Election observers and their biases

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 158-172

  Kelley, Judith ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955945235     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.0173     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Thomas Carothers, "The Rise of Election Monitoring: The Observers Observed, " Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997):17, 20.
2. Judith Kelley, "Assessing the Complex Evolution of Norms: The Rise of International Election Monitoring, " International Organization 62 (April 2008):221-55.
3. Judith Kelley, "D Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation, " International Organization 63 (October 2009):765-87.
4. NDI and IRI, "Terms of Reference for Cambodia Assessment Mission, " 1998, 2;
5. and National Democratic Institute, "Second Post-Election Statement on the Cambodian Election Process, " 1998.
6. IRI, "Kingdom of Cambodia Parliamentary Elections, July 26, 1998: Observation Report, " February 1999, 4.
7. JIOG Press Release, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 1998, 1-2.
8. OSCE, "Russian Federation Elections to the State Duma, 19 December 1999: Final Report, " (Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2000), quotes on 2, 14, and 2, respectively;
9. see also 15-20, 29-34.
10. Constanz Krehl, Delegation for Relations with Russia, European Parliament, "Ad Hoc Delegation for Observation of the State Duma Elections, 16th-22nd December, 1999, " (2000), 9.
11. U. S. State Department, "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2000, " (Washington, D. C.: 2001), section 3.
12. Parliamentary Forum, SADC, "Election Observation Mission, Observers Report on National Assembly Elections in Zimbabwe, 24-25 June 2000, " Windhoek, Namibia, 2000, 18.
13. EU Observation Unit, "Elections in Zimbabwe, 24-25 June 2000, Interim Statement, Pierre Schori-Head of EU Election Observation Mission" (2000).
14. Chris Patten, "Speaking Points of Chris Patten, Speech/00/225, " European Parliament, Strasbourg, 4 July 2000.
15. Commonwealth Secretariat (CS), "The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, the Parliamentary Elections in Zimbabwe, June 2000, " London, 2000, 32.
16. Robert Mugabe, "Address to the Nation Marking the 2000 Parliamentary Election Results, " 27 June 2000.
17. IRI, "Follow up Statement IRI Observer Mission, Kenya General Election 29-12-1992, " 1993.
18. CS, "Presidential, Parliamentary and Civic Elections in Kenya: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, " 1993, 62.
19. Dick Foeken and Ton Dietz, "Of Ethnicity, Manipulation and Observation: The 1992 and 1997 Elections in Kenya, " in J. Abbink and G. Hesseling, eds., Election Observation and Democratization in Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 145;
20. Stephen Brown, "From Demiurge to Midwife: Changing Donor Roles in Kenya's Democratization Process, " in Godwin Murunga and Shadrack Nasong'o, eds., Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy (London: Zed, 2007), 303-31.
21. International Crisis Group (ICG), "Elections in Bosnia & Herzegovina, " in ICG Bosnia Report (1996).
22. See http://ec.europa.eu/external-relations/human-rights/election- observation/docs/2007-eu-eom-reporting-guidelines-enpdf; personal interview with lde Munuz-Pogossian, Coordinator, Unit for Electoral Studies, OAS, Washington D. C., 10 April 2008.
23. Mike McIntire and Jeffrey Gettleman, "Secrecy Surrounds Kenyan Election Poll, " New York Times, 31 January 2009.
24. Kelley, "D Minus Elections."
25. Eric Bjornlund, Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy (Washington, D. C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
26. Darren Kew, "'Democrazy: Dem Go Craze, O': Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections, " Issue: A Journal of Opinion 27, no. 1(1999):30.
27. JIOG Press Release.
28. CS, "The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, the Parliamentary Elections in Zimbabwe, June 2000, " 32.
29. CS, "Presidential, Parliamentary and Civic Elections in Kenya: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, " 62.
30. IRI, "Follow-Up Statement IRI Observer Mission, Kenya General Election 29-12-1992."
31. Liisa Laakso, "The Politics of International Election Observation Mission: The Case of Zimbabwe in 2000, " Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (September 2002):458.
32. Patten, "Speaking Points."
33. Brown, "From Demiurge to Midwife."
34. More comprehensive statistical analysis also confirms this tendency; see Kelley, "D Minus Elections."
35. "Kenya Votes in Close Polls, " Reuters, 28 December 2007.
36. NDI, "The July 26, 1998, Cambodian National Assembly Elections, " Washington, D. C., 1999, 38.
37. Judith Kelley, "The More the Merrier? The Effects of Having Multiple International Election Monitoring Organizations, " Perspectives on Politics 7 (March 2009):59-64.
38. Joe Clark, "Election Observation Missions: Making Them Count, " in African Program Occasional Paper Series, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2006, 5.
39. Jørgen Elklit and Andrew Reynolds, "A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality, " Democratization 12 (April 2005):147-62.
40. Jon Abbink, "Introduction: Rethinking Democratization and Election Observation, " in Jon Abbink and Gerti Hesseling, eds., Election Observation and Democratization in Africa (New York: St. Martin's, 2000), 11.