Ulnar-sided wrist pain. II. Clinical imaging and treatment

Skeletal Radiology

Volumn 39, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 837-857

  Watanabe, Atsuya ^a   Souza, Felipe ^a   Vezeridis, Peter S ^a   Blazar, Philip ^a   Yoshioka, Hiroshi ^a,b,c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Imaging; Treatment; Ulnar side; Wrist pain

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; LIDOCAINE; STEROID;

ARTHROGRAPHY; AVULSION FRACTURE; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DYSCHONDROSTEOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS TENDINITIS; FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS TENDINITIS; GUYON CANAL SYNDROME; HAMATE BONE FRACTURE; HAMATOLUNATE IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; KIENBOECK DISEASE; LUNOTRIQUETRAL DISSOCIATION; LUNOTRIQUETRAL LIGAMENT TEAR; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTHROGRAPHY; METACARPAL BONE FRACTURE; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PISIFORM FRACTURE; PISOTRIQUETRAL ARTHRITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOULNAR JOINT INSTABILITY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STENOSING TENOSYNOVITIS; TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX TEAR; ULNA FRACTURE; ULNAR IMPACTION SYNDROME; ULNAR IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME; ULNAR STYLOID IMPACTION SYNDROME; WRIST PAIN; WRIST RADIOGRAPHY;

ARTHRALGIA; ARTHROGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULNA; WRIST JOINT;

EID: 77955559637     PISSN: 03642348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-009-0842-3     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. CA Goldfarb Y Yin LA Gilula AJ Fisher MI Boyer 2001 Wrist fractures: what the clinician wants to know Radiology 219 1 11 28 11274530 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M7oslKhsA%3D%3D
2. A Heuck H Bonel A Stabler R Schmitt 1997 Imaging in sports medicine: hand and wrist Eur J Radiol 26 1 2 15 9481584 10.1016/S0720-048X(97)01174-1 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7kt1GrsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28112615)
3. RA Loredo DG Sorge G Garcia 2005 Radiographic evaluation of the wrist: a vanishing art Semin Roentgenol 40 3 248 289 16060116 10.1053/j.ro.2005.01.014 (Pubitemid 40828445)
4. KC Chung NB Zimmerman MT Travis 1996 Wrist arthrography versus arthroscopy: a comparative study of 150 cases J Hand Surg [Am] 21 4 591 594 10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80008-6 1:STN:280:DyaK28vktVKgtQ%3D%3D
5. ZD Mikic 1984 Arthrography of the wrist joint. An experimental study J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 3 371 378 6699053 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7jsF2jsA%3D%3D
6. PC Hugo III AH Newberg JS Newman SM Wetzner 1998 Complications of arthrography Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2 4 345 348 11387113 10.1055/s-2008-1080115
7. DC Wong GK Wansaicheong IY Tsou 2009 Ultrasonography of the hand and wrist Singapore Med J 50 2 219 225 19296039 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3hvVOksQ%3D%3D quiz 226
8. S Bajaj N Pattamapaspong W Middleton S Teefey 2009 Ultrasound of the hand and wrist J Hand Surg Am 34 4 759 760 19345884 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.010
9. KS Lee RH Ablove S Singh AA De Smet B Haaland JP Fine 2009 Ultrasound imaging of normal displacement of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon within the ulnar groove in 12 forearm-wrist positions AJR Am J Roentgenol 193 3 651 655 19696277 10.2214/AJR.08.1725
10. S Bianchi C Martinoli IF Abdelwahab 1999 High-frequency ultrasound examination of the wrist and hand Skeletal Radiol 28 3 121 129 10231909 10.1007/s002560050488 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3kvVKqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29158615)
11. BD Fornage MD Rifkin 1988 Ultrasound examination of the hand and foot Radiol Clin North Am 26 1 109 129 3275952 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FpvVSmsQ%3D%3D
12. M van Holsbeeck JH Introcaso 1992 Musculoskeletal ultrasonography Radiol Clin North Am 30 5 907 925 1518936
13. R Kaewlai LL Avery AV Asrani HH Abujudeh R Sacknoff RA Novelline 2008 Multidetector CT of carpal injuries: anatomy, fractures, and fracture-dislocations Radiographics 28 6 1771 1784 18936035 10.1148/rg.286085511
