Introduction: History and overview of insect hydrocarbons

Insect Hydrocarbons Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 3-18

  Blomquist, Gary J ^a   Bagnères, Anne Geneviève ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955977347     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511711909.002     Document Type: Chapter

References (152)

1. Ando, T., Inomata, S. I. and Yamamoto, M. (2004). Lepidopteran sex pheromones. In The Chemistry of Pheromones and other Semiochemicals I. Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 229. Berlin: Springer, pp. 51-96.
2. Antony, C. and Jallon, J.-M. (1981). Evolution des hydrocarbures comportementalement actifs des Drosophila melanogaster au cours de la maturation sexuelle. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Serie D, 292, 239-242.
3. Antony, C. and Jallon, J.-M. (1982). The chemical basis for sex recognition in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol., 28, 873-880.
4. Arnold, G., Quenet, B., Cornuet, J.-M., Masson, C., De Schepper, B., Estoup, A. and Gasqui, P. (1996). Kin recognition in honeybees. Nature, 379, 498.
5. Ayasse M., Maelovits T., Tengo J., Taghizadeh T. and Francke W. (1995). Are there pheromonal dominance signals in the bumblebee Bombus hypnorum L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)? Apidologie, 26, 163-180.
6. Bagneres, A.-G., Killian, A., Clement, J.-L and Lange, C. (1991). Interspecific recognition among termites of the genus Reticulitermes: Evidence for a role for the hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Ecol., 17, 2397-2420.
7. Bagneres A.-G., Riviere G. and Clement J.-L. (1998). Artificial neural network modeling of caste odor discrimination based on cuticular hydrocarbons in termites. Chemoecology, 8, 201-209.
8. Baker, G., Pepper, J.H., Johnson, L.H. and Hastings, E. (1960). Estimation of the composition of the cuticular wax of the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex Hald. J. Insect Physiol., 5, 47-60.
9. Baker, G.L., Vroman, H.E. and Padmore, J. (1963). Hydrocarbons of the American cockroach. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 13, 360-365.
10. Bartelt, R. J., Dowd, P.F., Plattner, R.D. and Weisleder, D. (1990). Aggregation pheromone of dried-fruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus. Wind-tunnel bioassay and identification of two novel tetraene hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Ecol., 16, 1015-1039.
11. Bartelt, R.J., Weisleder, D., Dowd, P.F. and Plattner, R.D. (1992). Male-specific tetraene and triene hydrocarbons of Carpophilus hemipterus: Structure and pheromonal activity. J. Chem. Ecol., 18, 379-402.
12. Barton-Browne, L. B. (1964). Water regulation in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 9, 63-78.
13. Batista-Pereira, L.G., dos Santos, M.G., Correa, A.G., Fernandes, J.B., Arab, A., Costa-Leonardo, A.-M., Dietrich, C.R.R.C., Pereira, D.A. and Bueno O.C. (2004). Cuticular hydrocarbons of Heterotermes tenuis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Analyses and electrophysiological studies. Z. Naturforsch., 59c, 135-139.
14. Beament, J. W.L. (1945). The cuticular lipoids of insects. J. Exp. Biol., 21,115-131.
15. Beament, J. W.L. (1961). The water relations of insect cuticle. Biol. Rev., 36, 281-320.
16. Beament, J. W.L. (1964). The active transport and passive movement of water in insects. Adv. Insect Physiol., 2, 67-129.
17. Blanke, R. (1975). Untersuchungen zum sexualverhalten von Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka) (Araneae, Araneidae). Zeitschrift Tierpsychol., 37, 62-74.
18. Blomquist, G.J. (2003). Biosynthesis and ecdysteroid regulation of housefly sex pheromone production. In Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - The Biosynthesis and Detection of Pheromones and Plant Volatiles, ed. G. J. Blomquist and R. G. Vogt. London: Elsevier, pp. 231-252.
19. Blomquist, G.J. andDillwith, J.W. (1985). Cuticular lipids. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. G. A. Kerkut and L. I. Gilbert, Vol. 3. Integument, Respiration, and Circulation. Oxford: Pergamon, pp.117-154.
