메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 210, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 291-301

Potential for ants and vertebrate predators to shape seed-dispersal dynamics of the invasive thistles Cirsium arvense and Carduus nutans in their introduced range (North America)

Author keywords

Ants; Elaiosome; Mutualism; Myrmecochory; Seed dispersal; Vertebrate predators

Indexed keywords

ANT; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; HERB; INVASIVE SPECIES; MUTUALISM; MYRMECOCHORY; PLANT-POLLINATOR INTERACTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEED PREDATION; VERTEBRATE;

EID: 77956012846     PISSN: 13850237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11258-010-9757-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0024183076 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal distance as a benefit of myrmecochory
    • Andersen A (1988) Dispersal distance as a benefit of myrmecochory. Oecologia 75: 507-511.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.75 , pp. 507-511
    • Andersen, A.1
  • 2
    • 0027333273 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal strategies of Danish seashore plants
    • Andersen UV (1993) Dispersal strategies of Danish seashore plants. Ecography 16: 289-298.
    • (1993) Ecography , vol.16 , pp. 289-298
    • Andersen, U.V.1
  • 3
    • 0032864744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ants and mammals in dispersal and post-dispersal seed predation of the shrubs Grevillea (Proteaceae)
    • Auld TD, Denham AJ (1999) The role of ants and mammals in dispersal and post-dispersal seed predation of the shrubs Grevillea (Proteaceae). Plant Ecol 144: 201-213.
    • (1999) Plant Ecol , vol.144 , pp. 201-213
    • Auld, T.D.1    Denham, A.J.2
  • 5
    • 0002956210 scopus 로고
    • The role of habitat disturbance, seed predation and ant dispersal on establishment of the exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius in California
    • Bossard CC (1991) The role of habitat disturbance, seed predation and ant dispersal on establishment of the exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius in California. Am Midl Nat 126: 1-13.
    • (1991) Am Midl Nat , vol.126 , pp. 1-13
    • Bossard, C.C.1
  • 6
    • 0005747249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological benefits of myrmecochory for the endangered chaparral shrub Fremontodendron decumbens (Sterculiaceae)
    • Boyd RS (2001) Ecological benefits of myrmecochory for the endangered chaparral shrub Fremontodendron decumbens (Sterculiaceae). Am J Bot 88: 231-234.
    • (2001) Am J Bot , vol.88 , pp. 231-234
    • Boyd, R.S.1
  • 7
    • 0034099779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed predation and seedling recruitment in plants: The effect of the distance between parents
    • Bustamante RO, Simonetti JA (2000) Seed predation and seedling recruitment in plants: the effect of the distance between parents. Plant Ecol 147: 173-183.
    • (2000) Plant Ecol , vol.147 , pp. 173-183
    • Bustamante, R.O.1    Simonetti, J.A.2
  • 8
    • 0037905659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) do not replace native ants as seed dispersers of Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae) in California, USA
    • Carney SE, Byerley MB, Holway DA (2003) Invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) do not replace native ants as seed dispersers of Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae) in California, USA. Oecologia 135: 576-582.
    • (2003) Oecologia , vol.135 , pp. 576-582
    • Carney, S.E.1    Byerley, M.B.2    Holway, D.A.3
  • 9
    • 2342629376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species
    • Colautti RI, MacIsaac HJ (2004) A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species. Divers Distrib 10: 135-141.
    • (2004) Divers Distrib , vol.10 , pp. 135-141
    • Colautti, R.I.1    Macisaac, H.J.2
  • 10
    • 0003128284 scopus 로고
    • On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees
    • P. J. BoerDen and G. Gradwell (Eds.), Wageningen (Netherlands): Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation
    • Connell JH (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: Den Boer PJ, Gradwell G (eds) Dynamics of populations. Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen (Netherlands).
    • (1971) Dynamics of Populations
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 11
    • 0024902862 scopus 로고
    • Insect herbivores and plant population dynamics
    • Crawley MJ (1989) Insect herbivores and plant population dynamics. Ann Rev Entomol 34: 531-564.
    • (1989) Ann Rev Entomol , vol.34 , pp. 531-564
    • Crawley, M.J.1
  • 12
    • 0028995093 scopus 로고
    • Weevils and watermilfoil: Did a North American herbivore cause the decline of an exotic plant?