14. G Omlor M Jung T Grieser K Ludwig 2009 Depiction of the triangular fibro-cartilage in patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain: comparison of direct multi-slice CT arthrography and direct MR arthrography Eur Radiol 19 1 147 151 18665366 10.1007/s00330-008-1118-3
15. B Bille B Harley H Cohen 2007 A comparison of CT arthrography of the wrist to findings during wrist arthroscopy J Hand Surg [Am] 32 6 834 841 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.04.005 (Pubitemid 46991165)
16. T Moser JC Dosch A Moussaoui X Buy A Gangi JL Dietemann 2008 Multidetector CT arthrography of the wrist joint: how to do it Radiographics 28 3 787 800 18480484 10.1148/rg.283075087 quiz 911
17. N Theumann N Favarger P Schnyder R Meuli 2001 Wrist ligament injuries: value of post-arthrography computed tomography Skeletal Radiol 30 2 88 93 11310205 10.1007/s002560000302 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3hvVCltw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32218962)
18. N Daunt 2002 Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist: anatomy and pathology of interosseous ligaments and the triangular fibrocartilage complex Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 31 4 158 176 12362162 10.1067/cdr.2002.125780
19. MG Horton ME Timins 1997 MR imaging of injuries to the small joints Radiol Clin North Am 35 3 671 700 9167668 1:STN:280:DyaK2szhtVGjsw%3D%3D
20. T Imaeda R Nakamura K Shionoya N Makino 1996 Ulnar impaction syndrome: MR imaging findings Radiology 201 2 495 500 8888248 1:STN:280: DyaK2s%2FktlSmsg%3D%3D
21. SR Oneson LM Scales ME Timins SJ Erickson L Chamoy 1996 MR imaging interpretation of the Palmer classification of triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions Radiographics 16 1 97 106 10946693 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvnsVKrsQ%3D%3D
22. SM Totterman R Miller B Wasserman JS Blebea DJ Rubens 1993 Intrinsic and extrinsic carpal ligaments: evaluation by three-dimensional Fourier transform MR imaging AJR Am J Roentgenol 160 1 117 123 8416607 1:STN:280: DyaK3s7gt1yksQ%3D%3D
23. CJ Ashman S Farooki AM Abduljalil DW Chakeres 2002 In vivo high resolution coronal MRI of the wrist at 8.0 tesla J Comput Assist Tomogr 26 3 387 391 12016368 10.1097/00004728-200205000-00013 (Pubitemid 34564217)
24. H Yoshioka T Ueno T Tanaka M Shindo Y Itai 2003 High-resolution MR imaging of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC): comparison of microscopy coils and a conventional small surface coil Skeletal Radiol 32 10 575 581 12942205 10.1007/s00256-003-0672-7 (Pubitemid 37265281)
25. AR Lewis MJ Nolan RJ Hodgson M Benjamin JR Ralphs CW Archer, et al. 1996 High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the proximal interphalangeal joints. Correlation with histology and production of a three-dimensional data set J Hand Surg [Br] 21 4 488 495 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FgvFCgtA%3D%3D
26. B Bittersohl T Huang E Schneider P Blazar C Winalski P Lang, et al. 2007 High-resolution MRI of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) at 3T: comparison of surface coil and volume coil J Magn Reson Imaging 26 3 701 707 17729361 10.1002/jmri.21077 (Pubitemid 350194595)
27. ML Anderson JA Skinner JP Felmlee RA Berger KK Amrami 2008 Diagnostic comparison of 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla preoperative MRI of the wrist in patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain J Hand Surg Am 33 7 1153 1159 18762112 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.02.028
28. LS Steinbach WE Palmer ME Schweitzer 2002 Special focus session. MR arthrography Radiographics 22 5 1223 1246 12235350
29. RJ Scheck C Kubitzek R Hierner U Szeimies T Pfluger K Wilhelm, et al. 1997 The scapholunate interosseous ligament in MR arthrography of the wrist: correlation with non-enhanced MRI and wrist arthroscopy Skeletal Radiol 26 5 263 271 9194225 10.1007/s002560050233 1:STN:280:DyaK2szjslCrtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27246505)
30. D Bergin ME Schweitzer 2003 Indirect magnetic resonance arthrography Skeletal Radiol 32 10 551 558 12942203 10.1007/s00256-003-0669-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3svltFejug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 37265278)
