Observations of turbulence beneath sea ice in southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Ocean Science

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 435-445

  Stevens, C L ^a   Robinson, N J ^a,b   Williams, M J M ^a   Haskell, T G ^c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^c CALLAGHAN INNOVATION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAROCLINIC MOTION; BUOYANCY; DEEP WATER; DIFFUSIVITY; DISSIPATION; ICE CRYSTAL; ICE SHELF; ISOTROPY; SEA ICE; SUPERCOOLING; TURBULENCE; VERTICAL MIXING; WATER COLUMN;

ANTARCTICA; EAST ANTARCTICA; MCMURDO SOUND;

EID: 77955585201     PISSN: 18120784     EISSN: 18120792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/os-5-435-2009     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Albrecht, N., Vennell, R., Williams, M., Stevens, C., Langhorne, P., Leonard, G., and Haskell, T.: Observation of sub-inertial internal tides in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24606, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027377, 2006. (Pubitemid 47277800)
2. Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G., and Long, M.: Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO2 sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21602, doi:10.1029/2008GL035624, 2008.
3. Dempsey, D., Langhorne, P. J., Robinson, N. J., Williams, M. W. M., Haskell, T. G., and Frew, R.: Observation and modeling of platelet ice fabric in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to appear, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/ 2008JC005264, in press, 2009.
4. Dillon, T. M.: Vertical Overturns: A Comparison of Thorpe and Ozmidov Length Scales, J. Geophys. Res., 87(C12), 9601-9613, 1982.
5. Fer, I. and Widell, K.: Early spring turbulent mixing in an icecovered Arctic fjord during transition to melting, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 1980-1999, 2007. (Pubitemid 47239206)
6. Galbraith, P. S. and Kelley, D. E.: Identifying overturns in CTD profiles, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 13, 688-702, 1996. (Pubitemid 126535401)
7. Goring, D. G. and Pyne, A.: Observations of sea-level variability in Ross Sea, Antarctica, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 37, 241-249, 2003. (Pubitemid 37261536)
8. Hellmer, H. H.: Impact of Antarctic ice shelf melting on sea ice and deep ocean properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10307, doi:10.1029/2004GL019506, 2004. (Pubitemid 39102719)
9. Holland, P. R., Feltham, D. R., and Jenkins, A.: Ice Shelf Water plume flow beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05044, doi:10.1029/2006JC003915, 2007.
10. Imberger, J. and Boashash, B.: Application of theWigner-Ville distribution to temperature gradientmicrostructure: a new technique to study small-scale variations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1997-2012, 1986.
11. Imberger, J. and Ivey, G. N.: On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part II: Observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 659-675, 1991.
12. Jacobs, S. S., Huppert, H. E., Holdsworth, G., and Drewry, D. J.: Thermohaline steps induced by melting of the Erebus Glacier Tongue, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6547-6555, 1981.
13. Jacobs, S., Hellmer, H. H., and Jenkins, A.: Antarctic ice sheet melting in the Southeast Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 957-960, 1996.
14. Keeler, R. N., Bondur, V. G., and Gibson, C. H.: Optical satellite imagery detection of internal wave effects from a submerged turbulent outfall in the stratified ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12610, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL022390, 2005. (Pubitemid 41398456)
15. Leonard, G. H., Purdie, C. R., Langhorne, P. J., Haskell, T. G., Williams, M. J. M., and Frew, R. D.: Observations of platelet ice growth and oceanographic conditions during the winter of 2003 in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C04012, doi:10.1029/2005JC002952, 2006. (Pubitemid 43870864)
16. Lueck, R.: Horizontal and vertical turbulence profilers, in: Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations and Models, edited by: Baumert, H. Z., Simpson, J. H., and Sundermann, J., Cambridge Univ. Press, 89-100, 2005.
17. Macoun, P. and Lueck, R. G.: Modelling the spatial response of the air-foil shear probe using different sized probes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 284-297, 2004.
18. McGuiness, M. J., Williams, M. J. M., Langhorne, P. J., Purdie, C., and Crook, J.: Frazil deposition under growing sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C07014, doi:10.1029/2007JC004414, 2009.
19. McPhee, M. G.: Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5365-5379, 1992.
20. McPhee, M. G.: Turbulent stress at the ice/ocean interface and bottom surface hydraulic roughness during the SHEBA drift, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8037, doi:10.1029/2000JC000633, 2002.
21. McPhee, M. G.: A spectral technique for estimating turbulent stress, scalar flux magnitude, and eddy viscosity in the ocean boundary layer under pack ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2180-2188, 2004. (Pubitemid 39520053)
22. McPhee, M. G.: Air-ice-ocean-interaction: Turbulent Ocean Boundary Layer Exchange Processes, Springer, 215 pp., 2008.
