Current diagnostic approaches to invasive candidiasis in critical care settings

Mycoses

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 424-433

  Pemán, Javier ^a   Zaragoza, Rafael ^b  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA FE   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DR PESET   (Spain)

Author keywords

(1,3) d glucan; CAGTA; Candida score; diagnosis; ICU; Invasive candidiasis

Indexed keywords

ENDO 1,3 BETA GLUCANASE; FLUCONAZOLE; FUNGAL DNA; FUNGUS ANTIBODY; GALACTOMANNAN; MANNAN;

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ACREMONIUM; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASPERGILLUS; ASSAY; BLOOD CULTURE; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA DUBLINIENSIS; CANDIDA GLABRATA; CANDIDA KRUSEI; CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS; CANDIDA TROPICALIS; CATHETERIZATION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CULTURE MEDIUM; DIALYSIS; DNA EXTRACTION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUNGEMIA; FUSARIUM; GENE AMPLIFICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INDWELLING CATHETER; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; MAJOR SURGERY; MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MORTALITY; PANCREATITIS; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PERITONITIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCEDOSPORIUM; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SERODIAGNOSIS; SHOCK; STEROID THERAPY;

ANTIBODIES, FUNGAL; CANDIDA; CANDIDEMIA; CANDIDIASIS, INVASIVE; CRITICAL CARE; DNA, FUNGAL; HUMANS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK FACTORS;

CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS;

