Signal processing and optimization for transceiver systems

Signal Processing and Optimization for Transceiver Systems

Volumn 9780521760799, Issue , 2010, Pages 1-855

  Vaidyanathan, P P ^a   Phoong, See May ^b   Lin, Yuan Pei ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIT ERROR RATE; COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (INFORMATION THEORY); CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION; DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; FUNCTIONS; RANDOM PROCESSES; SIGNAL PROCESSING; STUDENTS; TRANSCEIVERS;

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS; JOINT TRANSCEIVER OPTIMIZATION; MATHEMATICAL INFORMATION; MIMO TRANSCEIVER OPTIMIZATION; MINIMUM BIT ERROR RATE; SINGLE-INPUT SINGLE-OUTPUT CHANNELS; TRANSCEIVER OPTIMIZATION; TRANSCEIVER SYSTEM;

RADIO TRANSCEIVERS;

EID: 77955986532     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139042741     Document Type: Book

References (260)

1. Abend, K. and Fritchman, B. D., "Statistical detection for communication channels with intersymbol interference," Proc. IEEE, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 779-785, May 1970.
2. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun. I. A., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.
3. Akansu, A. N., Duhamel, P., Lin, X., and de Courville, M., "Orthogonal transmultiplexers in communication: a review," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 979-995, April 1998.
4. Amitay, N. and Salz, J., "Linear equalization theory in digital data transmission over dually polarized fading radio channels," AT&T Tech. J., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 2215-2259, Dec. 1984.
5. Andersen, IB. N., "Sample-whitened matched filters," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 653-660, Sept. 1973.
6. Ansari, R. and Liu, B., "Transmultiplexer design using allpass filters," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 30, pp. 1569-1574, July 1982.
7. Antoniou, A., Digital Signal Processing: Signals, Systems, and Filters, New York: McGraw Hill Co., Inc., 2006.
8. Antoniou, A. and Lu, W.-S., Practical Optimization: Algorithms and Engineering Applications, New York: Springer, 2007.
9. Arslan, G., Evans, B. L., and Kiaei, S., "Equalization for discrete multitone transceivers to maximize bit rate," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 3123-3135, Dec. 2001.
10. Assalini, A. and Tonello, A. M., "Improved Nyquist pulses," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 87-89, Feb. 2004.
11. Austin, M. E., Decision Feedback Equalization for Digital Communication Over Dispersive Channels, Tech. Report, MIT Lincoln Labs., August 11, 1967.
12. Autonne, L., "Sur les groupes linéaires, réels et orthogonaux," Bull. Soc. Math. France, vol. 30, pp. 121-133, 1902.
13. Beaulieu, N. C., Tan, C. C., and Damen, M. O., "A ’better than’ Nyquist pulse," IEEE Communications Lett., vol. 5, pp. 367-368, Sept. 2001.
14. Becker, F. K., Holzman, L. N., Lucky, R. W., and Port, E., "Automatic equalization for digital communication," Proc. IEEE Letters, pp. 96-98, Jan. 1965.
15. Bell, M. R., "Information theory and radar waveform design," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1578-1597, Sept. 1993.
16. Bellanger, M. and Daguet, J. L., "TDM-FDM transmultiplexer: digital polyphase and FFT," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 22, pp. 1199-1205, Sept. 1974.
17. Bellanger, M., Bonnerot, G., and Coudreuse, M., "Digital filtering by polyphase network: application to sample rate alteration and filter banks," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech & Signal Proc., vol. 24, pp. 109-114, April 1976.
18. Bellanger, M., "On computational complexity in digital transmultiplexer filters," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 30, pp. 1461-1465, July 1982.
19. Bellman, R., Introduction to Matrix Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960.
20. Berger, T. and Tufts, D. W., "Optimum pulse amplitude modulation Part I: Transmitter-receiver design and bounds from information theory," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 196-208, April 1967.
21. Bingham, J. A. C., "Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has come," IEEE Comm. Mag., pp. 5-14, May 1990.
22. Blahut, R. E., Digital Transmission of Information, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990.
23. Bliss, D. W. and Forsythe, K. W., "Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar and imaging: degrees of freedom and resolution," Proc. 37th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, pp. 54-59, Nov. 2003.
24. Bŏlcskei, H., "A necessary and sufficient condition for dualWeyl-Heisenberg frames to be compactly supported," J. Fourier Analysis & Applic., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 409-419, 1999.
25. Bŏlcskei, H., Duhamel, P., and Hleiss, R., "Design of pulse shaping OFDM/OQAM systems for high data-rate transmission over wireless channels," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Commun., Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 559-564, June 1999.
26. Borah, D. K., Kennedy, R. A., Ding. Z., and Fijalkow, I., "Sampling and prefiltering effects on blind equalizer design," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 209-218, Jan. 2001.
