Whose European citizenship in the Stockholm Programme? the enactment of citizenship by third country nationals in the EU

European Journal of Migration and Law

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 337-359

  Carrera, Sergio ^a,b   Wiesbrock, Anja ^c  

^a Centre of European Policy Studies (CEPS)   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Court of Justice of the European Union; European citizenship; nationality; non discrimination; Stockholm programme; third country nationals

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955907243     PISSN: 1388364X     EISSN: 15718166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157181610X520409     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Council of the European Union, The Stockholm Programme: An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, 5731/10, Brussels, 3 March 2010.
2. European Commission, Communication on Delivering an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice for Europe's Citizens: Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM(2010) 171, Brussels, 20 April 2010.
3. E. Guild and S. Carrera, Towards the Next Phase of the EU's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: The European Commission's Proposal for the Stockholm Programme, CEPS Policy Brief No. 196, CEPS, Brussels, August 2009.
4. See the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C 83, Vol.53, 30.03.2010, 2010/C 83/02, p. 389.
5. European Commission, COM(2010) 171, op. cit.
6. E. Guild, "Free Movement of Workers: From Third Country Nationals to Citizen of the Union", in P. Minderhoud and N. Trimikliniotis (eds), Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers: The European Challenges Ahead, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2009, pp. 25-38.
7. M. Condinanzi, A. Lang and B. Nascimbene, Citizenship of the Union and Freedom of Movement of Persons, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008 and M. La Torre (ed.), European Citizenship: An Institutional Challenge, The Hague: Kluwer International Law, 1998.
8. For a 'state of the art' perspective on previous literature, refer to S. Carrera and M. Merlino, State of the Art on the European Court of Justice and Enacting European Citizenship, CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe Series, CEPS, Brussels, April 2009.
9. E. Guild, The Legal Elements of European Identity: EU Citizenship and Migration Law, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004.
10. Art. 20 TEU. G.R. De Groot, Towards a European Nationality Law, in H. Schneider (ed.), Migration, Integration and Citizenship: A Challenge for Europe's Future, Migration, Integration and Citizenship: A Challenge for Europe's Future, Vol.I, Maastricht: Forum Maastricht, 2005, pp. 13-53.
11. Declaration on nationality of a Member State attached to the final Act of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 191, 29.07.1992.
12. Council of the European Union, Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family rEUnification, OJ L 251/12, 3.10.2003.
13. Council of the European Union, Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents, OJ L 16/44, 23.1.2004.
14. Council of the European Union, Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, OJ L 155/17, 18.6.2009.
15. See Council of the European Union, Directive 2004/114/EC of 13 December 2004 on the conditions of admission of third-country nationals for the purposes of studies, pupil exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service, OJ L 375, 23.12.2004;
16. see also Directive 2005/71/EC of 12 October 2005 on a specific procedure for admitting third-country nationals for the purposes of scientific research, OJ L 289/15, 3.11.2005.
17. The definition of a family member includes, irrespective of their nationality, the spouse, the registered partner, direct descendants under the age of 21 or who are dependents, as well as the dependent direct relatives in ascending line; see Article 2.2 of the Directive.
18. See Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No. 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC, OJ L 158/77, 30 April 2004;
19. see also S. Carrera, "What does free movement mean in theory and practice in an enlarged EU?", European Law Journal, Vol.11, No.6, November 2005(b), pp. 699-721;
20. and T. Kostakopoulou, "European Citizenship: Writing the Future", European Law Journal, Special Issue on EU Citizenship, Vol.13, No.5, 2007, pp. 623-646.
21. See E. Guild (2004), op. cit.