31. ME Schweitzer P Natale CS Winalski R Culp 2000 Indirect wrist MR arthrography: the effects of passive motion versus active exercise Skeletal Radiol 29 1 10 14 10663583 10.1007/s002560050002 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c7jtVKltQ%3D%3D
32. AH Haims ME Schweitzer WB Morrison D Deely RC Lange AL Osterman, et al. 2003 Internal derangement of the wrist: indirect MR arthrography versus unenhanced MR imaging Radiology 227 3 701 707 12773676 10.1148/radiol.2273020398 (Pubitemid 36583024)
33. JL Knirk JB Jupiter 1986 Intra-articular fractures of the distal end of the radius in young adults J Bone Joint Surg Am 68 5 647 659 3722221 1:STN:280:DyaL283ltV2gtg%3D%3D
34. RM Hauck J Skahen III AK Palmer 1996 Classification and treatment of ulnar styloid nonunion J Hand Surg [Am] 21 3 418 422 10.1016/S0363-5023(96) 80355-8 1:STN:280:DyaK28zjtVygsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26166837)
35. S Papp 2007 Carpal bone fractures Orthop Clin North Am 38 2 251 260 17560407 10.1016/j.ocl.2007.03.003 vii (Pubitemid 46873652)
36. G Foucher F Schuind M Merle F Brunelli 1985 Fractures of the hook of the hamate J Hand Surg [Br] 10 2 205 210 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3ptFaitQ%3D%3D
37. RD Welling JA Jacobson DA Jamadar S Chong EM Caoili PJ Jebson 2008 MDCT and radiography of wrist fractures: radiographic sensitivity and fracture patterns AJR Am J Roentgenol 190 1 10 16 18094287 10.2214/AJR.07.2699
38. AY Goedkoop EB van Onselen RB Karim JJ Hage 2000 The 'mirrored' Bennett fracture of the base of the fifth metacarpal Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 120 10 592 593 11110143 10.1007/s004020000140 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzgtlOquw%3D%3D
39. MA Fleege PJ Jebson DL Renfrew GY el-Khoury CM Steyers Jr 1991 Pisiform fractures Skeletal Radiol 20 3 169 172 2057787 10.1007/BF00241660 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3otVemug%3D%3D
40. NB Zimmerman DP Mass 1987 A pisiform fracture Orthopedics 10 5 817 820 3588426 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3jtFCgsQ%3D%3D
41. MK Dalinka C Merrill 1995 Sosman lecture. MR imaging of the wrist AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 1 1 9 7998519 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FptFWltg%3D%3D
42. G Hooper 1992 Kienbock's disease J Hand Surg [Br] 17 1 3 4 1:STN:280:DyaK38zkvV2lsA%3D%3D
43. RH Gelberman PB Salamon JM Jurist JL Posch 1975 Ulnar variance in Kienbock's disease J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 5 674 676 1150712 1:STN:280:DyaE2M3htFCiug%3D%3D
44. PA Nathan KD Meadows 1987 Ulna-minus variance and Kienbock's disease J Hand Surg [Am] 12 5 Pt 1 777 778 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FgvVynuw%3D%3D
45. F Schuind S Eslami P Ledoux 2008 Kienbock's disease J Bone Joint Surg Br 90 2 133 139 18256076 10.1302/0301-620X.90B2.20112 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1c%2FpvVKltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 351303335)
46. PC Amadio AD Hanssen TH Berquist 1987 The genesis of Kienbock's disease: evaluation of a case by magnetic resonance imaging J Hand Surg [Am] 12 6 1044 1049 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FovVGrsA%3D%3D
47. DM Lichtman AH Alexander GR Mack SF Gunther 1982 Kienbock's disease-update on silicone replacement arthroplasty J Hand Surg [Am] 7 4 343 347 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2FgvVagug%3D%3D
48. DW Stoller 1995 The wrist Semin Roentgenol 30 3 265 276 7570079 10.1016/S0037-198X(05)80015-X 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FlvVWrsg%3D%3D
49. TS Desser S McCarthy T Trumble 1990 Scaphoid fractures and Kienbock's disease of the lunate: MR imaging with histopathologic correlation Magn Reson Imaging 8 4 357 361 2392023 10.1016/0730-725X(90)90042-Z 1:STN:280: DyaK3czmtlSrsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20321948)
50. WP Cooney 1993 Evaluation of chronic wrist pain by arthrography, arthroscopy, and arthrotomy J Hand Surg [Am] 18 5 815 822 10.1016/0363-5023(93) 90047-7 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FksVGgtA%3D%3D
51. ME Schweitzer SK Brahme J Hodler GJ Hanker TP Lynch BD Flannigan, et al. 1992 Chronic wrist pain: spin-echo and short tau inversion recovery MR imaging and conventional and MR arthrography Radiology 182 1 205 211 1727283 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FotVOjsQ%3D%3D