27. Boyd, S. and Vandenberghe, L., Convex Optimization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
28. Brandenburg, L. H. and Wyner, A. D., "Capacity of the Gaussian channel with memory: the multivariable case," Bell Sys. Tech. J., pp. 745-778, May-June 1974.
29. Brandwood, D. H., "A complex gradient operator and its application in adaptive array theory," IEE Proc. vol. 130, parts F and H, no. 1, pp. 11-16, Feb. 1983.
30. Bruce, R. A., "Optimum pre-emphasis and de-emphasis networks for transmission of television by PCM," IEEE Trans. on Commun. Tech., pp. 91-96, Sept. 1964.
31. Burrus, C. S., Gopinath, R. A., and Guo, H., Introduction to Wavelets and Wavelet Transforms, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
32. Chan, D. and Donaldson, R. W., "Optimum pre-and postfiltering of sampled signals with application to pulse modulation and data compression systems," IEEE Trans. on Commun. Tech., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 141-157, April 1971.
33. Chang, R. W., "Synthesis of bandlimited orthogonal signals for multichannel data transmission," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 45, pp. 1775-1796, Dec. 1966.
34. Chang, R. W., Orthogonal Frequency Multiplex Data Transmission Systems, US Patent no. 3,488,445, Jan. 6, 1970.
35. Chang, R. W. and Hancock, J. C., "On receiver structures for channels having memory," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 463-468, Oct. 1966.
36. Chen, C.-Y. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Precoded FIR and redundant VBLAST systems for frequency-selective MIMO channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 3390-3404, July 2007a.
37. Chen, C.-Y. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO radar ambiguity optimization using frequency-hopping waveforms," Proc. 41st IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, Nov. 2007b.
38. Chen, C.-Y. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO radar space-time adaptive processing using prolate spheroidal wave functions," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 623-635, Feb. 2008.
39. Chen, C.-Y. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO radar space-time adaptive processing and signal design," in MIMO Radar Signal Processing, eds., J. Li and P. Stoica, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2009.
40. Chevillat, P. R. and Ungerboeck, G., "Optimum FIR transmitter and receiver filters for data transmission over band-limited channels," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1909-1915, Aug. 1982.
41. Cho, K. and Yoon, D., "On the general BER expression of one-and twodimensional amplitude modulations," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1074-1080, July 2002.
42. Chong, E. K. P. and Zak, S. H., An Introduction to Optimization, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
43. Chow, J. S., Tu, J. C., and Cioffi, J. M., "A discrete multitone transceiver system for HDSL applications," IEEE J. Selected Areas in Commun., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 895-908, Aug. 1991.
44. Churchill, R. V. and Brown, J. W., Introduction to Complex Variables and Applications, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1984.
45. Cimini, Jr., L. J., "Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 665-675, July 1985.
46. Costas, J. P., "Coding with linear systems," Proc. IRE, pp. 1101-1103, Sept. 1952.
47. Cover, T. M. and Thomas, J. A., Elements of Information Theory, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.
48. Crochiere, R. E. and Rabiner, L. R., Multirate Digital Signal Processing, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1983.
49. Dasgupta, S. and Pandharipande, A., "Complete characterization of channelresistant DMT with cyclic prefix," IEEE Signal Proc. Lett., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 161-163, June 2003.
50. Daubechies, I., Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, 1992.
51. Daubechies, I., Landau, H. J., and Landau, Z., "Gabor time-frequency lattices and the Wexler-Raz identity," J. Fourier Analysis and Appl., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 437-478, 1995.
52. Ding, Y., Davidson, T. N., Luo, Z-Q., and Wong, K. M., "Minimum BER block precoders for zero-forcing equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2410-2423, Sept. 2003.
53. Ding, Z. and Li, Y., Blind Equalization and Identification (Signal Processing and Communications), New York: CRC Press, 2001.
54. Eckart, C. and Young, G., "A principal axis transformation for non-Hermitian matrices," Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 45, pp. 118-121, 1939.
55. Ericson, T., "Structure of optimum receiving filters in data transmission systems," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, pp. 352-353, May 1971.
56. Ericson, T., "Optimum PAM filters are always band limited," IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory, pp. 570-573, July 1973.
57. Falconer, D. and Foschini, G. J., "Theory of minimum mean square error QAM systems employing decision feedback equalization," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 1821-1849, Dec. 1973.
58. Falconer, D., Ariyavisitakul, S. L., Benyamin-Seeyar, A., and Eidson, B., "Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 58-66, April 2002.
59. Farhang-Boroujeny, B. and Lin, L., "Analysis of post-combiner equalizers in cosine-modulated filterbank-based transmultiplexer systems," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 3249-3262, Dec. 2003.
