메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 340-349

Craving and physiological reactivity to trauma and alcohol cues in posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence

Author keywords

Alcohol abuse; Comorbidity; Cue reactivity; Emotion; Imagery; Posttraumatic stress disorder

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EFFECT SIZE; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGERY; MALE; MEMORY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SALIVATION; SELF REPORT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 77955781855     PISSN: 10641297     EISSN: 19362293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019790     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association, Author, Washington, DC
    • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed., text revision.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  • 2
    • 31344453014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine dependence and PTSD: A pilot study of symptom interplay and treatment preferences
    • Back S.E., Brady K.T., Jaanimägi U., Jackson J.L. Cocaine dependence and PTSD: A pilot study of symptom interplay and treatment preferences. Addictive Behaviors 2006, 31:351-354.
    • (2006) Addictive Behaviors , vol.31 , pp. 351-354
    • Back, S.E.1    Brady, K.T.2    Jaanimägi, U.3    Jackson, J.L.4
  • 3
    • 0742306157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement
    • Baker T.B., Piper M.E., McCarthy D.E., Majeskie M.R., Fiore M.C. Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review 2004, 111:33-51.
    • (2004) Psychological Review , vol.111 , pp. 33-51
    • Baker, T.B.1    Piper, M.E.2    McCarthy, D.E.3    Majeskie, M.R.4    Fiore, M.C.5
  • 6
    • 4944255259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health service use 1 year after the World Trade Center disaster: Implications for mental health care
    • Boscarino J.A., Adams R.E., Figley C.R. Mental health service use 1 year after the World Trade Center disaster: Implications for mental health care. General Hospital Psychiatry 2004, 26:346-358.
    • (2004) General Hospital Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 346-358
    • Boscarino, J.A.1    Adams, R.E.2    Figley, C.R.3
  • 7
    • 0029892607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse relapse among women: A pilot study
    • Brown P.J., Stout R.L., Mueller T. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse relapse among women: A pilot study. Psychology of Addictive Behavior 1996, 10:124-128.
    • (1996) Psychology of Addictive Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 124-128
    • Brown, P.J.1    Stout, R.L.2    Mueller, T.3
  • 8
    • 0032980195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity: Addiction and psychiatric treatment rates
    • Brown P.J., Stout R.L., Mueller T. Substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity: Addiction and psychiatric treatment rates. Psychology of Addictive Behavior 1999, 13:115-122.
    • (1999) Psychology of Addictive Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 115-122
    • Brown, P.J.1    Stout, R.L.2    Mueller, T.3
  • 9
    • 0031687188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: Testing causal pathways
    • Chilcoat H.D., Breslau N. Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: Testing causal pathways. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:913-917.
    • (1998) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 913-917
    • Chilcoat, H.D.1    Breslau, N.2
  • 11
    • 0036146757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma and substance cue reactivity in individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine or alcohol dependence
    • Coffey S.F., Saladin M.E., Drobes D.J., Brady K.T., Dansky B.S., Kilpatrick D.G. Trauma and substance cue reactivity in individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine or alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2002, 65:115-127.
    • (2002) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.65 , pp. 115-127
    • Coffey, S.F.1    Saladin, M.E.2    Drobes, D.J.3    Brady, K.T.4    Dansky, B.S.5    Kilpatrick, D.G.6
  • 12
    • 0032794418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential urge and salivary responsivity to alcohol cues in alcohol dependent patients: A comparison of traditional and stringent classification approaches
    • Coffey S.F., Saladin M.E., Libet J., Drobes D.J., Dansky B.S. Differential urge and salivary responsivity to alcohol cues in alcohol dependent patients: A comparison of traditional and stringent classification approaches. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999, 7:464-472.
    • (1999) Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , vol.7 , pp. 464-472
    • Coffey, S.F.1    Saladin, M.E.2    Libet, J.3    Drobes, D.J.4    Dansky, B.S.5
  • 13
    • 16644365356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure therapy for substance abusers with PTSD: Translating research to practice
    • Coffey S.F., Schumacher J.A., Brimo M.L., Brady K.T. Exposure therapy for substance abusers with PTSD: Translating research to practice. Behavior Modification 2005, 29:10-38.
    • (2005) Behavior Modification , vol.29 , pp. 10-38
    • Coffey, S.F.1    Schumacher, J.A.2    Brimo, M.L.3    Brady, K.T.4
  • 14
    • 33845753440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma-focused imaginal exposure with comorbid PTSD- alcohol dependent individuals: Revealing mechanisms of alcohol craving in a cue reactivity paradigm
    • Coffey S.F., Stasiewicz P.R., Hughes P., Brimo M.L. Trauma-focused imaginal exposure with comorbid PTSD- alcohol dependent individuals: Revealing mechanisms of alcohol craving in a cue reactivity paradigm. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2006, 20:425-435.
