메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 2470-2494

Use of generics-a critical cost containment measure for all healthcare professionals in europe?

(17)  Godman, Brian a,b,c   Shrank, William d   Wettermark, Bjorn c   Andersen, Morten c   Bishop, Iain e   Burkhardt, Thomas f   Garuolienè, Kristina g,h   Kalaba, Marija i   Laius, Ott j   Joppi, Roberta a,k   Sermet, Catherine l   Schwabe, Ulrich m   Teixeira, Inês n   Tulunay, F Cankat o   Wendykowska, Kamila p   Zara, Corinne q   Gustafsson, Lars L c  


Author keywords

Cost containment; Generic drugs; Generic substitution; Pricing

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BENAZEPRIL; CAPTOPRIL; CILAZAPRIL; ENALAPRIL; FOSINOPRIL; GENERIC DRUG; GLIBENCLAMIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LISINOPRIL; METFORMIN; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; RISPERIDONE; SIMVASTATIN;

EID: 77955576790     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14248247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ph3082470     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (75)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 70349199889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Portuguese generic medicines market: A policy analysis
    • Simoens, S. The Portuguese generic medicines market: A policy analysis. Pharm. Pract. 2009, 7, 74-80.
    • (2009) Pharm. Pract , vol.7 , pp. 74-80
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 2
    • 72449127131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing competitive and sustainable Polish generic medicines market
    • Simoens, S. Developing competitive and sustainable Polish generic medicines market. Croat. Med. J. 2008, 50, 440-448.
    • (2008) Croat. Med. J , vol.50 , pp. 440-448
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 3
    • 79952440125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vogler, S., Morak, S., Eds.; Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, Geschäftsbereich Österreichisches Bundesinstitut für Gesund-heitswesen/Austrian Health Institute (GÖG/ÖBIG): Vienna, Austria, Available online, (accessed on 2 March 2010)
    • Teixeira, I.; Vieira, I. Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information Portugal; Vogler, S., Morak, S., Eds.; Gesundheit Österreich GmbH, Geschäftsbereich Österreichisches Bundesinstitut für Gesund-heitswesen/Austrian Health Institute (GÖG/ÖBIG): Vienna, Austria, 2008; Available online: http://ppri.oebig.at/Downloads/Results/Portugal_PPRI_2008.pdf/ (accessed on 2 March 2010).
    • (2008) Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information Portugal
    • Teixeira, I.1    Vieira, I.2
  • 4
    • 74249104458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ongoing pharmaceutical reforms in France; considerations for other countries and implications for key stakeholder groups in France
    • Sermet, C.; Andrieu, V.; Godman, B.; Van Ganse, E.; Haycox, A.; Reynier, J.P. Ongoing pharmaceutical reforms in France; considerations for other countries and implications for key stakeholder groups in France. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 2010, 8, 7-24.
    • (2010) Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy , vol.8 , pp. 7-24
    • Sermet, C.1    Andrieu, V.2    Godman, B.3    van Ganse, E.4    Haycox, A.5    Reynier, J.P.6
  • 5
    • 45749157159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent national and regional drug reforms in Sweden-Implications for pharmaceutical companies in Europe
    • Wettermark, B.; Godman, B.; Andersson, K.; Gustafsson, L.L.; Haycox, A.; Bertele, V. Recent national and regional drug reforms in Sweden-Implications for pharmaceutical companies in Europe. Pharmacoeconomics 2008, 26, 537-550.
    • (2008) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.26 , pp. 537-550
    • Wettermark, B.1    Godman, B.2    Andersson, K.3    Gustafsson, L.L.4    Haycox, A.5    Bertele, V.6
  • 7
    • 34250731184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Customers' and physicians' opinions of experiences with generic substitution during the first year in Finland
    • Heikkilä, R.; Mäntyselkä, P.; Hartikainen-Herranen, K.; Ahonen, R. Customers' and physicians' opinions of experiences with generic substitution during the first year in Finland. Health Policy 2007, 82, 366-374.