20. Blomquist, G. J., Major, M. A. and Lok, J. B. (1975). Biosynthesis of 3-methylpentacosane in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 64, 43-50.
21. Blomquist G.J. and Jackson, L.L. (1979). Chemistry and biochemistry of insect waxes. Prog. Lipid Res., 17, 319-345.
22. Blomquist, G. J., Nelson, D.R. and de Renobales, M. (1987). Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 6, 227-265.
23. Blount, B. K., Chibnall, A. C. and El Mangouri, H. A. (1937). The wax of the white pine chermes. Biochem. J., 31, 1375-1378.
24. Bonavita-Cougourdan, A., Clement, J.L. and Lange, C. (1987). Nestmate recognition: the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the ant Camponotus vagus Scop. J. Entomol. Sci., 22, 1-10.
25. Bonavita-Cougourdan, A., Clement, J.-L. and Lange, C. (1993). Functional subcaste discrimination (foragers and brood-tenders) in the ant Camponotus vagus Scop: polymorphism of cuticular hydrocarbon patterns. J. Chem. Ecol, 19, 1461-1477.
26. Bonavita-Cougourdan, A., Theraulaz, G., Bagneres, A.-G., Roux, M., Pratte, M., Provost, E. and Clement, J.-L. (1991). Cuticular hydrocarbons, social organization and ovarian development in a polistine wasp: Polistes dominulus Christ. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 100B, 667-680.
27. Brockmann, A., Groh, C. and Frohlich, B. (2003). Wax perception in honeybees: contact is not necessary. Naturwissenschaften, 90, 424-427.
28. Brown, W.V., Spradbery, J. P. and Lacey, M. J. (1991). Changes in the cuticular hydrocarbon composition during development of the social wasp, Vespula germanica (F.). (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 99, 553-562.
29. Butterworth, F.M. (1969). Lipids of Drosophila: a newly detected lipid in the male. Science, 163, 1356-1357.
30. Carlin, N.F. and Holldobler, B. (1983). Nestmate and kin recognition in interspecific mixed colonies of ants. Science, 222,1027-1029.
31. Carlson, D. A. (1988). Hydrocarbons for identification and phenetic comparisons: Cockroaches, honey bees and tsetse flies. Florida Entomol., 71, 333-345.
32. Carlson, D.A. and Brenner, R. J. (1988). Hydrocarbon based discrimination of three North American Blattella cockroach species using gas chromatography. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 81, 711-723.
33. Carlson, D.A., Mayer, M.S., Silhacek, D.L., James, J.D., Beroza, M. and Bierl, B.A. (1971). Sex attractant peheromone of the housefly: Isolation, identification and synthesis. Science, 174, 76-77.
34. Carlson, D.A. and Service, M. W. (1979). Differentiation between species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicdae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 73, 589-592.
35. Carlson, D.A. and Service, M. W. (1980). Identification of mosquitoes of Anopheles gambiae species complex A and B by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. Science, 207, 1089-1091.
36. Chaline, N., Sandoz J.-C., Martin S. J., Ratnieks F.L. W. and Jones, G.R. (2005). Learning and discrimination of individual cuticular hydrocarbons by honeybees (Apis mellifera). Chem. Senses, 30, 327-335.
37. Chapman, R.F. (1998). The Insects, 4th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Chibnall, A.C., Piper, S.H., Pollard, A., Williams, E.F. and Sahai, P.N. (1934). The constitution of the priary alcohols, fatty acids and paraffins present in plant and insect waxes. Biochem. J., 28, 2189-2208.
39. Clement, J.-L. (1981). Comportement de reconnaissance individuelle dans le genre Reticulitermes. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 931-933.
40. Clement, J.-L. (1982). Signaux responsables de l’agression interspecifique des termites du genre Reticulitermes (Isopteres). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 294, 635-638.
41. Conner, W.E., Eisner, T., Vander Meer, R.K., Guerrero, A., Ghiringelli, D. and Meinwald, J. (1980). Sex attractant of an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): A pulsed chemical signal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 7, 55-63.