60. Feller, W., An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, vol. I, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1968.
61. Feller, W., An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, vol. II, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.
62. Fiedler, M., "Bounds for the determinant of the sum of Hermitian matrices," Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 30, pp. 27-31, 1971.
63. Fliege, N. J., Multirate Digital Signal Processing: Multirate Systems, Filter Banks, Wavelets, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.
64. Forney, G. D., Jr., "Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 363-378, May 1972.
65. Forney, G. D., Jr., "The Viterbi algorithm," Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 268-278, March 1973.
66. Franklin, J. N., Matrix Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968.
67. Gallager, R. G., Information Theory and Reliable Communication, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1968.
68. Gerrish, A. M. and Howson, R. D., "Multilevel partial response signaling," Rec. Intl. Commun. Conf., 1967.
69. Gersho, A. and Gray, R. M., Vector Quantization and Signal Compression, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.
70. Giannakis, G. B., "Filter banks for blind channel identification and equalization," IEEE Signal Proc. Lett., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 184-187, June 1997.
71. Giannakis, G. B., Wang, Z., Scaglione, A., and Barbarossa, S., "AMOUR-generalized multicarrier transceivers for blind CDMA regardless of multipath," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 2064-2076, Dec. 2000.
72. Giannakis, G. B., Hua, Y., Stoica, P., and Tong, L., Signal Processing Advances in Wireless and Mobile Communications, vol. 1., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.
73. Ginis, G. and Cioffi, J. M., "On the relation between V-BLAST and the GDFE," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 364-366, Sept. 2001.
74. Gitlin, R. D. and Ho, E. Y., "The performance of staggered quadrature amplitude modulation in the presence of jitter," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 348-352, March 1975.
75. Gitlin, R. D. and Weinstein, S. B., "Fractionally spaced equalization: an improved digital transversal equalizer," Bell System Tech. J., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 275-296, Feb. 1981.
76. Goldmsith, A., Wireless Communications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
77. Golden, G. D., Foschini, G. J., Valenzuela, R. A., and Wolniansky, P. W., "Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using V-BLAST spacetime communication architecture," Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 14-16, Jan. 1999.
78. Golub, G. H. and Van Loan, C. F., Matrix Computations, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Univeristy Press, 1989.
79. Graham, A., Kronecker Products and Matrix Calculus, New York: Halsted Press, 1981.
80. Guess, T., "Optimal sequences for CDMA with decision-feedback receivers," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 886-900, April 2003.
81. Haas, R. and Belfiore, J.-C., "A time-frequency well-localized pulse for multiple carrier transmission," Wireless Personal Commun., vol. 5, pp. 1-18, 1997.
82. Harashima, H. and Miyakawa, H., "Matched-transmission technique for channels with intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 774-780, August 1972.
83. Hardy, G., Littlewood, J. E., and Pólya, G., Inequalities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952.
84. Harris, F. J., Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004.
85. Hassibi, B., "An efficient square-root algorithm for BLAST," Proc. 34th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, pp. 737-740, Nov. 2000.
86. Haykin, S., Adaptive Filter Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996 and 2002.
87. Haykin, S., Communication Systems, New York: John Wiley, and Sons, Inc., 2001.
88. Haykin, S., Digital Communications, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1988.
89. Haykin, S. and Moher, M., Modern Wireless Communications, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2005.
90. Heil, C. E. and Walnut, D. F., "Continuous and discrete wavelet transforms," SIAM Rev., vol. 31, pp. 628-666, Dec. 1989.
91. Helstrom, C. W., Statistical Theory of Detection, New York: Pergamon Press, 1968.
92. Hirosaki, B., "An analysis of automatic equalizers for orthogonally multiplexed QAM systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 73-83, Jan. 1980.
93. Hirosaki, B., "An orthogonally multiplexed QAM system using the discrete Fourier transform," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 982-989, July 1981.
94. Hjfrungnes, A., Diniz, P. S. R., and de Campos, M. L. R., "Jointly minimum BER transmitter and receiver FIR MIMO filters for binary signal vectors," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1021-1036, April 2004.
95. Horn, A., "On the eigenvalues of a matrix with prescribed singular values," Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 4-7, Feb. 1954.
96. Horn, R. A. and Johnson, C. R., Matrix Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
97. Howson, R. D., "An analysis of the capabilities of polybinary data transmission," IEEE Trans. Commun. Tech., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 312-319, Sept. 1965.
98. Janssen, A. J. E. M., "From continuous to discreteWeyl-Heisenberg frames through sampling," J. Fourier Analysis and Appl., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 583-596, 1997.