    • Creed RP, Sheldon SP (1995) Weevils and watermilfoil: Did a North American herbivore cause the decline of an exotic plant? Ecol App 5: 1113-1121.
    • (1995) Ecol App , vol.5 , pp. 1113-1121
    • Creed, R.P.1    Sheldon, S.P.2
  • 13
    • 0030616662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced herbivore resistance in introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) after a century of herbivore-free growth
    • Daehler CC, Strong DR (1997) Reduced herbivore resistance in introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) after a century of herbivore-free growth. Oecologia 110: 99-108.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 99-108
    • Daehler, C.C.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 14
    • 34247273642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns of seed dispersal: An important determinant of grassland invasion
    • DiVittorio CT, Corbin JD, D'Antonio CM (2007) Spatial and temporal patterns of seed dispersal: an important determinant of grassland invasion. Ecol Appl 17: 311-316.
    • (2007) Ecol Appl , vol.17 , pp. 311-316
    • Divittorio, C.T.1    Corbin, J.D.2    D'Antonio, C.M.3
  • 18
    • 33645115741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing benefits or partners: A review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory
    • Giladi I (2006) Choosing benefits or partners: a review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory. Oikos 112: 481-492.
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.112 , pp. 481-492
    • Giladi, I.1
  • 19
    • 0031722316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochorous dispersal distances: A world survey
    • Gomez C, Espadaler X (1998) Myrmecochorous dispersal distances: a world survey. J Biogeogr 25: 573-580.
    • (1998) J Biogeogr , vol.25 , pp. 573-580
    • Gomez, C.1    Espadaler, X.2
  • 20
    • 77956012359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hansen AA (1918) Canada thistle and methods of eradication. USDA Farmer's Bulletin 1002.
  • 21
    • 0024190736 scopus 로고
    • Directed dispersal: Demographic analysis of an ant-seed mutualism
    • Hanzawa FM, Beattie AJ, Culver DC (1988) Directed dispersal: demographic analysis of an ant-seed mutualism. Am Nat 131: 1-13.
    • (1988) Am Nat , vol.131 , pp. 1-13
    • Hanzawa, F.M.1    Beattie, A.J.2    Culver, D.C.3
  • 22
    • 77956009871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris P (1971) Current approaches to biological control in weeds. In: Biological control programs against insects and weeds in Canada 1958-1968. Technical communications, vol 4. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, pp 67-76.
  • 23
    • 0003138395 scopus 로고
    • Carduus nutans L., nodding thistle, and C. acanthoides L., plumeless thistle (Compositae)
    • J. S. Kelleher and M. A. Hulme (Eds.), Slough, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau
    • Harris P (1984) Carduus nutans L., nodding thistle, and C. acanthoides L., plumeless thistle (Compositae). In: Kelleher JS, Hulme MA (eds) Biological control programs against insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, UK.
    • (1984) Biological Control Programs against Insects and Weeds in Canada 1969-1980
    • Harris, P.1
  • 24
    • 0030301540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of seeds and sexual reproduction in the population biology of Cirsium arvense-a literature review
    • Heimann B, Cussans GW (1996) The importance of seeds and sexual reproduction in the population biology of Cirsium arvense-a literature review. Weed Res 36: 493-503.
    • (1996) Weed Res , vol.36 , pp. 493-503
    • Heimann, B.1    Cussans, G.W.2
  • 25
    • 0000758804 scopus 로고
    • Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants
    • Heithaus RE (1981) Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants. Ecology 62: 136-145.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 136-145
    • Heithaus, R.E.1
  • 26
    • 0025590829 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and predation in alien Acacia
    • Holmes PM (1990a) Dispersal and predation in alien Acacia. Oecologia 83: 288-290.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.83 , pp. 288-290
    • Holmes, P.M.1
  • 27
    • 0011126266 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and predation of alien Acacia seeds: Effects of season and invading stand density
    • Holmes PM (1990b) Dispersal and predation of alien Acacia seeds: effects of season and invading stand density. South Afr J Bot 56: 428-434.
    • (1990) South Afr J Bot , vol.56 , pp. 428-434
    • Holmes, P.M.1
  • 28
    • 0002669387 scopus 로고
    • History of the bumblebee in New Zealand: Its introduction and results
    • Hopkins I (1914) History of the bumblebee in New Zealand: its introduction and results. Bull N Z Dep Agric 46: 1-28.