    • (2007) Health Policy , vol.82 , pp. 366-374
    • Heikkilä, R.1    Mäntyselkä, P.2    Hartikainen-Herranen, K.3    Ahonen, R.4
  • 8
    • 77950940743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physician and patient characteristics associated with prescriptions and cost of drugs in the Lazio region of Italy
    • Orzella, L.; Chini, F.; Rossi, P.; Borgia, P. Physician and patient characteristics associated with prescriptions and cost of drugs in the Lazio region of Italy. Health Policy 2010, 95, 236-244.
    • (2010) Health Policy , vol.95 , pp. 236-244
    • Orzella, L.1    Chini, F.2    Rossi, P.3    Borgia, P.4
  • 10
    • 38749115784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prices and distribution margins of in-patent drugs in pharmacy: A comparison in seven European countries
    • Garattini, L.; Motterlini, N.; Cornago, D. Prices and distribution margins of in-patent drugs in pharmacy: A comparison in seven European countries. Health Policy 2008, 85, 305-313.
    • (2008) Health Policy , vol.85 , pp. 305-313
    • Garattini, L.1    Motterlini, N.2    Cornago, D.3
  • 13
    • 0037076037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of reference pricing for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors
    • Schneeweiss, S.; Walker, A.; Glynn, R.; Maclure, M.; Dortmuth, C.; Soumerai, S. Outcomes of reference pricing for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. NEJM 2002, 346, 822-829.
    • (2002) NEJM , vol.346 , pp. 822-829
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Walker, A.2    Glynn, R.3    Maclure, M.4    Dortmuth, C.5    Soumerai, S.6
  • 14
    • 3142708770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net Health Plan Savings From Reference Pricing for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Elderly British Columbia Residents
    • Schneeweiss, S.; Dortmuth, C.; Grootendorst, P.; Soumerai, S.; Maclure, M. Net Health Plan Savings From Reference Pricing for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Elderly British Columbia Residents. Med. Care 2004, 42, 653-660.
    • (2004) Med. Care , vol.42 , pp. 653-660
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Dortmuth, C.2    Grootendorst, P.3    Soumerai, S.4    Maclure, M.5
  • 15
    • 58149522302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medicine prices, availability and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: A secondary analysis
    • Cameron, A.; Ewen, M.; Ross-Degnan, D.; Ball, D.; Laing, R. Medicine prices, availability and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: A secondary analysis. Lancet 2009, 273, 240-249.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.273 , pp. 240-249
    • Cameron, A.1    Ewen, M.2    Ross-Degnan, D.3    Ball, D.4    Laing, R.5
  • 16
    • 42949109259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic medicine pricing in Europe: Current issues and future perspective Jpn
    • Simoens, S. Generic medicine pricing in Europe: Current issues and future perspective Jpn. Med. Econom. 2008, 11, 171-175.
    • (2008) Med. Econom , vol.11 , pp. 171-175
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 17
    • 67749096909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic medicines from a societal perspective: Savings for health care systems
    • Seeley, E.; Kanavos, P. Generic medicines from a societal perspective: Savings for health care systems. Eurohealth 2008, 14, 18-22.
    • (2008) Eurohealth , vol.14 , pp. 18-22
    • Seeley, E.1    Kanavos, P.2
  • 18
    • 73549095747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximising the benefits from generic competition
    • Seeley, E. Maximising the benefits from generic competition. Euro. Observ. 2008, 10, 8-11.
    • (2008) Euro. Observ , vol.10 , pp. 8-11
    • Seeley, E.1
  • 19
    • 49449090812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in generic prescribing and dispensing in Europe
    • Simoens, S. Trends in generic prescribing and dispensing in Europe. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2008, 1, 497-503.
    • (2008) Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 497-503
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 20
    • 36348988465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International comparison of generic medicine prices
    • Simoens, S. International comparison of generic medicine prices. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2007, 23, 2647-2654.