    • (2006) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.20 , pp. 425-435
    • Coffey, S.F.1    Stasiewicz, P.R.2    Hughes, P.3    Brimo, M.L.4
  • 15
    • 0347390703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies exploring functional relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder
    • American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, P. Ouimette, P.J. Brown (Eds.)
    • Conrod P.J., Stewart S.H. Experimental studies exploring functional relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. PTSD and substance use disorder comorbidity 2003, 57-72. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. P. Ouimette, P.J. Brown (Eds.).
    • (2003) PTSD and substance use disorder comorbidity , pp. 57-72
    • Conrod, P.J.1    Stewart, S.H.2
  • 16
    • 0342460644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men
    • Cooney N.L., Litt M.D., Morse P.A., Bauer L.O., Gaupp L. Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men. Journal of Abnormal Behavior 1997, 106:243-250.
    • (1997) Journal of Abnormal Behavior , vol.106 , pp. 243-250
    • Cooney, N.L.1    Litt, M.D.2    Morse, P.A.3    Bauer, L.O.4    Gaupp, L.5
  • 17
    • 0142138152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised
    • Creamer M., Bell R., Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2003, 41:1489-1496.
    • (2003) Behaviour Research & Therapy , vol.41 , pp. 1489-1496
    • Creamer, M.1    Bell, R.2    Failla, S.3
  • 18
    • 0028968586 scopus 로고
    • The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders
    • Drake R.E., McHugo G.J., Biesanz J.C. The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1995, 56:161-167.
    • (1995) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.56 , pp. 161-167
    • Drake, R.E.1    McHugo, G.J.2    Biesanz, J.C.3
  • 19
    • 34547145165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences
    • Faul F., Erdfelder E., Lang A.-G., Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 2007, 39:175-191.
    • (2007) Behavior Research Methods , vol.39 , pp. 175-191
    • Faul, F.1    Erdfelder, E.2    Lang, A.-G.3    Buchner, A.4
  • 21
    • 0026689611 scopus 로고
    • Depressed affect as a predictor of increased desire for alcohol in current drinkers of alcohol
    • Greeley J., Swift W., Heather N. Depressed affect as a predictor of increased desire for alcohol in current drinkers of alcohol. British Journal of Addiction 1992, 87:1005-1012.
    • (1992) British Journal of Addiction , vol.87 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Greeley, J.1    Swift, W.2    Heather, N.3
  • 22
    • 73949122652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do treatment improvements in PTSD severity affect substance use outcomes? A secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial in NIDA's Clinical Trials Network
    • Hien D.A., Jiang H., Campbell A.N.C., Hu M.-C., Miele G.M., Cohen L.R., et al. Do treatment improvements in PTSD severity affect substance use outcomes? A secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial in NIDA's Clinical Trials Network. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 167:95-101.
    • (2010) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.167 , pp. 95-101
    • Hien, D.A.1    Jiang, H.2    Campbell, A.N.C.3    Hu, M.-C.4    Miele, G.M.5    Cohen, L.R.6
  • 23
    • 43249110152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol with low saliva flow in a sample of south-Brazilians aged 50 years and older
    • Hugo F.N., Hilgert J.B., Corso S., Padilha D.M., Bozzetti M.C., Bandeira D.R., et al. Association of chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol with low saliva flow in a sample of south-Brazilians aged 50 years and older. Gerodontology 2008, 25:18-25.
    • (2008) Gerodontology , vol.25 , pp. 18-25
    • Hugo, F.N.1    Hilgert, J.B.2    Corso, S.3    Padilha, D.M.4    Bozzetti, M.C.5    Bandeira, D.R.6
  • 26
    • 0346129740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section II. Marlatt's taxonomy of high-risk situations for relapse: Replication and extension
    • the Relapse Research Group
    • Lowman C., Allen J., Stout R.L. Section II. Marlatt's taxonomy of high-risk situations for relapse: Replication and extension. Addiction 1996, 91:S51-S71. the Relapse Research Group.
    • (1996) Addiction , vol.91
    • Lowman, C.1    Allen, J.2    Stout, R.L.3
  • 27
    • 77955828795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2008, June). Drug cravings following trauma cue exposure among crack/cocaine-dependent patients with and without PTSD. In J. Roache & X. Liu (Chairs), Extinction/reinstatement: On again, off again. Symposium presented at the 70th annual conference for the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
    • McDermott, M. J., Tull, M. T., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008, June). Drug cravings following trauma cue exposure among crack/cocaine-dependent patients with and without PTSD. In J. Roache & X. Liu (Chairs), Extinction/reinstatement: On again, off again. Symposium presented at the 70th annual conference for the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
    • McDermott, M.J.1    Tull, M.T.2    Lejuez, C.W.3
  • 30
    • 0032981702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-year posttreatment functioning and coping of substance abuse patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Ouimette P.C., Finney J.W., Moos R.H. Two-year posttreatment functioning and coping of substance abuse patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 1999, 13:105-114.