    • (1914) Bull N Z Dep Agric , vol.46 , pp. 1-28
    • Hopkins, I.1
  • 29
    • 77956011332 scopus 로고
    • Musk thistle (Carduus nutans): An undesirable range plant
    • Hull AC Jr, Evans JO (1973) Musk thistle (Carduus nutans): an undesirable range plant. J Range Manag 26: 383-385.
    • (1973) J Range Manag , vol.26 , pp. 383-385
    • Hull Jr., A.C.1    Evans, J.O.2
  • 30
    • 0028161430 scopus 로고
    • Post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: Its magnitude and sources of variation
    • Hulme PE (1994) Post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: its magnitude and sources of variation. J Ecol 82: 645-652.
    • (1994) J Ecol , vol.82 , pp. 645-652
    • Hulme, P.E.1
  • 32
    • 0003087527 scopus 로고
    • Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal
    • Janzen DH (1969) Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal. Evolution 23: 1-27.
    • (1969) Evolution , vol.23 , pp. 1-27
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 33
    • 0000344538 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests
    • Janzen DH (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am Nat 104: 501-528.
    • (1970) Am Nat , vol.104 , pp. 501-528
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 34
    • 33750221184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochory of the exotic plant, Centaurea maculosa: A potential mechanism enhancing invasiveness
    • Jensen JM, Six DL (2006) Myrmecochory of the exotic plant, Centaurea maculosa: a potential mechanism enhancing invasiveness. Environ Entomol 35: 326-331.
    • (2006) Environ Entomol , vol.35 , pp. 326-331
    • Jensen, J.M.1    Six, D.L.2
  • 36
    • 77954754256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of biocontrol insects on Canada thistle: Seed production, germinability, and viability
    • Larson GE, Wittig TA, Higgins KF, Turnipseed B, Gardner DM (2005) Influence of biocontrol insects on Canada thistle: seed production, germinability, and viability. Prairie Nat 37: 85-100.
    • (2005) Prairie Nat , vol.37 , pp. 85-100
    • Larson, G.E.1    Wittig, T.A.2    Higgins, K.F.3    Turnipseed, B.4    Gardner, D.M.5
  • 39
    • 33644846655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat-specific impacts of multiple consumers on plant population dynamics
    • Maron JL, Kauffman MJ (2006) Habitat-specific impacts of multiple consumers on plant population dynamics. Ecology 87: 113-124.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 113-124
    • Maron, J.L.1    Kauffman, M.J.2
  • 40
    • 0035712321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When do herbivores affect plan invasion? Evidence for the natural enemies and biotic resistance hypotheses
    • Maron JL, Vilà M (2001) When do herbivores affect plan invasion? Evidence for the natural enemies and biotic resistance hypotheses. Oikos 95: 361-373.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.95 , pp. 361-373
    • Maron, J.L.1    Vilà, M.2
  • 41
    • 33644766369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myrmecochorous seed dispersal in temperate regions
    • P. M. Forget, J. E. Lambert, P. E. Hulme, and S. B. Vander Wall (Eds.), Oxford: CABI Publishing
    • Mayer V, Silvester O, Fischer R (2005) Myrmecochorous seed dispersal in temperate regions. In: Forget PM, Lambert JE, Hulme PE, Vander Wall SB (eds) Seed fate: predation, dispersal and seedling establishment. CABI Publishing, Oxford.
    • (2005) Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment
    • Mayer, V.1    Silvester, O.2    Fischer, R.3
  • 42
    • 77956009738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCallum K, Kelly D (1990) Pre- and post-dispersal predation of nodding thistle seeds by birds and rodents. In: Proceedings of 43rd N. Z. weed and pest control conference. pp 216-219.
  • 43
    • 67849126590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deposition of exotic bird-dispersed seeds into three habitats of a fragmented landscape in the northeastern United States
    • McCay TS, McCay DH, Czajka JL (2009) Deposition of exotic bird-dispersed seeds into three habitats of a fragmented landscape in the northeastern United States. Plant Ecol 203: 59-67.
    • (2009) Plant Ecol , vol.203 , pp. 59-67
    • McCay, T.S.1    McCay, D.H.2    Czajka, J.L.3
  • 44
    • 0001661142 scopus 로고
    • The biology of Canadian weeds. 13: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop
    • Moore RJ (1975) The biology of Canadian weeds. 13: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Can J Plant Sci 55: 1033-1048.