    • (2007) Curr. Med. Res. Opin , vol.23 , pp. 2647-2654
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 21
    • 69149092389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing lay beliefs about generic medicines: Development of the generic medicines scale
    • Figueiras, M.; Alves, N.; Marcelino, D.; Cortes M.; Weinman J.; Horne, R. Assessing lay beliefs about generic medicines: Development of the generic medicines scale. Psychol. Health Med. 2009, 14, 311-321.
    • (2009) Psychol. Health Med , vol.14 , pp. 311-321
    • Figueiras, M.1    Alves, N.2    Marcelino, D.3    Cortes, M.4    Weinman, J.5    Horne, R.6
  • 22
    • 77949936751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seisure outcomes following the use of generic vs. brand-name antiepileptic drugs. A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kesselheim, A.; Stedman, M.; Bubrick, E.; Gagne, J.; Misono, A.; Lee, J.; Brookhardt, A.; Avron, J.; Shrank, W. Seisure outcomes following the use of generic vs. brand-name antiepileptic drugs. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs 2010, 70,605-621
    • (2010) Drugs , vol.70 , pp. 605-621
    • Kesselheim, A.1    Stedman, M.2    Bubrick, E.3    Gagne, J.4    Misono, A.5    Lee, J.6    Brookhardt, A.7    Avron, J.8    Shrank, W.9
  • 23
    • 77950937059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey exploring knowledge and perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of generic medicines in the northern state of Malaysia
    • Chua, G.; Hassali, M.; Shafie, A.; Awaisu, A. A survey exploring knowledge and perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of generic medicines in the northern state of Malaysia. Health Policy 2010, 95, 229-325
    • (2010) Health Policy , vol.95 , pp. 229-325
    • Chua, G.1    Hassali, M.2    Shafie, A.3    Awaisu, A.4
  • 24
    • 77955588476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, Reference EU Commission report. 8 July 2009. Available online, (accessed on 30 May 2010)
    • European Commission. Communication from the Commission-Executive Summary of the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Report. Reference EU Commission report. 8 July 2009. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/communication_en.pdf/ (accessed on 30 May 2010).
    • Communication From the Commission-Executive Summary of The Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Report
  • 25
    • 77953722299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controversy over generic substitution
    • Ferner, R.; Lenney, W.; Marriott, J. Controversy over generic substitution. BMJ 2010, 340, 1341-1343.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. 1341-1343
    • Ferner, R.1    Lenney, W.2    Marriott, J.3
  • 26
    • 77955581591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Price falls are following a familiar pattern, Available online, (Accessed on 24 June 2010)
    • Price falls are following a familiar pattern. Generics Bull. 2010. Available online: http://www.- wavedata.co.uk/btn/generics%20bulletin/0000-60%20Price%20falls%20are%20following-%20a%20familiar%20pattern%2028%20May%202010.pdf/ (Accessed on 24 June 2010).
    • (2010) Generics Bull
  • 27
    • 77950896280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiatives to enhance the efficiency of statin and proton pump inhibitor prescribing in the UK: Impact and implications
    • McGinn, D.; Godman, B.; Lonsdale, J.; Way, R.; Wettermark, B.; Haycox, A. Initiatives to enhance the efficiency of statin and proton pump inhibitor prescribing in the UK: Impact and implications. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 2010, 10, 73-85.
    • (2010) Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res , vol.10 , pp. 73-85
    • McGinn, D.1    Godman, B.2    Lonsdale, J.3    Way, R.4    Wettermark, B.5    Haycox, A.6
  • 28
    • 67749120863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of recent reforms in Germany to enhance the quality and efficiency of prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors and lipid-lowering drugs
    • Godman, B.; Schwabe, U.; Selke, G.; Wettermark, B. Update of recent reforms in Germany to enhance the quality and efficiency of prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors and lipid-lowering drugs. Pharmacoeconomics 2009, 27, 1-4.
    • (2009) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.27 , pp. 1-4
    • Godman, B.1    Schwabe, U.2    Selke, G.3    Wettermark, B.4
  • 29
    • 38349070425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Having your cake and eating it: Office of Fair Trading proposal for funding new drugs to benefit patients and innovative companies
    • Godman, B.; Haycox, A.; Schwabe, U.; Joppi, R.; Garattini, S. Having your cake and eating it: Office of Fair Trading proposal for funding new drugs to benefit patients and innovative companies. Pharmacoeconomics 2008, 26, 91-98.