52. SM Totterman RJ Miller 1995 Triangular fibrocartilage complex: normal appearance on coronal three-dimensional gradient-recalled-echo MR images Radiology 195 2 521 527 7724777 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3ktFOgsA%3D%3D
53. SM Totterman RJ Miller SE McCance SP Meyers 1996 Lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex: MR findings with a three-dimensional gradient-recalled-echo sequence Radiology 199 1 227 232 8633149 1:STN:280:DyaK283gtF2jtg%3D%3D
54. HG Potter L Asnis-Ernberg AJ Weiland RN Hotchkiss MG Peterson RR McCormack Jr 1997 The utility of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist J Bone Joint Surg Am 79 11 1675 1684 9384427 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FksVSrsQ%3D%3D
55. SR Oneson ME Timins LM Scales SJ Erickson L Chamoy 1997 MR imaging diagnosis of triangular fibrocartilage pathology with arthroscopic correlation AJR Am J Roentgenol 168 6 1513 1518 9168716 1:STN:280:DyaK2szht1aktw%3D%3D
56. T Tanaka H Yoshioka T Ueno M Shindo N Ochiai 2006 Comparison between high-resolution MRI with a microscopy coil and arthroscopy in triangular fibrocartilage complex injury J Hand Surg [Am] 31 8 1308 1314 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.05.001 (Pubitemid 44508792)
57. M Zanetti MD Linkous LA Gilula J Hodler 2000 Characteristics of triangular fibrocartilage defects in symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic wrists Radiology 216 3 840 845 10966720 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvktValug%3D%3D
58. K Finlay R Lee L Friedman 2004 Ultrasound of intrinsic wrist ligament and triangular fibrocartilage injuries Skeletal Radiol 33 2 85 90 14574517 10.1007/s00256-003-0698-x 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FkvFamsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38208292)
59. HJ Chiou CY Chang YH Chou CC Hsu YF Jim CM Tiu, et al. 1998 Triangular fibrocartilage of wrist: presentation on high resolution ultrasonography J Ultrasound Med 17 1 41 48 9440107 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7gtlarsw%3D%3D
60. CF Keogh AD Wong NJ Wells JE Barbarie PL Cooperberg 2004 High-resolution sonography of the triangular fibrocartilage: initial experience and correlation with MRI and arthroscopic findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2 333 336 14736657
61. GA Buterbaugh TR Brown PC Horn 1998 Ulnar-sided wrist pain in athletes Clin Sports Med 17 3 567 583 9700420 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70102-2 1:STN:280:DyaK1czmsFOktQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28359558)
62. CA Coggins 2006 Imaging of ulnar-sided wrist pain Clin Sports Med 25 3 505 526 16798140 10.1016/j.csm.2006.02.008 vii (Pubitemid 44192485)
63. WA Eckhardt AK Palmer 1981 Recurrent dislocation of extensor carpi ulnaris tendon J Hand Surg [Am] 6 6 629 631 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fns1Giuw%3D%3D
64. AJ MacLennan NM Nemechek T Waitayawinyu TE Trumble 2008 Diagnosis and anatomic reconstruction of extensor carpi ulnaris subluxation J Hand Surg [Am] 33 1 59 64 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.002 (Pubitemid 351186829)
65. RK Pratt GA Hoy C Bass Franzcr 2004 Extensor carpi ulnaris subluxation or dislocation? Ultrasound measurement of tendon excursion and normal values Hand Surg 9 2 137 143 15810097 10.1142/S0218810404002212 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2M7ns1WhsA%3D%3D
66. AA Hajj MB Wood 1986 Stenosing tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris J Hand Surg [Am] 11 4 519 520 1:STN:280:DyaL283lt1Slsw%3D%3D
67. JE Budoff BS Kraushaar G Ayala 2005 Flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy J Hand Surg [Am] 30 1 125 129 10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.07.018 (Pubitemid 40186880)
68. J Zeiss E Jakab T Khimji J Imbriglia 1992 The ulnar tunnel at the wrist (Guyon's canal): normal MR anatomy and variants AJR Am J Roentgenol 158 5 1081 1085 1566671 1:STN:280:DyaK383jtVGrsg%3D%3D
69. K Murata JT Shih TM Tsai 2003 Causes of ulnar tunnel syndrome: a retrospective study of 31 subjects J Hand Surg [Am] 28 4 647 651 10.1016/S0363-5023(03)00147-3 (Pubitemid 36928885)