42. Conrad, C. W. and Jackson, L.L. (1971). Hydrocarbon biosynthesis in Periplaneta americana. J. Insect Phys., 17, 1907-1916.
43. Crozier, R. H. and Dix M. W. (1979). Analysis of two genetic models for the innate components of colony odor in social Hymenoptera. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 4, 217-224.
44. Cvacka, J., Jiros, P., Sobotnik, J., Hanus, R. and Svatos, A. (2006). Analysis of insect cuticular hydrocarbons using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chem. Ecol., 32, 409-434.
45. Dahbi A. and Lenoir A. (1998). Queen and colony odour in the multiple nest ant species, Cataglyphis iberica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insect. Soc., 45, 301-313.
46. deBruyne, M. (2003). Physiology and genetics of odor perception in Drosophila. In Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - The Biosynthesis and Detection of Pheromones and Plant Volatiles, ed. G. J. Blomquist and R. G. Vogt. London: Elsevier, pp. 651-698.
47. Dijkstra, H. (1976). Searching behaviour and tactochemical orientation in males of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Cl.) (Araneae Lycosidae). Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., 79, 235-244.
48. Dronnet S., Lohou, C., Christides, J.-P. and Bagneres, A.-G. (2006). Cuticular hydrocarbon composition reflects genetic relationship among colonies of the introduced termite Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud. J. Chem. Ecol., 32, 1027-1042.
49. Dwyer, L.A., de Renobales, M., and Blomquist, G. J. (1981). Biosynthesis of (Z, Z)-6,9- heptacosadiene in the American cockroach. Lipids, 16, 810-814.
50. Edney, E.B. (1957). The WaterRelations of Terrestrial Arthropods. London: Cambridge University Press, p.6.
51. Espelie, K. E. and Hermann, H. R. (1988). Congruent cuticular hydrocarbons: biochemical convergence of a social wasp, an ant and a host plant. Biochem. Systemat. Ecol., 16, 505-508.
52. Ferveur, J.-F. (2005). Cuticular hydrocarbons: their evolution and roles in Drosophila pheromonal communication. Behav. Genet., 35, 279-295.
53. Fielde, A. (1904). Power of recognition among ants. Biol. Bull., 7, 227-250.
54. Fielde, A. (1905). The progressive odor of ants. Biol. Bull., 10, 1-16.
55. Francis, B.R., Blanton, W.E. and Nunamaker R.A. (1985). Extractable hydrocarbons of workers and drones of the genus Apis. J. Apic. Res., 24, 13-26.
56. Francke, W. and Dettner, K. (2005). Chemical signalling in beetles. In The Chemistry of Pheromones and other Semiochemicals II. Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 240. Berlin: Springer, pp. 85-166.
57. Franks, N., Blum, M. S., Smith, R.-K. and Allies, A. B. (1990). Behavior and chemical disguise of cuckoo ant Leptothorax kutteri in relation to its host Leptothorax acervorum. J. Chem. Ecol., 16,1431-1444.
58. Gamboa, G.J. (2004). Kin recognition is eusocial wasps. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 41, 789-808.
59. Getz, W.M. and Smith, K.B. (1987). Olfactory sensitivity and discrimination of mixtures in the honeybee Apis mellifera. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 160, 239-245.
60. Getz, W.M. and Smith, K.B. (1983). Genetic kin recognition: honey bees discriminate between full and half sisters. Nature, 302,147-148.
61. Gibbs, A. G. (2002). Lipid melting and cuticular permeability: new insights into an old problem. J. InsectPhysiol., 48, 391-400.
62. Gibbs, A. and Pomonis J. G. (1995). Physical properties of insect cuticular hydrocarbons: the effect of chain length, methyl-branching and unsaturation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 112B, 243-249.
63. Ginzel, M. D., Millar, J. G. and Hanks, L. M. (2003). (Z)-9-Pentacosene - contact sex pheromone of the locust borer, Megacyllene robiniae. Chemoecology, 13,135-141.