    • (2008) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.26 , pp. 91-98
    • Godman, B.1    Haycox, A.2    Schwabe, U.3    Joppi, R.4    Garattini, S.5
  • 30
    • 33846885207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The European generic pharmaceutical market in review: 2006 and beyond
    • Perry, G. The European generic pharmaceutical market in review: 2006 and beyond. Jpn. Gener. Med. 2006, 4, 4-14.
    • (2006) Jpn. Gener. Med , vol.4 , pp. 4-14
    • Perry, G.1
  • 31
    • 52549118405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People's views on the level of agreement of generic medicines for different illneses
    • Figueiras, M.; Marcelion, D.; Cortes, M. People's views on the level of agreement of generic medicines for different illneses. Pharm. World Sci. 2008, 30, 590-594.
    • (2008) Pharm. World Sci , vol.30 , pp. 590-594
    • Figueiras, M.1    Marcelion, D.2    Cortes, M.3
  • 32
    • 77449124451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indonesian doctors are told to prescribe more generic drugs to reduce escalating health costs
    • Bland, B. Indonesian doctors are told to prescribe more generic drugs to reduce escalating health costs. BMJ 2010, 340, c349.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340
    • Bland, B.1
  • 33
    • 68649109853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interchangeability of off-patent medicines: A pharmacoeconomic perspective
    • Simoens, S. Interchangeability of off-patent medicines: A pharmacoeconomic perspective. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 2008, 8, 519-521.
    • (2008) Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res , vol.8 , pp. 519-521
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 35
    • 34347375751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing generic drug us in Medicare Part D
    • Kohl, H.; Shrank, W. Increasing generic drug us in Medicare Part D: The role of government. JAGS 2007, 55, 1108-1109.
    • (2007) The Role of Government. JAGS , vol.55 , pp. 1108-1109
    • Kohl, H.1    Shrank, W.2
  • 36
    • 77955566487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of reforms to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin prescribing across 20 European countries, Edinburgh, Scotland, July
    • Godman, B.; Wettermark, B. Impact of reforms to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin prescribing across 20 European countries. In The 9th Congress of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Edinburgh, Scotland, 12-15 July 2009; pp. 65-69.
    • (2009) The 9th Congress of The European Association For Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.12-15 , pp. 65-69
    • Godman, B.1    Wettermark, B.2
  • 39
    • 47949122892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tier 4 drugs and the fraying of the social compact
    • Lee, T.; Emanuel, E. Tier 4 drugs and the fraying of the social compact. NEJM 2008, 359, 333-335.
    • (2008) NEJM , vol.359 , pp. 333-335
    • Lee, T.1    Emanuel, E.2
  • 41
    • 61849090795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a relationship between patient beliefs or communication about generic drugs and medication utilization?
    • Med. C
    • Shrank, W.; Cadarette, S.; Cox, E.; Fischer, M.; Metha, J.; Brookhardt, A.; Avron, J.; Choudry, N. Is there a relationship between patient beliefs or communication about generic drugs and medication utilization? Med. Care 2009, 47, 1-7.
    • (2009) Are , vol.47 , pp. 1-7
    • Shrank, W.1    Cadarette, S.2    Cox, E.3    Fischer, M.4    Metha, J.5    Brookhardt, A.6    Avron, J.7    Choudry, N.8
  • 42
    • 67749131863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic policies: Rhetoric vs. reality
    • Kanavos, P. Generic policies: Rhetoric vs. reality. Euro. Observ. 2008, 10, 1-6.
    • (2008) Euro. Observ , vol.10 , pp. 1-6
    • Kanavos, P.1
  • 43
    • 33845331688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients' attitudes towards and experiences of generic drug substitution in Norway
    • Kjoenniksen, I.; Lindbaek, M.; Grannas, A. Patients' attitudes towards and experiences of generic drug substitution in Norway. Pharm. World Sci. 2006, 28, 284-289.