70. M Bordalo-Rodrigues P Amin ZS Rosenberg 2004 MR imaging of common entrapment neuropathies at the wrist Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12 2 265 279 15172386 10.1016/j.mric.2004.02.008 vi (Pubitemid 38698275)
71. P McAlinden J The 2003 Imaging of the wrist Imaging 15 180 192
72. HH Stark EK Chao NP Zemel TA Rickard CR Ashworth 1989 Fracture of the hook of the hamate J Bone Joint Surg Am 71 8 1202 1207 2777848 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzotVersg%3D%3D
73. G Giuliani M Poppi E Pozzati A Forti 1990 Ulnar neuropathy due to a carpal ganglion: the diagnostic contribution of CT Neurology 40 6 1001 1002 2161089 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3msFGjsA%3D%3D
74. LS Steinbach DK Smith 2000 MRI of the wrist Clin Imaging 24 5 298 322 11331161 10.1016/S0899-7071(00)00218-7 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzlsFyjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32377744)
75. ME Timins JP Jahnke SF Krah SJ Erickson GF Carrera 1995 MR imaging of the major carpal stabilizing ligaments: normal anatomy and clinical examples Radiographics 15 3 575 587 7624564 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzltVCisA%3D%3D
76. AK Palmer 1989 Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a classification J Hand Surg [Am] 14 4 594 606 10.1016/0363-5023(89)90174-3 1:STN:280:DyaL1Mzislygsw%3D%3D
77. J van Schoonhoven KJ Prommersberger R Schmitt 2001 Traumatic disruption of a fibrocartilage lunate-triquetral coalition-a case report and review of the literature Hand Surg 6 1 103 108 11677672 10.1142/S0218810401000497
78. D Kirschenbaum MP Coyle JP Leddy 1993 Chronic lunotriquetral instability: diagnosis and treatment J Hand Surg [Am] 18 6 1107 1112 10.1016/0363-5023(93) 90411-U 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7isVyqsg%3D%3D
79. AY Shin MJ Battaglia AT Bishop 2000 Lunotriquetral instability: diagnosis and treatment J Am Acad Orthop Surg 8 3 170 179 10874224 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3czjsV2isQ%3D%3D
80. MR Schmid T Schertler CW Pfirrmann N Saupe M Manestar S Wildermuth, et al. 2005 Interosseous ligament tears of the wrist: comparison of multi-detector row CT arthrography and MR imaging Radiology 237 3 1008 1013 16304116 10.1148/radiol.2373041450 (Pubitemid 41636394)
81. Yoshioka H, Ueno T, Tanaka T, Shindo M, Lang P. High-resolution MR imaging of the intercarpal ligaments with a microscopy coil. In: RSNA 90th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting. 2004.
82. GL Manton ME Schweitzer D Weishaupt WB Morrison AL Osterman RW Culp, et al. 2001 Partial interosseous ligament tears of the wrist: difficulty in utilizing either primary or secondary MRI signs J Comput Assist Tomogr 25 5 671 676 11584224 10.1097/00004728-200109000-00002 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrjsFWlsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32861688)
83. MB Zlatkin J Rosner 2004 MR imaging of ligaments and triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12 2 301 331 15172388 10.1016/j.mric.2004.02.012 vi-vii (Pubitemid 38701768)
84. DE Brown DM Lichtman 1987 Midcarpal instability Hand Clin 3 1 135 140 3818806 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7jsl2luw%3D%3D
85. DM Lichtman JD Bruckner RW Culp CE Alexander 1993 Palmar midcarpal instability: results of surgical reconstruction J Hand Surg [Am] 18 2 307 315 10.1016/0363-5023(93)90366-B 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3hslWksA%3D%3D
86. DM Lichtman ES Wroten 2006 Understanding midcarpal instability J Hand Surg [Am] 31 3 491 498 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.12.014 (Pubitemid 43324947)
87. W Chang AJ Peduto RO Aguiar DJ Trudell DL Resnick 2007 Arcuate ligament of the wrist: normal MR appearance and its relationship to palmar midcarpal instability: a cadaveric study Skeletal Radiol 36 7 641 645 17225149 10.1007/s00256-006-0251-9 (Pubitemid 46864005)
88. MB Rominger WK Bernreuter PJ Kenney DH Lee 1993 MR imaging of anatomy and tears of wrist ligaments Radiographics 13 6 1233 1246 8290721 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7itVWjtA%3D%3D discussion 1247-1238
89. Brody G. The wrist and hand. In: Stoller D, editor. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopedics and sports medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1993. p. 683-807.