22. Refer to S. Carrera and A. Faure-Atger, Implementation of Directive 2004/38 in the Context of EU Enlargement: A Proliferation of Different Forms of Citizenship?, CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe Series, CEPS, Brussels, April 2009.
23. Refer to Case C-459/99, Mouvement contre le racisme, l'antisemitisme and la xenophobia ASBL (MRAX) v. Belgian state, op. cit.; Case C-318/05, Commission v. Germany [2007] ECR I-0000; Case C-60/00, Carpenter [2002] ECR-I6279; and Case C-291/05, Eind [2007] I-10719.
24. See Case C-413/99, Baumbast und R v. Secretary of the State for the Home Department [2002] ECR I-7091; Case C-109/01, Akrich [2003] ECR I-9607; Case C-157/03, Commission v. Spain [2005] ECR I-2911.
25. Ibid.
26. See Art. 5.4 of Directive 2004/38/EC.
27. See Art. 16 of Directive 2004/38/EC.
28. See Art. 23 of Directive 2004/38/EC.
29. See Art. 24 of Directive 2004/38/EC.
30. Refer to Case C-30/77, Régina v. Pierre Bouchereau [1977] ECR 01999; Joined Cases C-482/01 and C-493/01, Orfanopoulos [2004] ECR I-5257; Case C-157/03, Commission v. Spain, ECR [2005] I-2911.
31. See Case C-127/08, Metock and Others [2008] ECR I 6241; see also E. Fahey, "Going Back to Basics: Re-embracing the Fundamentals of the Free Movement of Persons in Metock", Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol.36, No.1, 2009, pp. 83-89.
32. See S. Peers, "Free Movement, Immigration Control and Constitutional Conflict", European Constitutional Law Review, Vol.5, No.5, 2009(a), pp. 173-196;
33. see also J. Handoll, "The Metock Case: Union Citizenship, Family REUnion and the Abuse of Rights", in P. Minderhoud and N. Trimikliniotis (eds), Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers: The European Challenges Ahead, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2009, pp. 173-188.
34. See Case C-109/01, Akrich, op. cit. Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers: The European Challenges Ahead.
35. For criticism on this ruling, see for instance, A. Arnul, The European Union and its Court of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 460;
36. see also R. White, "Conflicting Competences: Free movement rules and immigration laws", European Law Review, Vol.29, No.2, 2004, p. 385.
37. Refer to para. 58 of the judgment. On the CJEU interpretation of the condition of previous lawful residence refer also to Case C-1/05, Jia, [2007], ECR I 1.
38. See H. Verschueren, "Social Security Co-ordination in the Agreements between the EU and Mediterranean Countries, in particular Turkey and the Maghreb Countries", in D. Pieters and P. Schoukens (eds), The Social Security Co-ordination between the EU and Non-EU Countries, Social Europe Series, Vol.20, Antwerp: Intersentia, 2009, pp. 19-56;
39. see also S. Peers, "EC Immigration Law and EC Association Agreements: Fragmentation or Integration?", European Law Review, Vol.34, No.4, 2009(b), pp. 628-638.
40. See N. Rogers, A Practitioners' Guide to the EC-Turkey Association Agreement, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000;
41. see also E. Guild, Immigration Law in the European Community, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
42. Refer to Case C-12/86, Demirel [1987] ECR 3719.
43. See Case C-188/00, Kurz [2002] ECR I-10691 and Case C-340/97, Nazli [2000] ECR I-957.
44. See Case C-188/00, Kurz, op. cit.
45. Refer to Case C-294/06, Payir and Others [2008] ECR I-203.
46. See Art. 6(1) of Decision No. 1/80.
47. See the AG Opinion in Case C-294/06, Payir and Others, op. cit., delivered on 18 July 2007, paras. 7, 8 and 12.
48. The German and Dutch governments also raised the concern of an inconsistent approach in interpreting Decision No. 1/80 and Directive 2004/114/EC, which clearly distinguishes between a student and a worker.
49. See Case C-294/06, Payir and Others, op. cit., para. 31.
50. For the definition of the concept of 'worker' under Art. 45 TFEU, see inter alia Case 66/85, Lawrie- Blum [1986] ECR 2121, paras. 16 and 17, and Case C-228/07, Petersen [2008] ECR I-6989, para. 45.
51. See Case C-14/09, Hava Genc [2010] ECR I-0000, para. 18.
52. Refer to para. 18 of the judgment.
53. See paras. 27-33 of the judgment.
54. See Case C-14/09, Hava Genc, op. cit., para. 40. Case C-373/03, Aydinli [2005] ECR I-6181, para. 27; Case C-502/04, Torun [2006] ECR I-1563, para. 21; Case C-349/06, Polat [2007] ECR I-8167, para. 21; and Case C-453/07 Er [2008] ECR I-7299, para. 30.
55. See para. 44 of the judgment.
56. See Case C-242/06, Sahin [2009] ECR I-0000.
57. See paras. 62-65 of the judgment.
