Statistical modelling and optimization of hydrolysis of urea to generate ammonia for flue gas conditioning

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 182, Issue 1-3, 2010, Pages 603-610

  Mahalik, K ^a,b   Sahu, J N ^a,c   Patwardhan, Anand V ^d   Meikap, B C ^a,e  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b GIET UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^d INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^e UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Ammonia; Factorial design; Flue gas; Hydrolysis; Suspended particulate matter; Urea

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGNS; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DESIGN-EXPERT; DEVELOPED MODEL; EQUILIBRIUM CONVERSION; FACTORIAL DESIGN; FEED CONCENTRATION; FLUE GAS CONDITIONING; FULL FACTORIAL; INITIAL CONCENTRATION; PRODUCTION CONDITION; QUADRATIC MODELS; REACTION TEMPERATURE; REACTION VARIABLES; STATISTICAL MODELLING; STIRRING SPEED; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATERIAL; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTERS; THERMAL POWER PLANTS;

AMMONIA; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BATCH REACTORS; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS; ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATORS; FLUE GASES; FLUES; FLY ASH; HYDROLYSIS; METABOLISM; OPTIMIZATION; SOFTWARE DESIGN; SPEED; STRUCTURAL DESIGN; THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS; UREA;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE;

AMMONIA; COAL; UREA;

AMMONIA; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BIOREACTOR; COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FLY ASH; HYDROLYSIS; OPTIMIZATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; UREA;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BATCH REACTOR; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; ELECTRIC POWER PLANT; FACTORIAL DESIGN; FLUE GAS; FLY ASH; HYDROLYSIS; PRECIPITATION; STATIC ELECTRICITY; STATISTICAL MODEL; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER; TEMPERATURE; VELOCITY;

AMMONIA; GASES; HYDROLYSIS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; TEMPERATURE; UREA;