    • (1999) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.13 , pp. 105-114
    • Ouimette, P.C.1    Finney, J.W.2    Moos, R.H.3
  • 31
    • 0020608424 scopus 로고
    • Reactivity to alcohol cues in alcoholics and nonalcoholics: Implications for a stimulus control analysis of drinking
    • Pomerleau O., Fertig J., Baker L., Cooney N. Reactivity to alcohol cues in alcoholics and nonalcoholics: Implications for a stimulus control analysis of drinking. Addictive Behaviors 1983, 8:1-10.
    • (1983) Addictive Behaviors , vol.8 , pp. 1-10
    • Pomerleau, O.1    Fertig, J.2    Baker, L.3    Cooney, N.4
  • 34
    • 4644229986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome
    • Read J.P., Brown P.J., Kahler C.W. Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome. Addictive Behaviors 2004, 29:1665-1672.
    • (2004) Addictive Behaviors , vol.29 , pp. 1665-1672
    • Read, J.P.1    Brown, P.J.2    Kahler, C.W.3
  • 35
    • 0037557383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric review of National Women's Study (NWS) Event History-PTSD Module
    • Sidran Press, Lutherville, MD, B.H. Stamm (Ed.)
    • Resnick H. Psychometric review of National Women's Study (NWS) Event History-PTSD Module. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation 1996, 214-217. Sidran Press, Lutherville, MD. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
    • (1996) Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation , pp. 214-217
    • Resnick, H.1
  • 39
    • 33750452730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychosocial stress induced increase in salivary alpha-amylase is independent of saliva flow rate
    • Rohleder N., Wolf J.M., Maldonado E.F., Kirschbaum C. The psychosocial stress induced increase in salivary alpha-amylase is independent of saliva flow rate. Psychophysiology 2006, 43:645-652.
    • (2006) Psychophysiology , vol.43 , pp. 645-652
    • Rohleder, N.1    Wolf, J.M.2    Maldonado, E.F.3    Kirschbaum, C.4
  • 41
    • 0025225310 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic validity of the MAST and Alcohol Dependence Scale in the assessment of DSM-III alcohol disorders
    • Ross H.E., Gavin D.R., Skinner H.A. Diagnostic validity of the MAST and Alcohol Dependence Scale in the assessment of DSM-III alcohol disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1990, 51:506-513.
    • (1990) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.51 , pp. 506-513
    • Ross, H.E.1    Gavin, D.R.2    Skinner, H.A.3
  • 44
    • 0027154845 scopus 로고
    • Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Screening Test (AUDIT). WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. II
    • Saunders J.B., Aasland O.G., Babor T.F., de la Fuente J.R., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Screening Test (AUDIT). WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. II. Addiction 1993, 88:791-804.
    • (1993) Addiction , vol.88 , pp. 791-804
    • Saunders, J.B.1    Aasland, O.G.2    Babor, T.F.3    de la Fuente, J.R.4    Grant, M.5
  • 45
    • 0032421570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10
    • Sheehan D.V., Lecrubier V., Sheehan K.H., Amorim P., Janavs J., Weiller E., et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998, 59:22-33.
    • (1998) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 22-33
    • Sheehan, D.V.1    Lecrubier, V.2    Sheehan, K.H.3    Amorim, P.4    Janavs, J.5    Weiller, E.6
  • 46
    • 0030753736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability
    • Sheehan D.V., Lecrubier V., Sheehan K.H., Janavs J., Weiller E., Keskiner A., et al. The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry 1997, 12:232-241.
    • (1997) European Psychiatry , vol.12 , pp. 232-241
    • Sheehan, D.V.1    Lecrubier, V.2    Sheehan, K.H.3    Janavs, J.4    Weiller, E.5    Keskiner, A.6
  • 47
    • 0000914908 scopus 로고
    • Classical conditioning, drug tolerance, and drug dependence
    • Plenum Press, New York, R.G. Smart, F.B. Glaser, Y. Israel, H. Kalant, R.E. Popham, W. Schmidt (Eds.)
    • Siegel S. Classical conditioning, drug tolerance, and drug dependence. Research advances in alcohol and drug problems 1983, 207-246. Plenum Press, New York. R.G. Smart, F.B. Glaser, Y. Israel, H. Kalant, R.E. Popham, W. Schmidt (Eds.).
