Charging children with child pornography-Using the legal system to handle the problem of "sexting"

Computer Law and Security Review

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 251-259

  Zhang, Xiaolu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LUCERNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Child pornography; Criminal law; Privacy; Sexting; Telecommunications

Indexed keywords

CHILD PORNOGRAPHY; LEGAL SYSTEM; THIRD PARTIES;

PHOTOGRAPHY; TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT;

LAW ENFORCEMENT;

EID: 77955579667     PISSN: 02673649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clsr.2010.03.005     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. The National CampaigntoPrevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy: Sex and Tech, Results from a Survey of Teens and Young Adults 1 (Dec. 2008), http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/sextech/PDF/SexTech-Summary.pdf.
2. See footnote 1.
3. Mike Celizic, Her Teen Committed Suicide over Sexting (Mar. 6, 2009), http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29546030/.
4. Sexting Absolutely Mortified Me (Aug. 4, 2009), http://news.bbc. co.uk/newsbeat/hi/technology/newsid-8181000/8181751.stm.
5. A.H. v. State of Florida, 949 So. 2d 234 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007).
6. Fla. Stat. Ann. x827.071(3) (2007).
7. See footnote 6.
8. A.H., at 235.
9. A.H., at 236.
10. Art. I, §23, Fla. Const. (added Nov. 4, 1980).
11. See Bernie v. State, 524 So. 2d 988 (Fla. 1988).
12. John Sanchez, Constitutional Privacy in Florida: Between the Idea and the Reality Falls the Shadow, 18 Nova L. Rev. 775, 777 (1994).
13. A.H., at 237.
14. Four Navy Seals and Jane Doe v. Associated Press, 413 F. Supp. 2d 1136 (S.D. Cal. 2005).
15. http://www.smugmug.com.
16. Four Navy Seals, at 1145.
17. See footnote 13.
18. See, e.g., Christine Schiavo, Trooper Posted Nude Photos of Ex-wife Online, Affidavit Says (Apr. 1, 2006);
19. Associated Press, Woman Sues over Nude Shots on Web (May 28, 2005), available at http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002291643- yahoo28m.html
20. In which a woman sues Yahoo! for failing to take down nude photos of herself that her boyfriend has uploaded without her permission.
21. See also Beth Hale, Jilted Boyfriend Sent Nude Pictures of Nurse Ex-girlfriend to Everyone in Her E-mail Address Book (Aug. 6, 2008), available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1042096/Jilted-boyfriend-sent-nude- pictures-nurse-ex-girlfriend-email-address-book.html.
22. A.H., at 238.
23. A.H., at 238-9.
24. A.H., at 239.
25. Black's Law Dictionary 660 (9th ed. 2009).
26. Black's Law Dictionary 660 (9th ed. 2009), at 1498-9.
27. See footnote 9. 25 Marcia Hoffman, Arguing for Suppression of "Hash" Evidence, Champion, May 2009, at 20.
28. United States v. Heckencamp, 482 F.3d 1142 (9th Cir. 2007).
29. United States v. Heckencamp, 482 F.3d 1142 (9th Cir. 2007), at 1146.
30. See, e.g., United States v. Lifshitz, 369 F.3d 173 (2d. Cir. 2004).
31. State v. A.R.S., 684 So. 2d 1383 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996).
32. U.S.C. x14071 (1996).
33. U.S.C. x16901 (2006).
34. Fla. Stat. Ann. x985.4815(3) (West 2007).
35. Fla. Stat. Ann x985.4815(4)e(5)(West 2007).
36. Florida Sexual Offenders and Predators, http://offender.fdle. state.fl.us/. 42 U.S.C. 16915(a)(2)(1996).
37. No Easy Answers: Sex Offender Laws in the United States, Human Rights Watch Report, Volume 19, No. 4(G) (September 2007), available at http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0907webwcover.pdf.
38. Miller v. Skumanick, 605 F. Supp. 2d 634, 638 (M.D. Pa. 2009).
39. The girls were in opaque bras, talking on the phone and making the peace sign.
40. Miller, at 643.
41. Miller, at 647.
42. Miller, quoting Gruenke v. Seip, 225 F.3d 290, 303 (3d Cir. 2000).
43. Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc., 547 U. S. 47, 61 (2006)
44. The Supreme Court has long held that the First Amendment's freedom of speech guarantee "prohibits the government from telling people what they must say."
45. Miller, at 646.
46. New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 749 n.2 (1982).
47. See John A. Humbach, "Sexting" and the First Amendment, Pace Law Faculty Publications. Paper 596 (2009)
48. "[T]he existence of the exclusion effectively reverses the presumption of uncon-stitutionality that would normally apply to content-based regu lations of speech.")
49. 495 U.S. 103 (1990).
50. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S.234 (2002).
51. See, generally, Richard Bernstein, Must the Children be Sacrificed: The Tension between Emerging Imaging Technology, Free Speech and Protecting Children, 31 Rutgers Computer & Tech. L.J. 406, 422 (2004)
52. Noting that visual media that does not implicate the interests of real children are excluded from the law.
53. See, e.g., Groenke v. Seip, 225 F.3d 290 (3d Cir. 2000)
54. and Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923).
55. A parent has a right to decide what is required and what means should be used to impose appropriate control over the child.
56. These cases are often about corporal punishment.
57. See, generally, State v. Singleton, 705 P.2d 825 (Div. 1 1985).
58. Norman Redlich et al., Understanding Constitutional Law, x8. 05 (3d ed. 2005).
59. See, e.g., Grand Jury Proceedings of John Doe v. U.S., 842 F.2d 244, 248 (10th Cir. 1988).
60. Martha Irvine, Porn Charges for "Sexting" Stir Debate (Feb. 4, 2009), available at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29017808/.
61. George Brennan, Youths Called to "Sexting" Hearing (Feb. 13, 2009), available at http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/ 20090213/NEWS/902130335.
62. Sexting Girls Facing Porn Charge Sue DA. (Mar. 27, 2009), available at http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/03/27/earlyshow/main4896577.shtml.
63. Ewa Roman, Student Sexting Investigation (Oct. 7, 2009), available at http://www.whptv.com/news/local/story/Student-Sexting-Investigation/ iUfmsg4fxEibEEQWrXl89g.cspx.
64. National Public Radio, 'Megan's Law' Mom Criticizes 'Sexting' Charges (March 26, 2009).
65. H.B. 132, 128th Gen. Assemb. (Oh. 2009).
66. United Press International, Lawyer wants Federal Sexting Law (April 1, 2009), available at http://www.upi.com/Top-News/2009/04/01/Lawyer-wants-federal- sexting-law/UPI-79331238644351/.