EID: 77955578520     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.075     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Shantakumar S., Singh D.N., Phadke R.C. Flue gas conditioning for reducing suspended particulate matter from thermal power stations. Prog. Energy Comb. Sci. 2008, 34:685-695.
2. Shantakumar S., Singh D.N., Phadke R.C. Influence of flue gas conditioning on fly ash characteristics. Fuel 2008, 87:3216-3222.
3. Sengupta I. Regulation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Indian coal-based thermal power plants: a static approach. Energy Econ. 2007, 29:479-502.
4. Katz J. The Art of Electrostatic Precipitators 1979, Precipitator Technology, Inc., Munhall, Pennsylvania, PA.
5. Chang J.S., Thompson H., Looy P.C., Berezin A.A., Zukeran A., Ito T., Jayaram S., Cross J.D. Control of trace elements in combustion flue gas by a corona discharge activated conditioning agents and electrostatic precipitators. Sixth International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation 1996, 2-7.
6. Singh D.N., Kolay P.K. Simulation of ash-water interaction and its influence on ash characteristics. Prog. Energy Comb. Sci. 2002, 28:267-299.
7. Dismukes E.B. Conditioning of fly ash with ammonia. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1975, 25(2):152-615.
8. Shale C.C. Ammonia injection: a route to clean stack. Pollution Control and Energy Needs, Advances in Chemistry Series 1973, vol. 127. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 196-205.
9. Jaworek A., Krupa A., Czech T. Modern electrostatic devices and methods for exhaust gas cleaning: a brief review. J. Electrostat. 2007, 65:133-155.
10. Harker J.H., Pimparkar P.M. The effect of additives on the electrostatic precipitation of fly ash. J. Inst. Energy 1988, 61(8):134-142.
11. McLean K.J. Electrostatic precipitators. Inst. Electr. Eng. Rev. 1988, 135(6):347-361.
12. Reese J.T., Greco J. Experience with electrostatic fly ash collection equipment serving steam-electric generating plants. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1968, 18(8):523-528.
13. Crynack R.R. FACT: a non traditional fly ash conditioning technology. Sixth International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation 1996, 394-399.
14. Castle G.S.P. Mechanisms involved in fly ash precipitation in the presence of conditioning agents-a review. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1980, 16(2):297-302.
15. Dalmon J., Tidy D. A comparison of chemical additives as aids to the electrostatic precipitation of fly ash. Atmos. Environ. 1972, 6:721-734.
16. Baxter W.A. Recent electrostatic precipitator experience with ammonia conditioning of power boiler flue gases. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1968, 18(12):817-820.
17. Heck R.M. Catalytic abatement of nitrogen oxides-stationary applications. Catal. Today 1999, 53:519-523.
18. x control. Catal. Today 1996, 29:109-115.
19. Forzatti P. Environmental catalysis for stationary applications. Catal. Today 2000, 62:51-65.
20. 2 on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over Fe-ZSM5. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2006, 67(3-4):187-196.
21. x with ammonia on gallium-exchanged ferrierites. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2005, 282(1-2):267-272.
22. x by ammonia over oxide catalysts: a review. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 1998, 18(1-2):1-36.
23. Ken-Ichi Aika T., Kakegawa On-site ammonia synthesis in De---NOx process. Catal. Today 1991, 10(1):73-80.
24. 2 on selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia. Chemosphere 2007, 67(4):718-723.
25. 3 gas injection: effects of temperature and moisture content. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33:1231-1236.
26. Shale C.C., Simpson D.G., Lewis P.S. Removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from stack gases by ammonia. Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser. 1971, 67(115):52-57.
27. x. Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 2004, 4:89-104.
28. Dismukes E.B. Trace element control in electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters. Fuel Process. Technol. 1994, 39:403-416.
29. 2A™) Systems: Operation and Process Chemistry, Presented at the 2003 Mega Symposium 2003.
30. 2A™ Urea-to-Ammonia " State of the Technology" , Presented at the 2001 Mega Symposium 2001.
31. Rahimpur M.R. A non-ideal rate-based model for industrial urea thermal hydrolyser. Chem. Eng. Process. 2004, 43:1299-1307.
32. x reduction. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48:727-734.
33. Sahu J.N., Mahalik K.K., Patwardhan A.V., Meikap B.C. Studies on the equilibrium and kinetic studies of hydrolysis of urea for ammonia generation in a semi-batch reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47:4689-4696.
34. Sahu J.N., Patwardhan A.V., Meikap B.C. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of in-situ generation of ammonia from urea in a batch reactor for flue gas conditioning of thermal power plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48:2705-2712.
35. Sahu J.N., Patwardhan A.V., Meikap B.C. In-situ catalytic synthesis of ammonia from urea in a semi-batch reactor for safe utilization in thermal power plant, Asia-Pacific. J. Chem. Eng. 2010, 5:533-543.
36. Sahu J.N., Mahalik K.K., Patwardhan A.V., Meikap B.C. Equilibrium studies on hydrolysis of urea in a semi-batch reactor for production of ammonia to reduce hazardous pollutants from flue gas. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 164:659-664.
37. Mahalik K., Sahu J.N., Patwardhan A.V., Meikap B.C. Kinetic studies on hydrolysis of urea in a semi-batch reactor at atmospheric pressure for safe use of ammonia in a power plant for flue gas conditioning. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 175:629-637.
38. D.G. Jones, Method for converting urea to ammonia, US Patent, No. US5,827,490, 1998.
39. T.V. Harpe, R. Pachaly, J.E. Holfmann, Process for the in-line hydrolysis of urea, US Patent, No. US5,240,688, 1993.
40. L. Hofmann, K. Rusch, Process for converting urea into ammonia, US Patent, No. US6,471,927B2, 2002.
41. H.W. Spencer, H.J. Peters, Method for controlling the production of ammonia from urea for NOx scrubbing, US Patent, No. US6,436,359B1, 2002.
42. E. Jacob, E. Stiermann, Device and method for producing ammonia from solid urea, US Patent, Application no. 2006/0045835A1, 2006.
43. B. Brooks, W.A. Jessup, B.W. Macarthur, Method of quantitatively producing ammonia from urea, US Patent, No. US6,887,449B2, 2005.
44. Alam M.Z., Muyibi S.A., Toramae J. Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches. J. Environ. Sci. 2007, 19:674-677.
45. Montgomery D.C. Design and Analysis of Experiments 2001, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 5th ed.
46. Sahu J.N., Acharya J., Meikap B.C. Response surface modeling and optimization of chromium(VI) removal from aqueous solution using Tamarind wood activated carbon in batch process. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 172:818-825.
47. Gunaraj V., Murugan N. Application of response surface methodologies for predicting weld base quality in submerged arc welding of pipes. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1999, 88:266-275.
48. Claudel B., Brousse E., Shehadeh G. Novel thermodynamic and kinetic investigation of ammonium carbamate decomposition into urea. Thermochim. Acta 1986, 102:357-371.
49. Isla A.M., Irazoqui A.H., Genoud M.C. Simulation of a urea synthesis reactor. Part 1. Thermodynamic framework. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32:2662-2670.
50. Myers R.H. Response Surface Methodology 1971, Allyn and Bacon, New York.
51. Napier-Munn T.J. The Central Composite Rotatable Design JKMRC 2000, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
52. Sen R.K. Response surface optimization of the critical media components for the production of surfactin. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1997, 68:263-270.
53. Box G.E.P., Hunter J.S. Multi-factor experimental design for exploring response surfaces. Ann. Math. Stat. 1957, 28:195-241.
54. k-p fractional factorial designs, parts I and II. J. Technometr. 1961, 3:311-458.
55. Box G.E.P., Hunter W.G. Statistics for Experiments: An Introduction to Design. Data Analysis and Model Building 1987, Wiley Interscience.
56. Myers R.H., Montgomery D.C. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization using Designed Experiments 2002, John Wiley and Sons, USA. 2nd ed.