    • (1983) Research advances in alcohol and drug problems , pp. 207-246
    • Siegel, S.1
  • 49
    • 11144245277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective reactions to alcohol cue exposure: A qualitative analysis of patients' self-reports
    • Smith-Hoerter K., Stasiewicz P.R., Bradizza C.M. Subjective reactions to alcohol cue exposure: A qualitative analysis of patients' self-reports. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004, 18:402-406.
    • (2004) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.18 , pp. 402-406
    • Smith-Hoerter, K.1    Stasiewicz, P.R.2    Bradizza, C.M.3
  • 50
    • 0002138047 scopus 로고
    • Addiction: An opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The affective dynamics of addiction
    • Henry Holt, Co, New York, J.D. Maser, M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.)
    • Solomon R.L. Addiction: An opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The affective dynamics of addiction. Psychopathology: Experimental models. A series of books in psychology 1977, 66-103. Henry Holt, Co, New York. J.D. Maser, M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.).
    • (1977) Psychopathology: Experimental models. A series of books in psychology , pp. 66-103
    • Solomon, R.L.1
  • 52
    • 0027860488 scopus 로고
    • Two-factor avoidance theory: The role of negative affect in the maintenance of substance use and substance use disorder
    • Stasiewicz P.R., Maisto S.A. Two-factor avoidance theory: The role of negative affect in the maintenance of substance use and substance use disorder. Behavior Therapy 1993, 24:337-356.
    • (1993) Behavior Therapy , vol.24 , pp. 337-356
    • Stasiewicz, P.R.1    Maisto, S.A.2
  • 53
    • 0021412983 scopus 로고
    • Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in self-administration of opiates and stimulants
    • Stewart J., de Wit H., Eikelboom R. Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review 1984, 91:251-268.
    • (1984) Psychological Review , vol.91 , pp. 251-268
    • Stewart, J.1    de Wit, H.2    Eikelboom, R.3
  • 54
    • 0346760398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial models of functional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder
    • American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, P. Crosby-Ouimette, P. Brown (Eds.)
    • Stewart S.H., Conrod P.J. Psychosocial models of functional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. PTSD and substance use disorder comorbidity 2003, 29-56. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. P. Crosby-Ouimette, P. Brown (Eds.).
    • (2003) PTSD and substance use disorder comorbidity , pp. 29-56
    • Stewart, S.H.1    Conrod, P.J.2
  • 55
    • 0031681337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional associations among trauma, PTSD and substance-related disorders
    • Stewart S.H., Pihl R.O., Conrod P.J., Dongier M. Functional associations among trauma, PTSD and substance-related disorders. Addictive Behaviors 1998, 23:797-812.
    • (1998) Addictive Behaviors , vol.23 , pp. 797-812
    • Stewart, S.H.1    Pihl, R.O.2    Conrod, P.J.3    Dongier, M.4
  • 56
    • 0025412207 scopus 로고
    • A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes
    • Tiffany S.T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review 1990, 97:147-168.
    • (1990) Psychological Review , vol.97 , pp. 147-168
    • Tiffany, S.T.1
  • 57
    • 77955778981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2009, November). The effect of trauma-cue exposure on drug-related attentional bias among crack/cocaine users with PTSD. In R. C. Smith (Chair), Treatment of comorbid PTSD and stimulant use disorders: Focus on functional relations and maintaining mechanisms. Symposium presented at the 43rd annual meeting
    • Tull, M. T., McDermott, M. J., Gratz, K. L., Coffey, S. F., & Lejuez, C. W. (2009, November). The effect of trauma-cue exposure on drug-related attentional bias among crack/cocaine users with PTSD. In R. C. Smith (Chair), Treatment of comorbid PTSD and stimulant use disorders: Focus on functional relations and maintaining mechanisms. Symposium presented at the 43rd annual meeting of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York.
    • Tull, M.T.1    McDermott, M.J.2    Gratz, K.L.3    Coffey, S.F.4    Lejuez, C.W.5
  • 59
    • 77955830028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
    • Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
    • Weathers, F.1    Litz, B.2    Herman, D.3    Huska, J.4    Keane, T.5
  • 60
    • 0001294190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Event Scale-Revised
    • Guilford Press, New York, J.P. Wilson, T.M. Keane (Eds.)
    • Weiss D.S., Marmar C.R. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD 1997, 399-411. Guilford Press, New York. J.P. Wilson, T.M. Keane (Eds.).
    • (1997) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD , pp. 399-411
    • Weiss, D.S.1    Marmar, C.R.2
  • 61
    • 0001880913 scopus 로고
    • Conditioning factors in opiate addiction and relapse
    • McGraw-Hill, New York, D.I. Wilner, G.C. Kassenbaum (Eds.)
    • Wikler A. Conditioning factors in opiate addiction and relapse. Narcotics 1965, 85-100. McGraw-Hill, New York. D.I. Wilner, G.C. Kassenbaum (Eds.).
    • (1965) Narcotics , pp. 85-100
    • Wikler, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.