99. Jayant, N. S. and Noll, P., Digital Coding of Waveforms, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1984.
100. Jiang, Y., Hager, W. W., and Li, J., "The geometric mean decomposition," Linear Algebra and its Applications, pp. 373-384, 2005a.
101. Jiang, Y., Hager, W. W., and Li, J., "The generalized triangular decomposition," Mathematics of Computation, vol. 77, no. 262, 1037-1056, April 2008.
102. Jiang, Y., Li, J., and Hager, W. W., "Joint transceiver design for MIMO communications using geometric mean decomposition," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3791-3803, Oct. 2005b.
103. Jiang, Y., Li, J., and Hager, W. W., "Uniform channel decomposition for MIMO communication," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 4283-4294, Nov. 2005c.
104. Jiang, Y., Palomar, D. P., and Varanasi, M. K., "Precoder optimization for nonlinear MIMO transceiver based on arbitrary cost function," Proc. Conf. Info. Sci. and Sys., Baltimore, MD, March 2007.
105. Jones, D. L., "Peak power reduction in OFDM and DMT via active channel modification,"Proc. 33rd IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, pp. 1076-1079, Nov. 1999.
106. Kalet, I., "The multitone channel," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 119-124, Feb. 1989.
107. Kay, S. M., Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Vol. II: Detection theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
108. Kirac, A. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Theory and design of optimum FIR compaction filters," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 903-919, April 1998.
109. Kirk, D. E., Optimal Control Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1970.
110. Klauder, J. R., Price, A. C., Darington, S., and Albersheim, W. J., "The theory and design of chirp radars," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. XXXIX, no. 4., pp. 745-808, July 1960.
111. Knuth, D. E., The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 2., Seminumerical Algorithms, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1998.
112. Koilpillai, R. D., Nguyen, T. Q., and Vaidyanathan, P. P. "Some results in the theory of cross-talk free transmultiplexers," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech & Signal Proc., vol. 39, pp. 2174-2183, Oct. 1991.
113. Kou, Y. J., Lu, W.-S., and Antoniou, A., "An improved peak-to-average power-ratio reduction algorithm for multicarrier communications," Proc. IEEE Intl. Symp. Circuits and Systems, pp. I-5-I-9, Arizona, May 2002.
114. Kretzmer, E. R., "Generalization of a technique for binary data communication," IEEE Trans. on Commun. Tech., pp. 67-68, Feb. 1966.
115. Lathi, B. P., Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
116. Le Floch, B., Alard, M., and Berrou, C., "Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex," Proc. IEEE, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 982-996, June 1995.
117. Lee, K.-H. and Petersen, D. P., "Optimum linear coding for vector channels," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1283-1290, Dec. 1976.
118. Lee, S. J. and Beaulieu, N. C., "Performance improvement of non-dataaided feedforward symbol timing estimation using the "better than" raisedcosine pulse," IEEE Trans. commun., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 542-544, April 2008.
119. Lender, A., "The duobinary technique for high speed data transmission," IEEE Trans. on Commun. & Electron., vol. 82, pp. 214-218, May 1963.
120. Lender, A., "Correlative digital communication techniques," IEEE Trans. Commun. Tech., pp. 128-135, Dec. 1964.
121. Levanon, N., and Mozeson, E., Radar Signals, New York: Wiley Interscience, 2004.
122. Li, J. and Stoica, P., "MIMO radar with colocated antennas," IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., pp. 106-114, Sept. 2007.
123. Li, T. and Ding, Z., "Joint transmitter-receiver optimization for partial response channels based on nonmaximally decimated filter bank precoding technique," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 2407-2414, Sept. 1999.
124. Liang, J. and Tran, T. D., "A partial DFT based OFDM system resistant to channel nulls," Proc. 36th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, Nov. 2002.
125. Lin, H., Siohan, P., Tanguy, P., and Javaudin, J.-P., "An analysis of the EIC method for OFDM/OQAM systems," J. of Commun., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 52-60, Feb. 2009.
126. Lin, Y.-P. and Phoong, S.-M., "Perfect discrete multitone modulation with optimal transceivers," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1702-1711, June 2000.
127. Lin, Y.-P. and Phoong, S.-M., "ISI free FIR filter bank transceivers for frequency selective channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2648-2658, Nov. 2001a.
128. Lin, Y.-P. and Phoong, S.-M., "Optimal ISI free DMT transceivers for distorted channels with colored noise," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2702-2712, Nov. 2001b.
129. Lin, Y.-P. and Phoong, S.-M., "Minimum redundancy for ISI free FIR filter bank transceivers," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 842-853, April 2002.
130. Lin, Y.-P. and Phoong, S.-M., "BER minimized OFDM systems with channel independent precoders," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2369-2380, Sep. 2003.