64. Greene M. J. and Gordon D.M. (2003). Cuticular hydrocarbons inform task decisions. Nature, 423, 32.
65. Greene, M. J. and Gordon, D. M. (2007). Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. Behav. Ecol., 18, 451-455.
66. Guerrieri, F. J. and d’Ettorre, P. (2008). The mandible opening response: quantifying aggression elicited by chemical cues in ants. J. Experimental Biol., 211, 1109-1113.
67. Hadley, N.F. (1970). Water relations of the desert scorpion, Hadrurus arizonensis. J. Exp. Biol., 53, 547-558.
68. Hadley N.F. (1981). Cuticular lipids of terrestrial plants and arthropods: a comparison of their structure, composition, and waterproofing function. Biol. Rev., 56, 23-47.
69. Hadley, N. F. and Filshie, B. K. (1979). Fine structure of the epicuticle of the desert scorpion, Hadrurus arizonensis, with reference to location of lipids. Tissue Cell, 11, 263-275.
70. Hadley, N. F. and Hall R. L. (1980). Cuticular lipid biosynthesis in the scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis. J. Exp. Zool., 212, 373-379.
71. Hadley, N. F. and Jackson, L. L. (1977). Chemical composition of the epicuticular lipids of the scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis. Insect Biochem., 7, 85-89.
72. Hamilton, W.D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. J. Theor. Biol., 7, 1-16.
73. Hegdekar, B.M. and Dondale, C.D. (1969). A contact sex pheromone and some response parameters in lycosid spiders. Can. J. Zool., 47, 1-4.
74. Heifetz, Y., Boekhoff, I., Breer, H. and Appplebaum, S.W. (1997). Cuticular hydrocarbons control behavioural phase transition in Schistocerca gregaria nymphs and elicit biochemical responses in antennae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 27, 563-568.
75. Hodgson, E. S. and Roeder, K.D. (1956). Electrophysiological studies of arthropod chemoreception. 1. General properties of the labellar chemoreceptors of diptera. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 48, 51-75.
76. Holldobler, B. and Michener C.D. (1980). Mechanisms of identification and discrimination in social Hymenoptera. In Evolution of Social Behavior: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests, ed. H. Markl. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.
77. Howard, R. W. (1993). Cuticular hydrocarbons and chemical communication. In Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology, ed. D. W. Stanley-Samuelson and D. R. Nelson. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 179-226.
78. Howard, R. W. and Blomquist, G. J. (1982). Chemical ecology and biochemistry of insect hydrocarbons. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 27, 149-172.
79. Howard, R. W. and Blomquist, G. J. (2005). Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 50, 371-393.
80. Howard, R. W., McDaniel, C. A. and Blomquist, G. J. (1982b). Chemical mimicry as an integrating mechanism for three termitophiles associated with Reticulitermes virginicus. Psyche, 89, 157-168.
81. Howard, R.W., McDaniel, C.A., Nelson, D.R., Blomquist, G.J., Gelbaum, L.T. and Zalkow, L.H. (1982a). Cuticular hydrocarbons of Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) and their role as potential species- and caste-recognition cues. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 1227-1239.
82. Howard, R.W., Stanley-Samuelson, D.W. and Akre, R.D. (1990). Biosynthesis and chemical mimicry of cuticular hydrocarbons from the obligate predator, Microdon albicomatus Novak (Diptera: Syrphidae) and its ant prey, Myrmica incompleta Provancher (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. KansasEntomol. Soc., 63, 437-443.
83. Howse, P. E. (1975). Chemical defense of ants, termites and other insects: some outstanding questions. In Pheromones and Defensive Secretions in Social Insects, ed. C. Noirot, P. E. Howse and G. LeMasne. Proceedings of the Symposium of the IUSSI, Dijon, pp. 23-40.
84. Howse, P. E. (1984). Alarm, defense and chemical ecology of social insects. In Insect Communication, ed. T. Lewis. Orlando: Academic Press, pp. 150-168.
85. Jackson, L.L. (1972). Cuticular lipids of insects IV. Hydrocarbons of the cockroaches Periplaneta japonica and Periplaneta americana compared to other cockroach hydrocarbons. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 41B, 331-336.