    • (2006) Pharm. World Sci , vol.28 , pp. 284-289
    • Kjoenniksen, I.1    Lindbaek, M.2    Grannas, A.3
  • 45
    • 77949770605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic drugs: Protest group was not quite what it seemed
    • Generic drugs: Protest group was not quite what it seemed. BMJ 2010, 340, c1514.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340
  • 46
    • 57549093120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease-A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kesselheim, A.; Misoni, A.; Lee, J.; Stedman, M.; Brookhardt, M.; Choudry, N.; Shrank, W. Clinical equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease-A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300, 2514-2526.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , pp. 2514-2526
    • Kesselheim, A.1    Misoni, A.2    Lee, J.3    Stedman, M.4    Brookhardt, M.5    Choudry, N.6    Shrank, W.7
  • 47
    • 0035161425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case reports of the reemergence of psychotic symptoms after conversion from brand-name clozapine to a generic formulation
    • Mofsen, R.; Balter, J. Case reports of the reemergence of psychotic symptoms after conversion from brand-name clozapine to a generic formulation. Clin. Ther. 2001, 23, 1720-1731.
    • (2001) Clin. Ther , vol.23 , pp. 1720-1731
    • Mofsen, R.1    Balter, J.2
  • 48
    • 33646841503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing psychosis in a patient switched from Clozaril to generic clozapine
    • Alvarez, C.A.; Mascarenas, C.; Timmerman, I. Increasing psychosis in a patient switched from Clozaril to generic clozapine. Am. J. Psychiat. 2006, 163, 746.
    • (2006) Am. J. Psychiat , vol.163 , pp. 746
    • Alvarez, C.A.1    Mascarenas, C.2    Timmerman, I.3
  • 50
    • 33747153580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of an interchangeability switch in patients treated with clozapine: A retrospective review
    • Alessi-Severini, S.; Honcharik, PL.; Simpson, K.D.; Eleff, M.K.; Collins, D.M. Evaluation of an interchangeability switch in patients treated with clozapine: A retrospective review. J. Clin. Psychiat. 2006, 67, 1047-1054.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Psychiat , vol.67 , pp. 1047-1054
    • Alessi-Severini, S.1    Honcharik, P.L.2    Simpson, K.D.3    Eleff, M.K.4    Collins, D.M.5
  • 51
    • 33747152859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic clozapine: Outcomes after switching
    • Paton, C. Generic clozapine: Outcomes after switching. Br. J. Psychiat. 2006, 89, 184-185.
    • (2006) Br. J. Psychiat , vol.89 , pp. 184-185
    • Paton, C.1
  • 52
    • 9444231807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic clozapine in schizophrenia: What is all the fuss about?
    • Bazire, S.; Burton, V. Generic clozapine in schizophrenia: What is all the fuss about? Pharm. J. 2004, 173, 720-721.
    • (2004) Pharm. J , vol.173 , pp. 720-721
    • Bazire, S.1    Burton, V.2
  • 54
    • 39749092420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balancing Big Pharma's books
    • Jack, A. Balancing Big Pharma's books. BMJ 2008, 336, 418-419.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.336 , pp. 418-419
    • Jack, A.1
  • 56
    • 77954266357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organisation (WHO), WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, Oslo, Norway, (accessed on 15 January 2010)
    • World Health Organisation (WHO). Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2009. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, Oslo, Norway, 2009; www.whocc.no/ (accessed on 15 January 2010).
    • (2009) Guidelines For ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2009
  • 57
    • 77955575937 scopus 로고
    • Studies in Drug Utilization-Methods and Applications; Bergman, U., Gimsson, A., Wahba, A., Westerholm, B., Eds., Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Studies in Drug Utilization-Methods and Applications; Bergman, U., Gimsson, A., Wahba, A., Westerholm, B., Eds.; World Health Organization Regional Publications: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1979.
    • (1979) World Health Organization Regional Publications
  • 58
    • 0004305791 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland
    • World Health Organization. The Selection of Essential Drugs; Technical Report Series No. 615; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1977.