    • (1975) Can J Plant Sci , vol.55 , pp. 1033-1048
    • Moore, R.J.1
  • 46
    • 0030740346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mull JE, MacMahon JA (1997) Spatial variation in rates of seed removal by harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) in a shrub-steppe ecosystem. Am Midl Nat 138: 1-13.
  • 47
    • 54849435732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed predation as a barrier to alien conifer invasion
    • Nunez MA, Simberloff D, Relva MA (2008) Seed predation as a barrier to alien conifer invasion. Biol Invasions 10: 1389-1398.
    • (2008) Biol Invasions , vol.10 , pp. 1389-1398
    • Nunez, M.A.1    Simberloff, D.2    Relva, M.A.3
  • 48
    • 0000393130 scopus 로고
    • Mutualism between harvester ants and a desert ephemeral: Seed escape from rodents
    • O'dowd DJ, Hay ME (1980) Mutualism between harvester ants and a desert ephemeral: seed escape from rodents. Ecology 61: 531-540.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 531-540
    • O'dowd, D.J.1    Hay, M.E.2
  • 49
    • 0030613994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollinator limitation in Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), an invasive exotic shrub
    • Parker IM (1997) Pollinator limitation in Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), an invasive exotic shrub. Ecology 78: 1457-1470.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1457-1470
    • Parker, I.M.1
  • 50
    • 33644857833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions
    • Parker JD, Burkepile DE, Hay ME (2006) Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions. Science 311: 1459-1461.
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 1459-1461
    • Parker, J.D.1    Burkepile, D.E.2    Hay, M.E.3
  • 51
    • 0005181284 scopus 로고
    • Elaiosomes on weed seeds and the potential for myrmecochory in naturalized plants
    • Pemberton RW, Irving DW (1990) Elaiosomes on weed seeds and the potential for myrmecochory in naturalized plants. Weed Sci 38: 615-619.
    • (1990) Weed Sci , vol.38 , pp. 615-619
    • Pemberton, R.W.1    Irving, D.W.2
  • 54
    • 33745506250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of harvester ants on seed availability and dispersal of Lavandula stoechas subsp. pedunculata in a Mediterranean grassland-shrubland mosaic
    • Sánchez AM, Azcárate FM, Peco B (2006) Effects of harvester ants on seed availability and dispersal of Lavandula stoechas subsp. pedunculata in a Mediterranean grassland-shrubland mosaic. Plant Ecol 185: 49-56.
    • (2006) Plant Ecol , vol.185 , pp. 49-56
    • Sánchez, A.M.1    Azcárate, F.M.2    Peco, B.3
  • 55
    • 77956010432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS System for Windows (2002) v. 9. 1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
  • 56
    • 0003120610 scopus 로고
    • Coexistence of clones, clonal diversity, and the effects of disturbance
    • J. B. Jackson, L. W. Buss, and R. E. Cook (Eds.), New Haven: Yale University Press
    • Sebens KP, Thorne BL (1985) Coexistence of clones, clonal diversity, and the effects of disturbance. In: Jackson JB, Buss LW, Cook RE (eds) Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 357-398.
    • (1985) Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms , pp. 357-398
    • Sebens, K.P.1    Thorne, B.L.2
  • 57
    • 0036531879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions
    • Shea K, Chesson P (2002) Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 17: 170-176.
    • (2002) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.17 , pp. 170-176
    • Shea, K.1    Chesson, P.2
  • 58
    • 0031857842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating biocontrol agent impact with matrix models: Carduus nutans in New Zealand
    • Shea K, Kelly D (1998) Estimating biocontrol agent impact with matrix models: Carduus nutans in New Zealand. Ecol Appl 8: 824-832.
    • (1998) Ecol Appl , vol.8 , pp. 824-832
    • Shea, K.1    Kelly, D.2
  • 59
    • 0000075013 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) seeds
    • Smith LM, Kok LT (1984) Dispersal of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) seeds. Weed Sci 32: 120-125.
    • (1984) Weed Sci , vol.32 , pp. 120-125
    • Smith, L.M.1    Kok, L.T.2
  • 60
    • 0003100915 scopus 로고
    • Allelopathic activity of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Colorado
    • Stachion WJ, Zimdahl RL (1980) Allelopathic activity of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Colorado. Weed Sci 28: 83-86.