86. Jackson, L.L. (1970). Cuticular lipids of insects - II. Hydrocarbons of the cockroaches Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunea and Periplaneta fuliginosa. Lipids, 5, 38-41.
87. Jackson, L.L. and Baker, G.L. (1970). Cuticular lipids of insects. Lipids, 5, 239-246.
88. Jackson, L.L and Blomquist, G. J. (1976a) Insect waxes. In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes, ed. P.E. Kolattukudy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 201-233.
89. Jackson, L.L. and Blomquist, G. J. (1976b). Cuticular lipids of insects: VIII - Alkanes of the mormon cricket Anabrus simplex. Lipids, 11, 77-79.
90. Jain, S.C., Dussourd, D.E., Conner, W.E., Eisner, T., Guerrero, A. and Meinwald, J. (1983). Polyene pheromone components from an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): Characterization and synthesis. J. Org. Chem., 48, 2266-2270.
91. Jones, R.L., Lewis, W. J., Beroza, M., Bierl, B.A. and Sparks, A.N. (1973). Host-seeking stimulants (kairomones) for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescents. Environ. Entomol., 2, 593-596.
92. Jones, R.L., Lewis, W.J., Bowman, M.C., Beroza, M. and Bierl, B.A. (1971). Host- seeking stimulant for parasite of corn earworm: isolation, identification and synthesis. Science, 173, 842-843.
93. Jurenka, R. A., Subchev, M., Abad, J.-L., Choi, M.-J. and Fabrias, G. (2003). Sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway for disparlure in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 809-814.
94. Keller, L. and Nonacs, P. (1993). The role of queen pheromones in social insects - Queen control or queen Signal. Animal Behav., 45, 787-794.
95. Krafft, B. (1982). The significance and complexity of communication in spiders. In Spider Communication: Mechanisms and Ecological Significance, ed. P. N. Witt and J. S. Rovner. Princeton University Press., pp. 15-66.
96. Lacy, R.C. and Sherman, P. W. (1983). Kin recognition by phenotype matching. Am. Nat., 121, 489-512.
97. Lamb, N.J. and Monroe, R.E. (1968). Lipid synthesis from acetate-14C by the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema malanopus. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 61, 1164-1165.
98. Le Conte, Y. and Hefetz, A. (2008). Primer pheromones in social hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 53, 523-542.
99. Le Moli F., Mori, A. and Marpigiani, S. (1983). The effect of antennalectomy on attack behaviour of Formica lugubris Zett. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bollett. Zool., 50, 201-206.
100. Leonard, J.E. and Ehrman, L. (1976). Recognition and sexual selection in Drosophila: classification, quantification, and identification. Science, 193, 693-695.
101. Leonard, J.E., Ehrman, L., and Schorsch, M. (1974). Bioassay of a Drosophila pheromone influencing sexual selection. Nature, 250, 261-262.
102. Liebig, J., Peeters, C. and Holldobler, B. (1999). Worker policing limits the number of reproductives in a ponerine ant. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 266, 1865-1870.
103. Liebig, J., Monnin, T. and Turillazzi, S. (2005). Direct assessment of queen quality and lack of worker suppression in a paper wasp. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 1339-1344.
104. Lihoreau, M. and Rivault, C. (2009). Kin recognition via cuticular hydrocarbons shapes cockroach social life. Behav. Ecol., 20, 46-53.
105. Lihoreau, M., Zimmer, C. and Rivault, C. (2007). Kin recognition and incest avoidance in a group-living insect. Behav. Ecol., 18, 880-887.
106. Lize, A., Carval, D., Cortesero, A.-M., Fournet, S. and Poinsot, D. (2006). Kin discrimination and altruism in the larvae of a solitary insect. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 273, 2381-2386.
107. Locke, M. (1965). Permeability of insect cuticle to water and lipids. Science, 147, 295-298.
108. Lockey, K.H. (1980). Insect cuticular hydrocarbons. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B65, 457-462.