90. RM Szabo 2006 Distal radioulnar joint instability J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 4 884 894 16615200
91. H Kihara AK Palmer FW Werner WH Short MD Fortino 1996 The effect of dorsally angulated distal radius fractures on distal radioulnar joint congruency and forearm rotation J Hand Surg [Am] 21 1 40 47 10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80152-3 1:STN:280:DyaK28zntFemuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26044163)
92. RA Epner WH Bowers WB Guilford 1982 Ulnar variance-the effect of wrist positioning and roentgen filming technique J Hand Surg [Am] 7 3 298 305 1:STN:280:DyaL383hsV2nsw%3D%3D
93. DE Mino AK Palmer EM Levinsohn 1985 Radiography and computerized tomography in the diagnosis of incongruity of the distal radio-ulnar joint. A prospective study J Bone Joint Surg Am 67 2 247 252 3968116 1:STN:280: DyaL2M7gsFWhtw%3D%3D
94. RO Cone R Szabo D Resnick R Gelberman J Taleisnik LA Gilula 1983 Computed tomography of the normal radioulnar joints Invest Radiol 18 6 541 545 6642950 10.1097/00004424-198311000-00012 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2FmtVOktg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14232787)
95. GJ King RY McMurtry JD Rubenstein NG Ogston 1986 Computerized tomography of the distal radioulnar joint: correlation with ligamentous pathology in a cadaveric model J Hand Surg [Am] 11 5 711 717 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FgvFOjtQ%3D%3D
96. AS Arora KC Chung W Otto 2006 Madelung and the recognition of Madelung's deformity J Hand Surg [Am] 31 2 177 182 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.09.001 (Pubitemid 43227264)
97. LP Zebala PR Manske CA Goldfarb 2007 Madelung's deformity: a spectrum of presentation J Hand Surg [Am] 32 9 1393 1401 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.08.012 (Pubitemid 350051594)
98. HR McCarroll Jr MA James WL Newmeyer III F Molitor PR Manske 2005 Madelung's deformity: quantitative assessment of x-ray deformity J Hand Surg [Am] 30 6 1211 1220 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.06.024 (Pubitemid 41774379)
99. MJ Bell RJ Hill RY McMurtry 1985 Ulnar impingement syndrome J Bone Joint Surg Br 67 1 126 129 3968131 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7gsFWmsg%3D%3D
100. L Cerezal F del Pinal F Abascal R Garcia-Valtuille T Pereda A Canga 2002 Imaging findings in ulnar-sided wrist impaction syndromes Radiographics 22 1 105 121 11796902
101. V Lees L Scheker 1997 The radiological demonstration of dynamic ulnar impingement J Hand Surg [Br] 22B 4 448 450
102. L Cerezal F del Pinal F Abascal 2004 MR imaging findings in ulnar-sided wrist impaction syndromes Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12 2 281 299 15172387 10.1016/j.mric.2004.02.005 vi (Pubitemid 38698276)
103. SL Friedman AK Palmer 1991 The ulnar impaction syndrome Hand Clin 7 2 295 310 1880164 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzkvFagtw%3D%3D
104. MM Tomaino 1998 Ulnar impaction syndrome in the ulnar negative and neutral wrist. Diagnosis and pathoanatomy J Hand Surg [Br] 23 6 754 757 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gtlOmsg%3D%3D
105. EM Escobedo AG Bergman JC Hunter 1995 MR imaging of ulnar impaction Skeletal Radiol 24 2 85 90 7747189 10.1007/BF00198066 1:STN:280: DyaK2M3ms1Sjsw%3D%3D
106. AJ Thurston JK Stanley 2000 Hamato-lunate impingement: an uncommon cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain Arthroscopy 16 5 540 544 10882452 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3cvisVejuw%3D%3D
107. SF Viegas K Wagner R Patterson P Peterson 1990 Medial (hamate) facet of the lunate J Hand Surg [Am] 15 4 564 571 10.1016/S0363-5023(09)90016-8 1:STN:280:DyaK3czjvVKqsg%3D%3D