    • (1977) The Selection of Essential Drugs; Technical Report Series , vol.615
  • 59
    • 77955579172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Utilization Research and Clinical Pharmacological Services: Geneva, Switzerland, Available online, (accessed on 30 January 2010)
    • World Health Organization. Introduction to Drug Utilisation Research; WHO International Working Group for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Utilization Research and Clinical Pharmacological Services: Geneva, Switzerland,2010; Available online: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/Drug%20utilization%20research.pdf/ (accessed on 30 January 2010).
    • (2010) Introduction to Drug Utilisation Research; WHO International Working Group For Drug Statistics Methodology
  • 60
    • 1242296181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations and increase in use of statins across Europe: Data from administrative databases
    • Walley, T.; Folino-Gallo, P.; Schwabe, U.; Van Ganse, E. Variations and increase in use of statins across Europe: Data from administrative databases. BMJ 2004, 328, 385-386.
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 385-386
    • Walley, T.1    Folino-Gallo, P.2    Schwabe, U.3    van Ganse, E.4
  • 62
    • 27444434010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in prescribing and utilisation of statins and other lipid lowering drugs across Europe 1997-2003
    • Walley, T.; Folino-Gallo, P.; Stephens, P.; Van Ganse, E. Trends in prescribing and utilisation of statins and other lipid lowering drugs across Europe 1997-2003. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005, 60, 543-551.
    • (2005) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.60 , pp. 543-551
    • Walley, T.1    Folino-Gallo, P.2    Stephens, P.3    van Ganse, E.4
  • 63
    • 77955566950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germed. Una Peticion Historica; 7 December 2009. Available online, (accessed on 10 June 2010)
    • Germed. Una Peticion Historica; 7 December 2009. Available online: http://www.germed.es/71220092.htm/ (accessed on 10 June 2010).
  • 65
    • 77951632946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriber Supplement; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK
    • Duerden, M. Making sense of drug pricing. Prescriber Supplement; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK; 2006; pp. 1-5.
    • (2006) Making Sense of Drug Pricing , pp. 1-5
    • Duerden, M.1
  • 66
    • 34248352158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Fair Trading (UK), Annexe A: Market for Prescription Pharmaceuticals in the NHS; The Office of Fair Trading: London, UK, 2007; Available online, (Accessed Mar 3 2010)
    • Office of Fair Trading (UK). The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation System: An OFT Study. Annexe A: Market for Prescription Pharmaceuticals in the NHS; The Office of Fair Trading: London, UK, 2007; Available online: http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft885a.pdf/ (Accessed Mar 3 2010).
    • The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation System: An OFT Study
  • 67
    • 78650875380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPs saved £400m in 2008 by increasing use of generic drugs
    • Coombes, R. GPs saved £400m in 2008 by increasing use of generic drugs. BMJ 2009, 338, 1230.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.338 , pp. 1230
    • Coombes, R.1
  • 68
    • 77950276201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New drugs for old: Disinvestment and NICE
    • Hughes, D.; Ferner, R. New drugs for old: disinvestment and NICE. BMJ 2010, 340, 690-692.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. 690-692
    • Hughes, D.1    Ferner, R.2
  • 69
    • 77955572740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available online, (Accessed 28 June 2010)
    • Consultez l'accord national sur les génériques et ses avenants. Available online: http://www.ameli.fr/professionnels-de-sante/pharmaciens/votre-convention/textes/accordnational- sur-les-generiques/index.php (Accessed 28 June 2010).
    • Consultez L'accord National Sur Les Génériques Et Ses Avenants
  • 72
    • 77955580862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Available online, (Accessed 24 May 2010)
    • Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. Osmed Database Reports 2007 and 2008; Available online: http://www.agenziafarmaco.it/it/content/rapporti-osmed-luso-dei-farmaci-italia/ (Accessed 24 May 2010).
