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An example of such a potential is that of an instantaneously switched-on constant force f (t): for t < 0, there is no potential energy, while for t > 0 a potential energy - f 0 x arises. For instance, this can be thought as the energy of a very small bare electric charge placed in the inside of charged capacitor plates, with plates orthogonal to the x axis. The charging of the capacitors happens almost instantly at t = 0, and we assume that the plates were grounded at t < 0. In fact, the external work done by the force, described by the equation above, corresponds to the work done by the batteries in order to initially charge the capacitors up to a fixed voltage (part of that work shifts the particles potential energy and the remaining is used to create the electric field between the plates), producing a constant force upon the particle. It has the effect of shifting the initial potential energy of the charged particle by an amount - f 0 x 0, where x 0 is the initial position of the charged particle (if we include the batteries within the system, then the potential energy they provide is taken to be internal). That external work is then given by consistent with references. The important point to be consistent with is that the external work is the one changing the energy landscape for the phase-space point. In contrast, if we keep the batteries as an external agent for all t, then the total external work is given by (x, t) = - f (t) xi - f 0 Θ (t) x. W ext, 0 = - f 0 x 0 = - t 1 < 0 t 2 > 0 d t f 0 Θ (t) x t, W ext = - f 0 (x t 2 - x 0) + W ext, 0 = - f 0 x t 2. The definition of what is the internal Hamiltonian, and what is external, is crucial as to which Work Fluctuation relation can be derived.
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