108. SD Sagerman RM Hauck AK Palmer 1995 Lunate morphology: can it be predicted with routine x-ray films? J Hand Surg [Am] 20 1 38 41 10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80055-3 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3jvVyqsw%3D%3D
109. H Kato R Nakamura K Shionoya N Makino T Imaeda 2000 Does high-resolution MR imaging have better accuracy than standard MR imaging for evaluation of the triangular fibrocartilage complex? J Hand Surg [Br] 25 5 487 491 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FpvVegtQ%3D%3D
110. AM Malik ME Schweitzer RW Culp LA Osterman G Manton 1999 MR imaging of the type II lunate bone: frequency, extent, and associated findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 2 335 338 10430130 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzlslWquw%3D%3D
111. MM Tomaino M Gainer JD Towers 2001 Carpal impaction with the ulnar styloid process: treatment with partial styloid resection J Hand Surg [Br] 26 3 252 355 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzhsVamtw%3D%3D
112. A Biyani A Mehara S Bhan 1990 Morphological variations of the ulnar styloid process J Hand Surg [Br] 15 3 352 354 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FjslGrsA%3D%3D
113. M Garcia-Elias 1998 Soft-tissue anatomy and relationships about the distal ulna Hand Clin 14 2 165 176 9604151 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3mslGisg%3D%3D
114. SM Topper MB Wood LK Ruby 1997 Ulnar styloid impaction syndrome J Hand Surg [Am] 22 4 699 704 10.1016/S0363-5023(97)80131-1 1:STN:280: DyaK2svgsleqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27319185)
115. L Cerezal F Abascal R Garcia-Valtuille F Del Pinal 2005 Wrist MR arthrography: how, why, when Radiol Clin North Am 43 4 709 731 15893533 10.1016/j.rcl.2005.02.004 viii (Pubitemid 40704719)
116. T Futami M Itoman 1995 Extensor carpi ulnaris syndrome. Findings in 43 patients Acta Orthop Scand 66 6 538 539 8553824 10.3109/17453679509002311 1:STN:280:DyaK287ksVCgsw%3D%3D
117. Wood MB, Dobyns JH. Sports-related extraarticular wrist syndromes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(202):93-102.
118. C Allende D Le Viet 2005 Extensor carpi ulnaris problems at the wrist-classification, surgical treatment and results J Hand Surg [Br] 30 3 265 272 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M3ivFSitQ%3D%3D
119. SA Rowland 1986 Acute traumatic subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon at the wrist J Hand Surg [Am] 11 6 809 811 1:STN:280: DyaL2s%2FosVGmtQ%3D%3D
120. SS Burkhart MB Wood RL Linscheid 1982 Posttraumatic recurrent subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon J Hand Surg [Am] 7 1 1 3 1:STN:280:DyaL387ktlGhtg%3D%3D
121. G Inoue Y Tamura 2001 Surgical treatment for recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon J Hand Surg [Br] 26 6 556 559 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ltV2lsA%3D%3D
122. RA Moyer DC Bush TM Harrington 1989 Acute calcific tendinitis of the hand and wrist: a report of 12 cases and a review of the literature J Rheumatol 16 2 198 202 2664164 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzhtFaktQ%3D%3D
123. DF Dilley MA Tonkin 1991 Acute calcific tendinitis in the hand and wrist J Hand Surg [Br] 16 2 215 216 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3os1Omtw%3D%3D
124. RW Gandee RB Harrison PM Dee 1979 Peritendinitis calcarea of flexor carpi ulnaris AJR Am J Roentgenol 133 6 1139 1141 116507 1:STN:280: DyaL3c%2Fmt1Wktw%3D%3D
125. RE Carroll MP Coyle Jr 1985 Dysfunction of the pisotriquetral joint: treatment by excision of the pisiform J Hand Surg [Am] 10 5 703 707 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2FgvFCqsA%3D%3D
126. Johnston GH, Tonkin MA. Excision of pisiform in pisotriquetral arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(210):137-142.