131. Lin, Y.-P., Vaidyanathan, P. P., Akkarakaran, S., and Phoong, S.-M., "On the duality of optimal DMT systems and biorthogonal subband coders," Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Istanbul, June 2000.
132. Lucky, R. W., "Automatic equalization for digital communication," Bell Syst. Tech. J., pp. 547-588, April 1965.
133. Lucky, R. W., "Techniques for adaptive equalization of digital communication systems," Bell Syst. Tech. J., pp. 255-286, Feb. 1966.
134. Lucky, R. W. and Rudin, H. R., "Generalized automatic equalization for communication channels," Proc. IEEE Lett., pp. 439-440, March 1966.
135. Lucky, R. W., Salz, J., and Weldon, Jr., E. J., Principles of Data Communication, New York: Mc-Graw Hill Inc., 1968.
136. Lucky, R. W., "A survey of communication theory literature: 1968-1973," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 725-739, Nov. 1973.
137. Luenberger, D. G., Optimization By Vector Space Methods, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
138. MacColl, L. R. A., Signaling Method and Apparatus, US Patent no. 2,056, 284, Oct. 6, 1936.
139. McEliece, R. J., The Theory of Information and Coding, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977.
140. McEliece, R. J., Ash, R. B., and Ash, C., Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, New York: Random House, Inc., 1989.
141. Mallat, S., A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1998.
142. Malvar, H. S. and Staelin, D. H., "Optimal FIR pre-and postfilters for decimation and interpolation of random signals," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 67-74, Jan. 1988a.
143. Malvar, H. S. and Staelin, D. H., "Optimal pre-and postfilters for multichannel signal processing," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, & Signal Proc., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 287-289, Feb. 1988b.
144. Marcus, M. and Minc, H., A Survey of Matrix Theory and Matrix Inequalities, New York: Dover Publications, 1964.
145. Marshall, A. W. and Olkin, I., Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and its Applications, New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1979.
146. Mertins, A., "MMSE design of redundant FIR precoders for arbitrary channel lengths," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2402-2409, Sept. 2003.
147. Milnor, J. W., Correction Circuit for Ocean Cable Relays, US Patent no. 1,717,116, June 11, 1929.
148. Mitra, S. K., Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach, New York: McGraw Hill Co., Inc., 2001.
149. Monsen, P., "Feedback equalization for fading dispersive channels," IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 56-64, Jan. 1971.
150. Moon, T. K. and Stirling, W. C., Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal Processing, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2000.
151. Müller, S. H. and Huber, J. B., "A comparison of peak power reduction schemes for OFDM," Proc. IEEE Globecom, pp. 1-5, Phoenix, AZ, Nov. 1997.
152. Narasimha, M. J. and Peterson, A. M. "Design of a 24-channel transmultiplexer," IEEE Trans. Acoustics., Speech, & Signal Proc., vol. 27, Dec. 1979.
153. North, D. O., "Analysis of the factors which determine signal/noise discrimination in radar," Proc. IRE, vol. 51, pp. 1016-1028, July 1963 (first appeared as an RCA Tech. Rep., June 1943).
154. Nyquist, H., "Certain topics in telegraphic transmission theory," Trans. AIEE, pp. 617-644, Feb. 1928 (reprinted in Proc. IEEE, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 280-305, Feb. 2002).
155. Ohno, S., "Performance of single-carrier block transmissions over multipath fading channels with linear equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 54, pp. 3678-3687, Oct. 2006.
156. Oppenheim, A. V. and Schafer, R. W., Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999.
157. Oppenheim, A. V. and Willsky, A. S., Signals and Systems, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997.
158. Palomar, D. P. and Barbarossa, S., "Designing MIMO communications systems: constellation choice and linear transceiver design," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3804-3818, Oct. 2005.
159. Palomar, D. P., Cioffi, J. M., and Lagunas, M. A., "Joint Tx-Rx beamforming design for multicarrier MIMO channels: a unified framework for convex optimization," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2381-2401, Sept. 2003.
160. Palomar, D. P. and Jiang, Y., MIMO Transceiver Design Via Majorization Theory, Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 3, no. 4-5, Now Publishers, pp. 331-551, 2006.
161. Palomar, D. P., Lagunas, M. A., and Cioffi, J. M., "Optimum linear joint transmit-receive processing for MIMO channels with QoS constraints," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1179-1197, May 2004.
162. Pandharipande, A. and Dasgupta, S., "Optimum DMT-based transceivers for multiuser communications," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 2038-2046, Dec. 2003.
163. Papoulis, A., Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1965.
164. Papoulis, A., Signal Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1977.
165. Pe?carić, J. E., Proschan, F., and Tong, Y. L., Convex Functions, Partial Orderings, and Statistical Applications, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., 1992.
166. Peebles, Jr., P. Z., Probability, Random Variables, and Random Signal Principles, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1987.