    • Osmed Database Reports 2007 and 2008
  • 73
    • 33847028362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the cost savings and clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candersartan in a Primary care setting
    • Usher-Smith, J.A.; Ramsbottom, T.; Pearmain, H.; Kirby, M. Evaluation of the cost savings and clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candersartan in a Primary care setting. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2007, 61, 15-23.
    • (2007) Int. J. Clin. Pract , vol.61 , pp. 15-23
    • Usher-Smith, J.A.1    Ramsbottom, T.2    Pearmain, H.3    Kirby, M.4
  • 74
    • 38849113845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candesartan in a primary care setting: 2 years on
    • Usher-Smith, J.; Ramsbottom, T.; Pearmain, H.; Kirby, M. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candesartan in a primary care setting: 2 years on. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2008, 62, 480-484.
    • (2008) Int. J. Clin. Pract , vol.62 , pp. 480-484
    • Usher-Smith, J.1    Ramsbottom, T.2    Pearmain, H.3    Kirby, M.4
  • 75
    • 33745001408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switching statins - Using generic simvastatin as first line could save £2bn over five years in England
    • Moon J, Bogle R. Switching statins - Using generic simvastatin as first line could save £2bn over five years in England. BMJ 2006, 332, 1344-1345.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 1344-1345
    • Moon, J.1    Bogle, R.2
  • 76
    • 35248832088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Society already achieves economic benefits from generic substitution but fails to do the same for therapeutic substitution
    • Gumbs, P.; Verschuren, W.; Souverein, P.; Mantel-Tuwisse, A.; de Wit, A.; de Boer, A.; Klungel, K. Society already achieves economic benefits from generic substitution but fails to do the same for therapeutic substitution. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007, 64, 680-685.
    • (2007) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.64 , pp. 680-685
    • Gumbs, P.1    Verschuren, W.2    Souverein, P.3    Mantel-Tuwisse, A.4    de Wit, A.5    de Boer, A.6    Klungel, K.7
  • 77
    • 84890797972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft regulations in pharmaceutical policymaking - an overview of current approaches and their consequences
    • Wettermark, B.; Godman, B.; Jacobsson, B.; Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. Soft regulations in pharmaceutical policymaking - an overview of current approaches and their consequences. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 2009, 7, 1-11.
    • (2009) Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy , vol.7 , pp. 1-11
    • Wettermark, B.1    Godman, B.2    Jacobsson, B.3    Haaijer-Ruskamp, F.4
  • 80
    • 39449138964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available online, (Accessed 3 March 2010)
    • British National Formulary. Available online: http://bnf.org/bnf/index.htm/ (Accessed 3 March 2010).
    • British National Formulary
  • 81
    • 75149181512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health economics of market access for biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars
    • Simoens, S. Health economics of market access for biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars. J. Med. Econom. 2009, 12, 211-218.
    • (2009) J. Med. Econom , vol.12 , pp. 211-218
    • Simoens, S.1
  • 82
    • 77349124674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare policies over the last 20 years: Reforms and counter-reforms
    • Toth, F. Healthcare policies over the last 20 years: reforms and counter-reforms. Health Policy 2010, 95, 82-89.
    • (2010) Health Policy , vol.95 , pp. 82-89
    • Toth, F.1
  • 83
    • 77955564185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of International Nonproprietary names (INN) among members
    • Kopp, C.; Vandevelde, F. Use of International Nonproprietary names (INN) among members. ISDB Newsletter 2006, 20, 2-4.
    • (2006) ISDB Newsletter , vol.20 , pp. 2-4
    • Kopp, C.1    Vandevelde, F.2
  • 84
    • 33846666462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do generics offer significant savings to the UK National Health Service
    • Kanavos P. Do generics offer significant savings to the UK National Health Service? Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2007, 23, 105-116.
    • (2007) Curr. Med. Res. Opin , vol.23 , pp. 105-116
    • Kanavos, P.1
  • 86
    • 70449659593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilisation and expenditure of PPIs and lipid lowering drugs; implications for the future
    • Godman, B., Burkhardt, T, Bucsics, A.; Wettermark, B.; Wieninger, P. Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilisation and expenditure of PPIs and lipid lowering drugs; implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 2009, 9, 475-484.