23. McPhee, M. G. and Morison, J. H.: Turbulence and diffusion: Under-ice boundary layer, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Academic Press, London, 3071-3078, 2001.
24. McPhee, M. G. and Stanton, T. P.: Turbulence in the statically unstable oceanic boundary layer under Arctic leads, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C3), 6409-6428, 1996.
25. Mitchell, W. M. and Bye, J. A. T.: Observations in the boundary layer under the sea ice in McMurdo Sound, in: Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, edited by: Jacobs, S. S., Antarctic Research Series, 63, 167-176, 1985.
26. Morison, J. H., Andersen, R. H., Larsen, N., D'Asaro, E. A., and Boyd, T.: The correction for thermal inertia effects in Sea-Bird CTD data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 11, 1151-1164, 1994.
27. Muench, R., Padman, L., Gordon, A., and Orsi, A.: A dense water outflow from the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Mixing and the contribution of tides, J. Mar. Sys., 77, 369-387, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.003, 2009.
28. Osborn, T.: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89, 1980.
29. Payne, A. J., Holland, P. R., Shepherd, A. P., Rutt, I. C., Jenkins, A., and Joughin, I.: Numerical modeling of ocean-ice interactions under Pine Island Bay's ice shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C10019, doi:10.1029/2006JC003733, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285681)
30. Pease, C. H., Salo, S. A., and Overland, J. E.: Drag measurements for first-year sea ice over a shallow sea, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2853-2862, 1983.
31. Prandke, H.: Microstructure sensors, in: Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations and Models, edited by: Baumert, H. Z., Simpson, J. H., and Sundermann, J., Cambridge Univ. Press, 101-109, 2005.
32. Rainville, L., Winsor, P.: Mixing across the Arctic Ocean: Microstructure observations during the Beringia 2005 Expedition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08606, doi:10.1029/2008GL033532, 2008.
33. Robertson, R. A., Padman, L., and Levine, M. D.: Finestructure, microstructure, and vertical mixing processes in the western Weddell Sea, J. Geophys Res., 100, 18517-18535, 1995.
34. Robinson, N. J., Williams, M. J. W., Barrett, P. J., and Pyne, A. R.: Observations of flow and ice-ocean interactions beneath the Mc-Murdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., accepted, 2009.
35. Roget, E., Lozovatsky, I., Sanchez, X., and Figueroa, M.: Microstructure measurements in natural waters: Methodology and applications, Prog. Oceanogr., 70, 126-148, 2006. (Pubitemid 44301379)
36. Shaw, W. J., Stanton, T. P., McPhee, M. G., Morison, J. H., and Martinson, D. G.: Role of the upper ocean in the energy budget of Arctic sea ice during SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C06012, doi:10.1029/2008JC004991, 2009.
37. Shih, L. H., Koseff, J. R., Ivey, G. N., and Ferziger, J. H.: Parameterization of turbulent fluxes and scales using homogeneous sheared stably stratified turbulence simulations, J. Fluid Mech., 525, 193-214, 2005. (Pubitemid 40345603)
38. Smedsrud, L. H. and Jenkins, A.: Frazil ice formation in an ice shelf water plume, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03025, doi:10.1029/2003JC001851, 2004.
39. Stacey, M. T., Monismith, S. G., and Burau, J. R.: Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1950-1970, 1999. (Pubitemid 30059538)
40. Stacey, M. T., Burau, J. R., and Monismith, S. G.: Creation of residual flows in a partially stratified estuary. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17013-17037, 2001.
41. Stevens, C.: Turbulence in an Estuarine Embayment: Observations fromBeatrix Bay, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C2), 3030, doi:10.1029/2001JC001221, 2003.
42. Stevens, C. L. and Smith, M. J.: Temperature microstructure beneath surface gravity waves, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 21, 1747-1757, 2004. (Pubitemid 39594406)
43. Stevens, C. L., Williams, M. J. M, Robinson, N. J., Albrecht, N., and Haskell, T. G.: Observations of the Stratified Turbulent Boundary-layer and Platelet Ice Beneath McMurdo Sound Sea Ice, Proc. Sixth International Symposium on Stratified Flows, edited by: Ivey, G. N., Perth, Australia, 2006.
44. St. Laurent, L.: Turbulent dissipation on the margins of the South China Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23615, doi:10.1029/2008GL035520, 2008.
45. Stroeve, J., Holland, M. M., Meier, W., Scambos, T., and Serreze, M.: Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09501, doi:10.1029/2007GL029703, 2007. (Pubitemid 47008153)
46. Svensson, U. and Omstedt, A.: Simulation of supercooling and size distribution in frazil ice dynamics, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 22, 221-233, 1994.
47. Tennekes, H. and Lumley, J. L.: A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press, 300 pp., 1972.
48. Wesson, J. C. and Gregg, M. C.: Mixing at Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9847-9878, 1994. (Pubitemid 24430996)
49. Williams, M. J. M., Grosfeld, K., Warner, R. C., Gerdes, R., and Determann, J.: Ocean circulation and ice-ocean interaction beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22383-22399, 2001.
50. Zaron, E. D. and Egbert, G. D.: Estimating open-ocean barotropic tidal dissipation: The Hawaiian Ridge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1019-1035, 2006. (Pubitemid 44209811)