167. Peled, A. and Ruiz A., "Frequency domain data transmission using reduced computational complexity algorithms," Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. On Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., pp. 964-967, 1980.
168. Phoong, S.-M., Chang, Y., and Chen C.-Y., "DFT-modulated filterbank transceivers for multipath fading channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 182-192, Jan. 2005.
169. Picinbono, B., "On circularity," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 3473-3482, Dec. 1994.
170. Price, R., "Nonlinearly feedback-equalized PAM versus capacity for noisy filter channels," Rec. Int. Conf. Commun., 1972.
171. Proakis, J. G., Digital Communications, New York: McGraw Hill, 1995.
172. Proakis, J. G. and Salehi, M., Digital Communications, New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 2008.
173. Rappaport, T. S., Wireless Communications: Principle and Practice, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
174. Ribeiro, C. B., de Campos, M. L. R, and Diniz, P. S. R., "FIR equalizers with minimum redundancy," Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. On Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., vol. III, pp. 2673-2676, May 2002.
175. Rizos, A. D., Proakis, J. G., and Nguyen, T. Q., "Comparison of DFT and cosine modulated filter banks in multicarrier modulation," Proc. of Globecom, pp. 687-691, Nov. 1994.
176. Robey, F. C., Coutts, S., Weikle, D., McHarg, J. C., and Cuomo, K., "MIMO radar theory and experimental results," Proc. 38th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, pp. 300-304, Nov. 2004.
177. Saltzberg, B. R., "Performance of an efficient parallel data transmission system," IEEE Trans. Commun. Tech., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 805-811, Dec. 1967.
178. Salz, J., "Optimum mean-square decision feedback equalization," Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1341-1373, Oct. 1973.
179. Salz, J., "Digital transmission over cross-coupled linear channels," AT&T Tech. J., vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1147-1159, July-Aug. 1985.
180. San Antonio, G., Fuhrmann, D. R., and Robey, F. C., "MIMO radar mmbiguity functions," Proc. 40th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA, pp. 36-40, Nov. 2006.
181. Sandberg, S. D., and Tzannes, M. A., "Overlapped discrete multitone modulation for high speed copper wire communications," IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1571-1585, Dec. 1995.
182. Sari, H., Karam, G., and Jeanclaude, I., "An analysis of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing for mobile radio applications," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1635-1639, June 1994.
183. Sayed, A. H., Fundamentals of Adaptive Filtering, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
184. Scaglione, A., Giannakis, G. B., and Barbarossa, S., "Redundant filter bank precoders and equalizers Part I: Unification and optimal designs," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1988-2006, July 1999a.
185. Scaglione, A., Giannakis, G. B., and Barbarossa, S., "Redundant filter bank precoders and equalizers Part II: Synchronization and direct equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 2007-2022, July 1999b.
186. Scaglione, A., Giannakis, G. B., and Barbarossa, S., "Lagrange/Vandermonde MUI eliminating user codes for quasi-synchronous CDMA in unknown multipath," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 2057-2073, July 2000.
187. Serbetli, S. and Yener, A., "Transceiver optimization for multiuser MIMO systems," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 214-226, Jan. 2004.
188. Shannon, C. E., "A mathematical theory of communication," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 379-423, 1948.
189. Shannon, C. E., "Communication in the presence of noise," Proc. of the IRE, vol. 37, pp. 10-21, 1949.
190. Shenouda, M. B. and Davidson, T. N., "A framework for designing MIMO systems with decision feedback equalization or Tomlinson-Harashima precoding," IEEE J. Selected areas in Commun., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 401-411, Feb. 2008.
191. Siohan, P., Siclet, C., and Lacaille, N., "Analysis and design of OFDM/OQAM systems based on filter bank theory," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1170-1183, May 2002.
192. Skolnik, M. I., Introduction to Radar Systems, New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 2001.
193. Slepian, D., "Prolate spheroidal wave functions, Fourier analysis, and uncertainty -V: The discrete case," Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 57, pp. 1371-1430, May-June 1978.
194. Smith, J. W., "The joint optimization of transmitted signal and receiving filter for data transmission systems," Bell Sys. Tech. J., pp. 2363-2392, Dec. 1965.
195. Starr, T., Cioffi, J. M., and Silverman, P. J., Understanding DSL Technology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999.
196. Strang, G. and Nguyen, T., Wavelets and Filter Banks, Wellesley, MA: Wellesley-Cambridge Press, 1996.
197. Su, B. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "A generalized algorithm for blind channel identification with linear redundant precoders," EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Proc., 2007a.
198. Su, B. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Subspace-based blind channel identification for cyclic prefix systems using very few received blocks," IEEE Trans. Signal Pro., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 4979-4993, Oct. 2007b.