109. Lockey, K. H. (1988). Lipids of the insect cuticle: origin, composition and function. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 89B, 595-645.
110. Lockey, K. H. (1991). Insect hydrocarbons classes: implication for chemotaxonomy. Insect Biochem., 21, 91-97.
111. Major M.A. and Blomquist, G.J. (1978). Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in insects: Decarboxylation of long chain acids to n-alkanes in Periplaneta. Lipids, 13, 323-328.
112. Martin, M.M. and MacConnell, J.G. (1970). The alkanes of the ant, Atta colombica. Tetrahedron, 26, 307-319.
113. Monnin, T. (2006). Chemical recognition of reproductive status in social insects. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 43, 515-530.
114. Monnin, T. and Peeters, C. (1997). Cannibalism of subordinates’ eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 499-502.
115. Monnin T., Malosse C., and Peeters C. (1998). Solid-phase microextraction and cuticular hydrocarbon differences related to reproductive activity in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. J. Chem. Ecol., 24,473-490.
116. Morel, L., Vander Meer, R.K. and Lavine, B.K. (1988). Ontogeny of nestmate recognition cues in the red carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus): Behavioral and chemical evidence for the role of age and social experience. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 22,175-183.
117. Nelson, D.R. (1969). Hydrocarbon synthesis in the American cockroach. Nature, 221, 854-855.
118. Nelson, D.R. and Blomquist, G. J. (1995). Insect waxes. In Waxes: Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Functions, ed. R. J. Hamilton. Dundee: Oily Press, pp. 1-90.
119. Nelson, D. R. and Sukkestad, D. R. (1970). Normal and branched aliphatic hydrocarbons from the eggs of the tobacco hornworm. Biochem., 9,4601-4611.
120. Ozaki, M., Wada-Katsumata, A., Fujikawa, K., Iwasaki, M., Yokohari, F., Satoji, Y., Nisimura, T. and Yamaoka, R. (2005). Ant nestmate and non-nestmate discrimination by a chemosensory sensillum. Science, 309, 311-314.
121. Passera, L. and Aron, S. (2005). Lesfourmis: comportement, organisation sociale et evolution. Ottawa: CNRC.
122. Pfennig, D.W., Gamboa, G.J., Reeve, H.K., Shellman-Reeve, J.S. and Ferguson I.D. (1983). The mechanism of nestmate discrimination in social wasps (Polistes, Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 13, 299-305.
123. Pomonis J.G., Fatland C.L., Nelson D.R. andZaylskie, R.G. (1978). Insect hydrocarbons. Corroboration of structure by synthesis and mass spectrometry of mono- and dimethylallkanes. J. Chem. Ecol., 4, 27-39.
124. Pomonis, J. G., Nelson, D. R. and Fatland, C. L. (1980). Insect Hydrocarbons 2. Mass spectra of dimethylalkanes and the effect of the number of methylene units between methyl groups on fragmentation. J. Chem Ecol., 6, 965-972.
125. Prokopy, R. J., Averill, A.L., Bardinelli, C. M., Bowdan, E. S., Cooley, S. S., Crnjar, R. M., Dundulsis, E. A., Roitberg, C. A., Spatcher, P. J., Tumlinson, J. H. and Weeks, B. L. (1982). Site of production on of an oviposition-deterring pheromone component in Ragoletis pomonella flies. J. Insect. Physiol., 28, 1-7.
126. Ramsay, J. A. (1935). The evaporation of water from the cockroach. J. Exp. Biol., 12, 373-383.
127. Randall, D.J., Burggren, W. and French, K. (1997). EckertAnimal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations, 4th edn. New York: Freeman.
128. Reed, J.R., Quilici, D.R., Blomquist, G.J. and Reitz, R.C. (1995). Proposed mechanism for the cytochrome-P450 catalyzed conversion of aldehydes to hydrocarbons in the housefly, Musca domestica. Biochemistry, 34, 26221-26227.
129. Reed, J.R., Vanderwel, D., Choi, S., Pomonis, J.G., Reitz, R.C. and Blomquist, G.J. (1994). Unusual mechanism of hydrocarbon formation in the housefly: Cytochrome P450 converts aldehyde to the sex pheromone component (Z)-9-tricosene and CO2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10000-10004.