58. Refer to Case C-92/07, Commission v. The Netherlands [2010] ECR I-0000.
59. Refer to para. 49 of the judgment.
60. See para. 69 of the judgment.
61. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the EC and Morocco (signed in Brussels on 26 February 1996 and approved on behalf of the Communities by Decision No. 2000/204/ EC of 24 January 2000), OJ L 70/1, 18.3.2000.
62. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the EC and Algeria (signed in Valencia on 22 April 2002 and approved on behalf of the Communities by Decision No. 2005/690/EC of 18 July 2005), OJ L 265/1, 10.10.2005.
63. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the EC and Tunisia (signed in Brussels on 17 July 1995 and approved on behalf of the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community by Decision 98/238/EC of 26 January 1998), OJ L 97/1, 30.03.1998.
64. Case C-18/90, Onem v. Kziber [1991] ECR I-199.
65. Case C-336/05, Echouikh [2006] ECR I-5223, paras. 55-58.
66. Case C-276/06, El Youssfi [2007] ECR I-2851, paras. 51-56.
67. See Regulation (EC) No. 1408/71 of 14 June 1971, as amended by Regulation (EC) No. 1992/2006 of 18 December 2006, OJ L 392, 30.12.2006; see also Case C-103/93, Yousfi [1994] ECR I-1353 and Case C-103/94, Krid [1995] ECR I-719. For more details on the social security rights of Maghreb nationals, see A.P. Van der Mei, Free Movement of Persons within the European Community: Cross-Border Access to Public Benefits, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, p. 169 ff.
68. Refer to Case C-103/94, Krid [1995] ECR I-719, paras. 33-35; and Case C-276/06, El Youssfi, op. cit., para. 60.
69. See Case C-18/90, Onem v. Kziber, op. cit., para. 27; see also Case C-58/93, Yousfi v. Belgian State [1994] ECR I-1353, para. 21.
70. See Case C-179/98, Mesbah [1999] ECR I-7955, para. 46.
71. Refer to Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family rEUnification, op. cit. Refer to H. Schneider and A. Wiesbrock, "The Council Directive on Family REUnification: Establishing Proper Rights for Third Country Nationals?", in H. Schneider (ed.), Migration, Integration and Citizenship: A Challenge for Europe's Future, Vol.II: The Position of Third Country Nationals in Europe, Maastricht: Forum Maastricht, 2005, pp. 35-70.
72. See Case C-578/08, Chakroun [2010] ECR I-0000.
73. See A. Wiesbrock, "Noot bij HvJ EU, zaak C-578/08", European Human Rights Cases, 5, 2010.
74. See Case C-291/05, Eind, op. cit.
75. Refer to para. 64 of the judgment.
76. See Case C-127/08, Metock and Others, op. cit., para. 93;
77. see also S. Peers (2009a), op. cit., pp. 173- 196;
78. and S. Currie, "Accelerated justice or a step too far? Residence rights of non-EU family members and the Court's ruling in Metock", European Law Review, Vol.34, 2009, pp. 310-326.
79. A. Wiesbrock, Legal Migration to the European Union, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010(a), (forthcoming).
80. Refer to Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003, op. cit.
81. Refer to K. Groenendijk, "The Long-Term Residents Directive, Denizenship and Integration", in A. Baldaccini, E. Guild and H. Toner (eds), Whose Freedom, Security and Justice? EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007, pp. 429-450;
82. and also to S. Carrera "Integration as a process of inclusion for migrants? The case of long-term residents in the EU", in H. Schneider (ed.), Migration, Integration and Citizenship: A Challenge for Europe's Future, Maastricht: Forum Maastricht, 2005(a), pp. 109-138;
83. and to S. Boelaert-Suominen, "Non-EU nationals and Council Directive 2003/109/EC on the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents: Five paces forward and possibly three paces back", Common Market Law Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, August 2005, 1011- 1052.
84. Refer to Arts. 11 and 12 of the Directive.
85. See Directive 2009/50/EC, op. cit.
86. See European Commission, Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, COM(2007) 637 final, Brussels, 23 October 2007.
87. See European Commission, Accompanying document to the proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purpose of highly qualified employment - Impact Assessment, Commission Staff Working Document, SEC(2007) 1403, Brussels, 23 October 2007, pp. 14-15.
88. See European Commission, Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, COM(2007) 637 final, op. cit.;
89. see also Guild (2007), Common Market Law Review. op. cit.
90. Refer to Directive 2004/114/EC, op. cit., and Directive 2005/71/EC, Common Market Law Review. op. cit.