Decline of planted lodgepole pine in the southern interior of British Columbia

Forestry Chronicle

Volumn 86, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 484-497

  Mather, W Jean ^a   Simard, Suzanne W ^b   Heineman, Jean L ^c   Sachs, Donald L ^d  

^a Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c J Heineman Forestry Consulting   (Canada)

^d Forest Research Consultant   (Canada)

Author keywords

Damage; Disease; Forest health; Free growing; Lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; Stocking

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DISEASES; REFORESTATION; SOIL MOISTURE;

DAMAGE; FOREST HEALTH; LODGEPOLE PINE; PINUS CONTORTA; STOCKING;

FORESTRY;

BIOTIC FACTOR; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONIFEROUS TREE; FOREST HEALTH; JUVENILE; PLANTATION FORESTRY; POPULATION DENSITY; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; REFORESTATION; REGENERATION; RUST DISEASE; SOIL MOISTURE;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA;

EID: 77955632586     PISSN: 00157546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5558/tfc86484-4     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Allen, C.D. et al. 2010. A global overview of drought and heatinduced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 660-684.
2. Bella, I.E. 1985.Western gall rust and insect leader damage in relation to tree size in young lodgepole pine in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15: 1008-1010.
3. Bella, I.E. and S. Navratil. 1988. Western gall rust dynamics and impact in young lodgepole pine stands in west-central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 1437-1442.
4. Blenis, P.V. 2000. Post-spacing mortality of lodgepole pine from Armillaria root disease. The Forestry Chronicle 76: 753-757.
5. Blenis, P.V. and I. Duncan. 1997. Management implications of western gall rust in precommercially thinned lodgepole pine stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 603-608.
6. [BCMF] British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 2000. Establishment to free-growing guidebook: Kamloops Forest Region, Revised edition, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC. Forest Practices Code of BC Guidebook, Version 2.2.
7. -. 2002. Stocking and free growing survey procedures manual. BC Ministry of Forests, Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC. Avail able at http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/360736/ surveysprocmanual3.pdf.
8. [BCMFR] British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range. 2002-2009. Annual reports. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, BC. Available at http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/mof/ annualreports.htm.
9. Brockley, R.P. and E. Elmes. 1987. Barking damage by red squirrels in juvenile-spaced lodgepole pine stands in south-central British Columbia. The Forestry Chronicle 63: 28-31.
10. Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America, Vol.1. USDA Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook 654.
11. Cardinale, B.J., D.S. Srivastava, J.E. Duffy, J.P. Wright, A.L. Downing, M. Sankaran and C. Jouseau. 2006. Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature 443: 989-992.
12. Chapin III, F.S., J.T. Randerson, A.D. McGuire, J.A. Foley and C.B. Field. 2008. Changing feedbacks in the climate-biosphere system. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6: 313-320.
13. Claveau, Y., C. Messier, P.G. Comeau and K.D. Coates. 2002. Growth and crown morphological responses of boreal conifer seedlings and saplings with contrasting shade tolerance to a gradient of light and height. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 458-468.
14. Cruickshank, M.G., D.J. Morrison and Z.K. Punja. 1997. Incidence of Armillaria species in precommercial thinning stumps and spread of Armillaria ostoyae to adjacent Douglas-fir trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 481-490.
15. Cerezke, H.F. 1994. Warren root collar weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Canada: ecology, behaviour, damage relationships, and management. Canadian Entomologist 126: 1383-1442.
16. Folke, C., S. Carpenter, B. Walker, M. Scheffer, T. Elmqvist, L. Gunderson and C.S. Holling. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 557-581.
17. Forest Practices Board. 2003. Reforesting BC's public land - An evaluation of free-growing success. Special Report No. 16.
18. Gaudie, J.E. 2000. The implications of thinning and pruning on the incidence of pests in a lodgepole pine plantation in the interior of British Columbia. M.Sc. Thesis. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.
19. Hamann, A. and T. Wang. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology 87: 2773-2786.
20. Heineman, J.L., D.L. Sachs, W.J. Mather and S.W. Simard. 2010. Investigating the influence of climatic, site, location, and treatment factors on damage to young lodgepole pine in southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 1109-1127.
21. Henigman, J., T. Ebata, E. Allen, J. Westfall and A. Pollard. 2001. Field guide to forest damage in British Columbia. Forestry Canada and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. Joint Publication 17.
22. Humphreys, N. and van Sickle, G.A. 1992. Surveys of forest health in young stands in British Columbia. Canadian Forestry Service and British Columbia Ministry of Forests. FRDA Report 190.
23. Kelty, M.J. 2006. The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry. Forest Ecology and Management 233: 195-204.
24. Klinka K, J. Worrall, L. Skoda and P. Varga. 2000. The distribution and synopsis of ecological and silvical characteristics of tree species of British Columbia's forests. Canadian Cartographics Ltd., Burnaby, BC. 180 p.
25. Kobe, R.K. and K.D. Coates. 1997.Models of sapling mortality as a function of growth to characterize interspecific variation in shade tolerance of eight tree species of northwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 227-236.