199. Tan, P. and Beaulieu, N. C., "Reduced ICI in OFDM systems using "better than" raised-cosine pulse," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 135-137, March 2004.
200. Telatar, I. E., "Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels," European Trans. on Telecomm., vol. 10, pp. 585-595, Nov.-Dec. 1999.
201. Telatar, I. E. and Tse, D., "Capacity and mutual information of wideband multipath fading channels," IEEE Trans. Info. theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1384-1400, July 2000.
202. Tepedelenliôglu, C. and Challagulla, R., "Low-complexity multipath diversity through fractional sampling in OFDM," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 3104-3116, Nov. 2004.
203. Therrien, C. W., Discrete Random Signals and Statistical Signal Procesing, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1992.
204. Therrien, C.W. and Tummala, M., Probability for Electrical and Computer Engineers, New York: CRC Press, 2004.
205. Tomlinson, M., "New automatic equaliser employing modulo arithmetic," Electron. Lett., vol. 7, no. 5-6, pp. 138-139, Feb. 1971.
206. Tong, L., Xu, G., and Kailath, T., "Blind identification and equalization based on second order statistics: a time domain approach," IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 340-349, March 1994.
207. Tong, L., Xu, G., Hassibi, B., and Kailath, T., "Blind channel identification based on second order statistics: a frequency domain approach," IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 329-334, Jan. 1995.
208. Treichler, J. R., Fijalkow, I., and Johnson, C. R., Jr., "Fractionally spaced equalizers: how long should they really be?," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., pp. 65-81, May 1996.
209. Tsatsanis, M. K. and Giannakis, G. B., "Principal component filter banks for optimal multiresolution analysis," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1766-1777, Aug. 1995.
210. Tse, D. and Viswanath, P., Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
211. Tu, J. C., "Optimum MMSE equalization for staggered modulation," Proc. 27th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, pp. Monterey, CA, 1401-1406, Nov. 1993.
212. Tufts, D. W., Design Problems in Pulse Transmission, Tech. Report 368, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, July 1960.
213. Tufts, D. W., "Nyquist’s problem -the joint optimization of transmitter and receiver in pulse amplitude modulation," Proc. IEEE, pp. 248-259, March 1965.
214. Tzannes, M. A., Tzannes, M. C., Proakis, J. G., and Heller, P. N., "DMT systems, DWMT systems, and digital filter banks," Proc. Intl. Conf. Commun., pp. 311-315, 1994.
215. Unser, M., "On the optimality of ideal filters for pyramid and wavelet signal approximation," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 3591-3596, Dec. 1993.
216. Vahlin, A. and Holte, N., "Optimal finite duration pulses for OFDM," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 10-14, Jan. 1996.
217. Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Multirate digital filters, filter banks, polyphase networks, and applications: a tutorial," Proc. IEEE, vol. 78, pp. 56-93, Jan. 1990.
218. Vaidyanathan, P. P., Multirate Systems and Filter Banks, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1993.
219. Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Theory of optimal orthonormal subband coders," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1528-1543, June 1998.
220. Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Filter banks in digital communications," IEEE CAS Mag., vol. 1, pp. 4-25, 2001.
221. Vaidyanathan, P. P., "On equalization of channels with ZP precoders," Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems, pp. 1329-1332, New Orleans, LA, May 2007.
222. Vaidyanathan, P. P., The Theory of Linear Prediction, Morgan and Claypool Publishers, 2008.
223. Vaidyanathan, P. P. and Djokovic, I., "Wavelet transforms," in Mathematics for Circuits and Filters, ed. W.-K. Chen, New York: CRC Press, 2000.
224. Vaidyanathan, P. P., Lin, Y.-P., Akkarakaran, S., and Phoong, S.-M., "Discrete multitone modulation with principal component filter banks," IEEE Trans. Circ. and Syst.-I, vol. 49, pp. 1397-1412, Oct. 2002.
225. Vaidyanathan, P. P. and Mitra, S. K., "Polyphase networks, block digital filtering, LPTV systems, and alias-free QMF banks: a unified approach based on pseudocirculants," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, & Signal Proc., vol. 36, pp. 381-391, March 1988.
226. Vaidyanathan, P. P. and Vrcelj, B., "Biorthogonal partners and applications," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 49, pp. 1013-1027, May 2001.
227. Vaidyanathan, P. P. and Vrcelj, B., "Theory of fractionally spaced cyclicprefix equalizers," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust. Speech, and Signal Proc., Orlando, FL, May 2002.
228. Vaidyanathan, P. P. and Vrcelj, B., "Transmultiplexers as precoders in modern digital communication: a tutorial review," IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, pp. V-405-V-412, Vancouver, Canada, 2004.