130. Rence, B. and Loher, W. (1977). Contact chemoreceptive sex recognition in the male cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. Physiological Entomol., 2, 225-236.
131. Richards, A.G. (1951). The Integument of Arthropods. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, p. 285.
132. Robinson, G.E. (1992). Regulation of division of labor in insect societies. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, 637-665.
133. Roelofs, W., Hill, A.S., Linn, C.E., Meinwald, J., Jain, S.C., Hebert, H. J. and Smith, R. F. (1982). Sex pheromone of the winter moth, a geometrid with unusually low temperature precopulatory responses. Science, 217, 657-659.
134. Rogoff, W.M., Beltz, A.D., Johnson, J.O. and Plapp, F. W. (1964). A sex pheromone in the housefly, Musca domestica L. J. Insect Physiol., 10, 239-246.
135. Said, I., Gaertner, C., Renou, M. and Rivault, C. (2005). Perception of cuticular hydrocarbons by the olfactory organs in Periplaneta americana (L.)(Insecta, Disctyoptera). J. InsectPhysiol., 51, 1384-1389.
136. Schal, C., Fan, Y. and Blomquist, G.J. (2003). Regulation of pheromone biosynthesis, transport, and emission in cockroaches. In Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - The Biosynthesis and Detection of Pheromones and Plant Volatiles, ed. G. J. Blomquist and R. G. Vogt. London: Elsevier, pp. 283-322.
137. Schal, C., Sevala, V. and Carde, R.T. (1998). Novel and highly specific transport of volatile sex pheromone by hemolymph lipophorin in moths. Naturwissenschaften, 85, 339-342.
138. Scott, D. (1986). Sexual mimicry regulates the attractiveness of mated Drosophila melanogaster females. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 8429-8433.
139. Shellman, J.S. and Gamboa, G.J. (1982). Nestmate discrimination in social wasps. The role of exposure to nest and nestmates (Polistes fuscatus, Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 11, 51-53.
140. Simmons, L. W. (1989). Kin recognition and its influence on mating preferences of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (DeGeer). Anim. Behav., 38, 68-77.
141. Stadler, E. (1984). Contact chemoreception. In Chemical Ecology ofInsects, ed. W. J. Bell and R. T. Carde. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 3-35.
142. Stocker, R.F. and Rodrigues, V. (1999). Olfactory neurogenetics. In Insect olfaction, ed. B.S. Hansson. Berlin: Springer, pp. 283-314.
143. Tietjen, W. J. (1979). Tests for olfactory communication in four species of wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). J. Arachnol., 6, 197-206.
144. Vander Meer, R. K., Jouvenaz, D. P. and Wojcik, D. P. (1989). Chemical mimicry in a parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Chem. Ecol., 15, 2247-2261.
145. Vander Meer, R.K. and Wojcik, D.P. (1982). Chemical mimicry in the myrmecophilous beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis. Science, 218, 806-808.
146. Venard, R. and Jallon, J.-M. (1980). Evidence for an aphrodisiac pheromone of female Drosophila. Experientia, 36, 211-213.
147. Vroman, H.E., Kaplanis, J.N. and Robbins, W.E. (1965). Effect of allatectomy on lipid biosynthesis and turnover in the female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L). J. InsectPhysiol., 11, 897-903.
148. Wigglesworth, V.B. (1933). The physiology of the cuticle and of ecdysis in Rhodnius prolixus (Triatomidae, Hemiptera); with special reference to the function of the oenocytes and of the dermal glands. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 76, 269-318.
149. Wigglesworth, V.B. (1945). Transpiration through the epicuticle of insects. J. Exp. Biol., 21, 97-114.
150. Wilson, E.O. (1963). The social biology of ants. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 8, 345-368.
151. Wilson E. O. (1971). The Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
152. Yamaoka R. (1990). Chemical approach to understanding interactions among organisms. Physiol. Ecol. Jpn., 27, 31-52.