    • (2009) Expert Rev Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res , vol.9 , pp. 475-484
    • Godman, B.1    Burkhardt, T.2    Bucsics, A.3    Wettermark, B.4    Wieninger, P.5
  • 87
    • 77955567857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31st March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, L
    • Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31st March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Official J. Eu. 2006, L 136, 34-57.
    • (2006) Official J. Eu , vol.136 , pp. 34-57
  • 88
    • 77954862691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politicas de fomento de la competencia en precios en el mercado de genericos: Leccines de la experiencia europea
    • Puig-Junoy, J. Politicas de fomento de la competencia en precios en el mercado de genericos: leccines de la experiencia europea. Gac. Sanit. 2010, 24, 193-199.
    • (2010) Gac. Sanit , vol.24 , pp. 193-199
    • Puig-Junoy, J.1
  • 90
    • 77955582033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing Pharmaceutical Regulation in Germany. Discussion Paper; Technische Universität Berlin
    • Germany
    • Schreyögg, J.; Henke, K.-D.; Busse, R. Managing Pharmaceutical Regulation in Germany. Discussion Paper; Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät Wirtschaft und Management: Berlin, Germany, 2004.
    • (2004) Fakultät Wirtschaft Und Management: Berlin
    • Schreyögg, J.1    Henke, K.-D.2    Busse, R.3
  • 91
    • 34547807078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juàrez. C. Economic aspects of the new Spanish laws on pharmaceutical preparations
    • Antoňanzas, F.; Oliba, J.; Pinillos, M.; Juàrez. C. Economic aspects of the new Spanish laws on pharmaceutical preparations. Eur. J. Health Econ. 2007, 8, 297-300.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Health Econ , vol.8 , pp. 297-300
    • Antoňanzas, F.1    Oliba, J.2    Pinillos, M.3
  • 93
    • 33644852185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Off-patent drugs in Italy: A short sighted view
    • Garattini, L.; Ghislandi, S. Off-patent drugs in Italy: a short sighted view? Eur. J. Health Econ. 2006, 7, 79-83.
    • (2006) Eur. J. Health Econ , vol.7 , pp. 79-83
    • Garattini, L.1    Ghislandi, S.2
  • 94
    • 14844316301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical policy in Italy: Towards a structural change?
    • Ghislandi, S.; Krulichova, I.; Garattini, L. Pharmaceutical policy in Italy: towards a structural change? Health Policy 2005, 72, 53-63.
    • (2005) Health Policy , vol.72 , pp. 53-63
    • Ghislandi, S.1    Krulichova, I.2    Garattini, L.3
  • 95
    • 1642368969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current national initiatives about drug policies and cost control in Europe: The Italy example
    • Rocchi, F.; Addis, A.; Martini, N. Current national initiatives about drug policies and cost control in Europe: the Italy example. J. Ambulatory Care Manage. 2004, 27, 127-131.
    • (2004) J. Ambulatory Care Manage , vol.27 , pp. 127-131
    • Rocchi, F.1    Addis, A.2    Martini, N.3
  • 97
    • 77954834389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 November 2008. Available online, (Accessed 3 May 2010)
    • Taylor, L. New UK PPRS includes 3.9% price cut, flexible pricing and generic substitution. 20 November 2008. Available online: http://www.eatg.org/eatg/Global-HIV-News/Access-totreatment/ New-UK-PPRS-includes-3.9-price-cut-flexible-pricing-and-generic-substitution/ (Accessed 3 May 2010).
    • New UK PPRS Includes 3.9% Price Cut, Flexible Pricing and Generic Substitution
    • Taylor, L.1
  • 98
    • 77955587894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon. Better Care Better Value Indicator, Available online, (Accessed 3 May 2010)
    • Anon. Better Care Better Value Indicator. Low cost PPI prescribing. Available online: http://www.productivity.nhs.uk/Def_IncreasingLowCostPPIPrescribing.aspx/ (Accessed 3 May 2010).
    • Low Cost PPI Prescribing


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.