26. Kurz, W.A., C.C. Dymond, G. Stinson, G.J. Rampley, E.T. Neilson, A.L. Carroll, T. Ebata and L. Safranyik. 2008. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature 452: 987-990.
27. Lieffers, V.J., K.J. Stadt and Z. Feng, Z. 2007. Free-to-grow regeneration standards are poorly linked to growth of spruce in boreal mixedwoods. The Forestry Chronicle 83: 818-824.
28. Lloyd, D., K. Angove, G. Hope and C. Thompson. 1990. A guide to site identification and interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. Land Management Handbook No. 23. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
29. Lorimer, C.G. 1981. Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 689-695.
30. Maclauchlan, L.E. and J.H. Borden. 1996. Spatial dynamics and impacts of Pissodes terminalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in regenerating stands of lodgepole pine. Forest Ecology and Management 82: 103-113.
31. Manion, P.D. 1991. Tree Disease Concepts. 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, N.J. 402 p.
32. Meidinger, D. and Pojar, J. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
33. MacKenzie, W. and D. Meidinger. 2006. The ecology of the Alpine zones. Brochure 83. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, BC.
34. Mitchell, K.J. 1975. Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir. Forest Science Monograph 17.
35. Mitchell, K.J., S.E. Grout, R.N. McDonald and C.A. Watmough. 1992.User's Guide for TIPSY: A Table Interpolation for Stand Yields. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
36. Nevill, R.J., J.H. Borden and H. Merler. 1989. Reduced volume, grade, and value of lodgepole pine lumber caused by Atropellis canker and stalactiform blister rust. The Forestry Chronicle 65: 36-41.
37. Perry, D.A., R. Oren and S.C. Hart. 2008. Forest Ecosystems. 2nd Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 606 p.
38. Powell, J.M. and Y. Hiratsuka. 1973. Serious damage caused by stalactiform blister rust and western gall rust to a lodgepole pine plantation in central Alberta. Canadian Plant Diseases Survey 53: 67-71.
39. Ransome, D.B., P.M.F. Lindgren, D.S. Sullivan and T.P. Sullivan. 2004. Long-term responses of ecosystem components to stand thinning in young lodgepole pine forest: I. Population dynamics of northern flying squirrels and red squirrels. Forest Ecology and Management 202: 355-367.
40. Robert, J.A. and B.S. Lindgren. 2006. Relationships between root form and growth, stability, and mortality in planted versus naturally regenerated lodgepole pine in north-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 2642-2653.
41. Safranyik, L., R. Nevill and D. Morrison. 1998. Effects of stand density management on forest insects and diseases. Technical Transfer Note No. 12. Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, BC.
42. SAS Institute, Inc. 2002-2003. SAS 9.1.3.
43. Cary, NC. Schaberg, P.G., D.H. DeHayes, G.J. Hawley and S.E. Nijensohn. 2008.Anthropogenic alterations of genetic diversity within tree populations: Implications for forest ecosystem resilience. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 855-862.
44. Scherer-Lorenzen, M, C. Körner and E.-D. Schulze. 2005. Forest Diversity and Function: Temperate and Boreal Systems. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Ecological Studies 157. 400 p.
45. Simard, S.W., S.M. Hagerman, D.L. Sachs, J.L. Heineman and W.J. Mather. 2005. Conifer growth, Armillaria ostoyae root disease and plant diversity responses to broadleaf competition reduction in temperate mixed forests of southern interior British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 843-859.
46. Simard, S.W. and A. Vyse. 2006. Trade-offs between competition and facilitation: A case study of vegetation management in the interior cedar-hemlock forests of southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 2486-2496.
47. Sullivan, T.P., J.A. Krebs and P.K. Diggle. 1994. Prediction of stand susceptibility to feeding damage by red squirrels in young lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 14-20.
48. Sullivan, T.P. and D.S. Sullivan. 1982. Barking damage by snowshoe hares and red squirrels in lodgepole pine stands in central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 443-448.
49. Sullivan, T.P., D.S. Sullivan, P.M.F. Lindgren, P.M.F. and J.O. Boateng. 2002. Influence of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity of plant and mammal communities in young lodgepole pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 170: 173-187.
50. Sullivan, T.P. and A. Vyse. 1987. Impact of red squirrel feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 666-674.
51. Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300-1302.
52. van der Kamp, B.J. 1994. Lodgepole pine stem diseases and management of stem density in the British Columbia interior. The Forestry Chronicle 70: 773-779.
53. van der Kamp, B. and M. Spence. 1987. Stem diseases of lodgepole pine in the British Columbia interior following juvenile spacing. The Forestry Chronicle 63: 334-339.
54. Vyse, A., C. Ferguson, D.J. Huggard, J. Roach and B. Zimonick. 2009. Regeneration beneath lodgepole pine dominated stands attacked or threatened by the mountain pine beetle in the south central Interior, British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management 258: S36-S43.
55. Wang, T., A. Hamann, D.L. Spittlehouse and S.N. Aitken. 2006. Development of scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management. International Journal of Climatology 26: 383-397.
56. Woods, A., K.D. Coates and A. Hamann. 2005. Is an unprecedented Dothistroma needle blight epidemic related to climate change? BioScience 55: 761-769.
57. Woods, A.J., A. Nussbaum and B. Golding. 2000. Predicted impacts of hard pine stem rusts on lodgepole pine dominated stands in central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 30: 476-481.
58. Wu, H.X, C.C. Ying and H.B. Ju. 2005. Predicting site productivity and pest hazard in lodgepole pine using biogeoclimatic system and geographic variables in British Columbia. Annals of Forest Science 62: 31-42.