229. Van Trees, H. L., Radar and Sonar Signal Processing: Part III of Detection Estimation and Modulation Theory, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
230. Van Trees, H. L., Optimum Array Processing: Part IV of Detection Estimation and Modulation Theory, New York: Wiley Interscience, 2002.
231. Vandendorpe, L., Cuvelier, L., Deryck, F., Louveaux, J., and van de Wiel, O., "Fractionally spaced linear and decision feedback detectors for transmultiplexers," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 996-1011, April 1998.
232. Vangelista, L. and Laurenti, N., "Efficient implementations and alternative architectures for OFDM-OQAM systems," _IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 664-675, April 2001.
233. Vemulapalli, M., Dasgupta, S., and Pandharipande, A., "A new algorithm for optimum bit loading with a general cost," Proc. IEEE Intl. Symp. On Circuits and Systems, pp. 5403-5406, Kos, Greece, May 2006.
234. Verdu, S., Multiuser Detection, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
235. Vetterli, M. "Perfect transmultiplexers," Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., pp. 2567-2570, Japan, April 1986.
236. Vetterli, M. and Kova?cević, J., Wavelets and Subband Coding, Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1995.
237. Vijaya Krishna, A. and Hari, K. V. S., "Filter bank precoding for FIR equalization in high-rate MIMO communications," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1645-1652, May 2006.
238. Viterbi, A. J., "Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 260-269, April 1967.
239. Vrcelj, B. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO biorthogonal partners and applications," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 50, pp. 528-542, March 2002.
240. Vrcelj, B. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Fractional biorthogonal partners in channel equalization and signal interpolation," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 51, pp. 1928-1940, July 2003.
241. Wang, X., Lu, W.-S., and Antoniou, A., "Constrained minimum-BER multiuser detection," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 2903-2909, Oct. 2000.
242. Wang, Z., Ma, X., and Giannakis, G. B., "OFDM or single-carrier block transmissions?" IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 380-394, March 2004.
243. Weng, C.-C., Chen, C.-Y., and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO transceivers with decision feedback and bit loading: theory and optimization," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 58, 2010a.
244. Weng, C.-C., Chen, C.-Y., and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Generalized triangular decomposition in transform coding," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 58, 2010b.
245. Weng C.-C. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "Joint optimization of transceivers with fractionally spaced equalizers," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics Speech, and Signal Processing, Las Vegas, March-April 2008.
246. Weng, C.-C. and Vaidyanathan, P. P., "MIMO transceiver optimization with linear constraints on transmitted signal covariance components," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 58, 2010.
247. Weyl, H., "Inequalities between the two kinds of eigenvalues of a linear transformation,," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 35 pp. 408-411, 1949.
248. Wiener, N., Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, New York: Wiley, 1949.
249. Wiener, N. and Masani, P., "The prediction theory of multivariate stochastic processes: Part 1," Acta Mathematica, vol. 98, pp. 111-150, 1957.
250. Wiener, N. and Masani, P., "The prediction theory of multivariate stochastic processes: Part 2," Acta Mathematica, vol. 99, pp. 93-137, 1958.
251. Witsenhausen, H. S., "A determinant maximization problem occurring in the theory of data communication," SIAM. J. Appl. Math., pp. 515-522, Nov. 1975.
252. Wolniansky, P. W., Foschini, G. J., Golden, G. D., and Valenzuela, R. A., "V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel," Proc. URSI Int. Symp. Signals, Systems, and Electronics, pp. 295-300, 1998.
253. Xia, X-G., "New precoding for intersymbol interference cancellation using nonmaximally decimated multirate filter banks with ideal FIR equalizers," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2431-2441, Oct. 1997.
254. Xia, X-G., Modulated Coding for Intersymbol Interference Channels, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2001.
255. Xu, F., Davidson, T. N., Zhang, J-K., and Wong, K. M., "Design of block transceivers with decision feedback detection," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 965-978, March 2006.
256. Yang. J. and Roy, S., "Joint transmitter-receiver optimization for multipleinput-multiple-output systems with decision feedback," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1334-1347, Sept. 1994a.
257. Yang. J. and Roy, S., "On joint transmitter and receiver optimization for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission systems," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 3221-3231, Dec. 1994b.
258. Yasotharan, A., "Multirate zero-forcing Tx-Rx design for MIMO channel under BER constraints," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2288-2301, June 2006.
259. Zhang, J-K., Kavčić, A., Ma, X., and Wong, K. M., "Design of unitary precoders for ISI channels," Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Sig. Proc., pp. III-2265-III-2268, Orlando, FL, April 2002.
260. Zhang, J-K., Kavčić, A., and Wong, K. M., "Equal-diagonal QR decomposition and its application to precoder design for successive-cancellation detection," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 154-172, Jan. 2005.