoid faunas. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 467, 1-663.
124. VAVILOV, M. N. & LOZOVSKY, V. R. 1970. Toward the problem of Lower Triassic stage differentiation. Doklady Akademiya Nauk USSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 1970, 93-99.
125. VISSCHER, H. 1985. Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy report 1984. Albertiana, 3, 1-2.
126. VISSCHER, H. 1992. The new STS Triassic stage nomenclature. Albertiana, 10, 1-2.
127. WALSH, S. L., GRADSTEIN, F. M. & OGG, J. G. 2004. History, philosophy, and application of the Global Stratotype Section and Point. Lethaia, 37, 201-218.
128. YIN, H. (ed.) 1996. The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic boundary: Candidates of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary. University of Geoscience Press, Wuhan, China.
129. YIN, H., SWEET, W. C. ET AL. 1996. Recommendation of the Meishan section as global stratotype section and point for basal boundary of Triassic System. Newletters on Stratigraphy, 34, 81-108.
130. YIN, H., ZHANG, K., TONG, J., YANG, Z. & WU, S. 2001. The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes, 24, 102-114.
131. ZAKHAROV, Y. D. 1987. The problem of stage-subdivision of the Lower Triassic. Albertiana, 6, 14-21.
132. ZAPFE, H. 1971. Die stratotypen des Anis, Tuval und Nor und ihre Bedeutung für die Biostratigraphie und Biostratinomie der Alpinen Trias. Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici, 54, 579-590.
133. ZAPFE, H. (ed.) 1974. Die Stratigraphie der Alpin-Mediterranean Trias. Schriftenreihe Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2, 1-324.
134. ZITTEL, K. A. 1901. History of Geology and Palaeontology to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Walter Scott, London.