EID: 77955799792     PISSN: 09337407     EISSN: 14390507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01732.x     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1993 167 : 1247 51.
2. Borges M, Zaragoza R. Critical overview of clinical guidelines relating to invasive fungal infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008 21 : S65 9.
3. Zaragoza R, Pemán J. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to fungal infections in critical care settings. Adv Sepsis 2008 6 : 90 98.
4. Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Burchardi H et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2002 28 : 108 21.
5. Dimopoulos G, Piagnerelli M, Berre J, Salmon I, Vincent JL. Post mortem examination in the intensive care unit: still useful? Intensive Care Med 2004 30 : 2080 5.
6. Tortorano AM, Pemán J, Bernhardt H et al. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 23 : 317 22.
7. Puzniak L, Teutsch S, Powderly W, Polish L. Has the epidemiology of nosocomial candidemia changed? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004 25 : 628 33.
8. Leleu G, Aegerter P, Guidet B. Systemic candidiasis in intensive care units: a multicenter, matched-cohort study. J Crit Care 2002 17 : 168 75.
9. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP et al. Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Paul-Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, Divisions of Mycology and Pneumonia Research. Intensive Care Med 1997 23 : 317 25.
10. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, León-Gil C et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1997 23 : 23 30.
11. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Park BJ et al. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 1829 35.
12. Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006 25 : 419 25.
13. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV et al. Bloodstream infections due to Candida species: SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program in North America and Latin America, 1997-1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 44 : 747 51.
14. Klingspor L, Tornqvist E, Johansson A, Petrini B, Forsum U, Hedin G. A prospective epidemiological survey of candidaemia in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2004 36 : 52 55.
15. Ben Abraham R, Keller N, Teodorovitch N et al. Predictors of adverse outcome from candidal infection in a tertiary care hospital. J Infect 2004 49 : 317 23.
16. Morgan J, Meltzer MI, Plikaytis BD et al. Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005 26 : 540 7.
17. Dimopoulos G, Ntziora F, Rachiotis G, Armaganidis A, Falagas ME. Candida albicans versus non-albicans intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections: differences in risk factors and outcome. Anesth Analg 2008 106 : 523 9.
18. Sendid B, Cotteau A, Francois N et al. Candidaemia and antifungal therapy in a French University Hospital: rough trends over a decade and possible links. BMC Infect Dis 2006 6 : 80.
19. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Cuenca-Estrella M et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections: case-control population-based surveillance study of patients in Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2006 44 : 1681 5.
20. Zaragoza R, Pemán J, Quindós G et al. Clinical significance of Candida albicans germ tube antibody detection in critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009 Epub ahead of print GJ, Harrington BJ. Use of calcofluor white in clinical mycology. Lab Med 1984 5 : 109 11.
21. Magadia RR, Weinstein MP. Laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001 15 : 1009 24.
22. Odds FC, Bernaerts R. CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1994 32 : 1923 9.
23. Pelz RK, Hendrix CW, Swoboda SM et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2001 233 : 542 8.
24. Garbino J, Lew DP, Romand JA, Hugonnet S, Auckenthaler R, Pittet D. Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 2002 28 : 1708 17.
25. Piarroux R, Grenouillet F, Balvay P et al. Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2004 32 : 2443 9.
26. De Waele JJ, Vogelaers D, Blot S, Colardyn F. Fungal infections in patients with severe acute pancreatitis and the use of prophylactic therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003 37 : 208 13.
27. Parkins MD, Sabuda DM, Elsayed S, Laupland KB. Adequacy of empirical antifungal therapy and effect on outcome among patients with invasive Candida species infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 60 : 613 8.
28. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005 49 : 3640 5.
29. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 2006 43 : 25 31.
30. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006 34 : 1589 96.
31. Guery BP, Arendrup MC, Auzinger G et al. Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis. Intensive Care Med 2009 35 : 56 62.
32. Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E et al. Beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004 39 : 199 205. (Pubitemid 38971490)
33. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1 - >3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2005 41 : 654 9.
34. Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CA, Roberts WL, Woods GL. Evaluation of a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 5957 62.
35. Maertens J, Deeren D, Dierickx D, Theunissen K. Preemptive antifungal therapy: still a way to go. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006 19 : 551 6.
36. McMullan R, Metwally L, Coyle PV et al. A prospective clinical trial of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of candidemia in nonneutropenic, critically ill adults. Clin Infect Dis 2008 46 : 890 6.
37. Alam FF, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Comparative evaluation of (1, 3)-beta-D-glucan, mannan and anti-mannan antibodies, and Candida species-specific snPCR in patients with candidemia. BMC Infect Dis 2007 7 : 103.
38. Mancini N, Clerici D, Diotti R et al. Molecular diagnosis of sepsis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. J Med Microbiol 2008 57 : 601 4.
39. Pontón J, Quindós G, Arilla MC, Mackenzie DW. Simplified adsorption method for detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tubes. J Clin Microbiol 1994 32 : 217 9.
40. Moragues MD, Ortiz N, Iruretagoyena JR et al. Evaluation of a new commercial test (Candida albicans IFA IgG) for the serodiagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004 22 : 83 88.
41. Quindós G, Moragues MD, Pontón J. Is there a role for antibody testing in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis? Rev Iberoam Micol 2004 21 : 10 14. (Pubitemid 39061973)
42. Zaragoza R, Pemán J, Ramirez P et al. Clinical and Management Utility of Candida Germ Tube Antibody Detection in Critically Ill Patients. Preliminary data. 46 th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy :
43. Sendid B, Tabouret M, Poirot JL, Mathieu D, Fruit J, Poulain D. New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1999 37 : 1510 7.
44. Prella M, Bille J, Pugnale M et al. Early diagnosis of invasive candidiasis with mannan antigenemia and antimannan antibodies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005 51 : 95 101.
45. Pazos C, Pontón J, del Palacio A. Contribution of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannan. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 299 305.
46. Buchheidt D, Hummel M, Schleiermacher D et al. Prospective clinical evaluation of a LightCycler-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay, a nested-PCR assay and a galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients. Br J Haematol 2004 125 : 196 202.
47. Millon L, Piarroux R, Deconinck E et al. Use of real-time PCR to process the first galactomannan-positive serum sample in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 5097 101.
48. Florent M, Katsahian S, Vekhoff A et al. Prospective evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA targeted to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect Dis 2006 193 : 741 7.
49. Pazos C, Moragues MD, Quindós G, Pontón J, del Palacio A. Diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan and anti-Candida albicans germ tube antibodies for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic adult patients. Rev Iberoam Micol 2006 23 : 209 15.
50. Pontón J, del Palacio A. Advances and limitations in the early diagnosis of invasive yeast infections. Rev Iberoam Micol 2007 24 : 181 6.
51. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994 220 : 751 8.
52. Alvarez-Lerma F, Palomar M, León C, Olaechea P, Cerda E, Bermejo B. Colonización yo infección fúngica en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Estudio multicéntrico de 1.562 pacientes. Med Clin (Barc) 2003 121 : 161 6.
53. Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM et al. Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2001 33 : 177 86.
54. Ibanez-Nolla J, Nolla-Salas M, León MA et al. Early diagnosis of candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. J Infect 2004 48 : 181 92.
55. Garnacho-Montero J, León C, Almirante B et al. Recomendaciones terapéuticas para infecciones fúngicas en el paciente crítico no neutropénico. Conferencia de consenso. Conclusiones. Med Intensiva 2005 29 (Suppl. 3 43 52.
56. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 26 : 271 6.
57. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P et al. A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006 34 : 730 7.
58. Ruiz-Santana S, Castro C, Saavedra P et al. Cava Study Group. The Cava Project: (1,3) - D-Glucan and Candida Score in Discriminating between Colonization and Invasive Candidiasis Non-Neutropenic Critically Ill Patients.
59. Meyer MH, Letscher-Bru V, Jaulhac B, Waller J, Candolfi E. Comparison of Mycosis ICF and plus AerobicF media for diagnosis of fungemia by the bactec 9240 system. J Clin Microbiol 2004 42 : 773 7.
60. Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A et al. Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis 2006 6 : 21.
61. Comert F, Kulah C, Aktas E, Eroglu O, Ozlu N. Identification of Candida species isolated from patients in intensive care unit and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole for a 3-year period. Mycoses 2007 50 : 52 57.
62. Guery BP, Arendrup MC, Auzinger G et al. Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part II. Treatment. Intensive Care Med 2009 35 : 206 214.
63. Pemán J, Canton E, Gobernado M. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood: results of a 2-year multicentre study in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005 24 : 23 30.
64. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L et al. Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin: analysis and proposal for interpretive MIC breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol 2008 46 : 2620 9.
65. Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J et al. Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008 177 : 27 34.