    • (1980) Weed Sci , vol.28 , pp. 83-86
    • Stachion, W.J.1    Zimdahl, R.L.2
  • 61
    • 0004623723 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of naturalized Carduus nutans (Compositae) mapped in relation to geology in northwestern Ohio
    • Stuckey RL, Forsyth JL (1971) Distribution of naturalized Carduus nutans (Compositae) mapped in relation to geology in northwestern Ohio. Ohio J Sci 71: 1-15.
    • (1971) Ohio J Sci , vol.71 , pp. 1-15
    • Stuckey, R.L.1    Forsyth, J.L.2
  • 62
    • 34748821810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant invasion across space and time: Factors affecting non-indigenous species success during four stages of invasion
    • Theoharides KA, Dukes JS (2007) Plant invasion across space and time: factors affecting non-indigenous species success during four stages of invasion. New Phytol 176: 256-273.
    • (2007) New Phytol , vol.176 , pp. 256-273
    • Theoharides, K.A.1    Dukes, J.S.2
  • 63
    • 0020903680 scopus 로고
    • The timing of seed dispersal in Viola nuttallii: Attraction of dispersers and avoidance of predators
    • Turnbull CL, Culver DC (1983) The timing of seed dispersal in Viola nuttallii: attraction of dispersers and avoidance of predators. Oecologia 59: 360-365.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.59 , pp. 360-365
    • Turnbull, C.L.1    Culver, D.C.2
  • 64
    • 1242344842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diplochory: Are two seed dispersers better than one?
    • Vander Wall SB, Longland WS (2004) Diplochory: Are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends Ecol Evol 19: 155-161.
    • (2004) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.19 , pp. 155-161
    • Vander Wall, S.B.1    Longland, W.S.2
  • 65
    • 0032414587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness of invasive Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) hybrids in coastal California
    • Vilá M, D'Antonio CM (1998a) Fitness of invasive Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) hybrids in coastal California. Ecoscience 5: 191-199.
    • (1998) Ecoscience , vol.5 , pp. 191-199
    • Vilá, M.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2
  • 66
    • 0031766471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid vigor in Carpobrotus in coastal California: Effects of herbivory and water availability on clonal growth
    • Vilá M, D'Antonio CM (1998b) Hybrid vigor in Carpobrotus in coastal California: effects of herbivory and water availability on clonal growth. Ecol App 8: 1196-1205.
    • (1998) Ecol App , vol.8 , pp. 1196-1205
    • Vilá, M.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2
  • 67
    • 77954718438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal seed dispersion patterns of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)
    • Wallace IA, Eerens JPJ, Rahman A, Clarkson BD (2005) Horizontal seed dispersion patterns of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense). N Z Plant Prot 58: 148-151.
    • (2005) N Z Plant Prot , vol.58 , pp. 148-151
    • Wallace, I.A.1    Eerens, J.P.J.2    Rahman, A.3    Clarkson, B.D.4
  • 68
    • 0027331265 scopus 로고
    • Seedling recruitment and the maintenance of clonal diversity in plant populations-a computer simulation of Ranunculus repens
    • Watkinson AR, Powell JC (1993) Seedling recruitment and the maintenance of clonal diversity in plant populations-a computer simulation of Ranunculus repens. J Ecol 81: 707-717.
    • (1993) J Ecol , vol.81 , pp. 707-717
    • Watkinson, A.R.1    Powell, J.C.2
  • 69
    • 77956010750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Watson AK, Beauregard R, Keogh W (1980) Biological control of Canada thistle in Quebec. In: Canada Thistle symposium. Agriculture Canada, March 1980, Regina, Saskatchewan.
  • 70
    • 34247274412 scopus 로고
    • The dispersal of fruits and seeds by ants
    • Weiss FE (1908) The dispersal of fruits and seeds by ants. New Phytol 7: 23-28.
    • (1908) New Phytol , vol.7 , pp. 23-28
    • Weiss, F.E.1
  • 71
    • 0002581978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal
    • Wenny DG (2001) Advantages of seed dispersal: a re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evol Ecol Res 3: 51-74.
    • (2001) Evol Ecol Res , vol.3 , pp. 51-74
    • Wenny, D.G.1
  • 72
    • 3042956090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The varying success of invaders
    • Williamson M, Fitter A (1996) The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77: 1161-1666.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1161-1666
    • Williamson, M.1    Fitter, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.