127. B Nuesch G Sennwald G Segmuller 1993 Extirpation of the pisiform bone: indications and results Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 25 1 42 45 8325547 1:STN:280:DyaK3szhsFShtw%3D%3D
128. A Beckers J Koebke 1998 Mechanical strain at the pisotriquetral joint Clin Anat 11 5 320 326 9725576 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:5<320::AID- CA5>3.0.CO;2-T 1:STN:280:DyaK1czptFeqsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28388038)
129. SA Jenkins 1951 Osteoarthritis of the pisiform-triquetral joint; report of three cases J Bone Joint Surg Br. 33B 4 532 534
130. AK Ahn D Chang AM Plate 2006 Triangular fibrocartilage complex tears: a review Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 64 3-4 114 118 17155920
131. AK Palmer FW Werner 1981 The triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist-anatomy and function J Hand Surg [Am] 6 2 153 162 1:STN:280: DyaL3M7pt12hsQ%3D%3D
132. K Sachar 2008 Ulnar-sided wrist pain: evaluation and treatment of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears, ulnocarpal impaction syndrome, and lunotriquetral ligament tears J Hand Surg [Am] 33 9 1669 1679 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.08.026
133. WP Cooney RL Linscheid JH Dobyns 1994 Triangular fibrocartilage tears J Hand Surg [Am] 19 1 143 154 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90238-0 1:STN:280: DyaK2c3itlShtA%3D%3D
134. JD Hermansdorfer WB Kleinman 1991 Management of chronic peripheral tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex J Hand Surg [Am] 16 2 340 346 10.1016/S0363-5023(10)80123-6 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3hslCisw%3D%3D
135. TE Trumble M Gilbert N Vedder 1997 Ulnar shortening combined with arthroscopic repairs in the delayed management of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears J Hand Surg [Am] 22 5 807 813 10.1016/S0363-5023(97)80073-1 1:STN:280:DyaK2svntFWqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27431189)
136. JT Shih HM Lee CM Tan 2002 Early isolated triangular fibrocartilage complex tears: management by arthroscopic repair J Trauma 53 5 922 927 12435944 10.1097/00005373-200211000-00018
137. P Feldon AL Terrono MR Belsky 1992 Wafer distal ulna resection for triangular fibrocartilage tears and/or ulna impaction syndrome J Hand Surg [Am] 17 4 731 737 10.1016/0363-5023(92)90325-J 1:STN:280:DyaK38zjt12ksQ%3D%3D
138. MM Tomaino RW Weiser 2001 Combined arthroscopic TFCC debridement and wafer resection of the distal ulna in wrists with triangular fibrocartilage complex tears and positive ulnar variance J Hand Surg [Am] 26 6 1047 1052 10.1053/jhsu.2001.28757 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnnsFSqtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 33086434)
139. A Minami H Kato 1998 Ulnar shortening for triangular fibrocartilage complex tears associated with ulnar positive variance J Hand Surg [Am] 23 5 904 908 10.1016/S0363-5023(98)80171-8 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvjsVagtg%3D%3D
140. KJ Constantine MM Tomaino JH Herndon DG Sotereanos 2000 Comparison of ulnar shortening osteotomy and the wafer resection procedure as treatment for ulnar impaction syndrome J Hand Surg [Am] 25 1 55 60 10.1053/jhsu.2000. jhsu025a0055 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7htFagsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30078124)
141. WH Bowers 1985 Distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty: the hemiresection-interposition technique J Hand Surg [Am] 10 2 169 178 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7lvVOmsw%3D%3D
142. KD Bickel 2008 Arthroscopic treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome J Hand Surg [Am] 33 8 1420 1423 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.07.014
143. DS Reagan RL Linscheid JH Dobyns 1984 Lunotriquetral sprains J Hand Surg [Am] 9 4 502 514 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3msFymtA%3D%3D
144. AP Weiss K Sachar KA Glowacki 1997 Arthroscopic debridement alone for intercarpal ligament tears J Hand Surg [Am] 22 2 344 349 10.1016/S0363-5023(97) 80176-1 1:STN:280:DyaK2szjvVykuw%3D%3D
145. AY Shin LP Weinstein RA Berger AT Bishop 2001 Treatment of isolated injuries of the lunotriquetral ligament. A comparison of arthrodesis, ligament reconstruction and ligament repair J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 7 1023 1028 11603516 10.1302/0301-620X.83B7.11413 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrlslCgug%3D%3D
146. SF Viegas RM Patterson PD Peterson DJ Pogue DK Jenkins TD Sweo, et al. 1990 Ulnar-sided perilunate instability: an anatomic and biomechanic study J Hand Surg [Am] 15 2 268 278 10.1016/0363-5023(90)90107-3 1:STN:280: DyaK3c3hslCjtQ%3D%3D
147. T Trumble CJ Bour RJ Smith GS Edwards 1988 Intercarpal arthrodesis for static and dynamic volar intercalated segment instability J Hand Surg [Am] 13 3 384 390 10.1016/S0363-5023(88)80014-5 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3ksVehsw%3D%3D
148. GA Buterbaugh AK Palmer 1988 Fractures and dislocations of the distal radioulnar joint Hand Clin 4 3 361 375 3049631 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FgvVKmsw%3D%3D
149. BD Adams RA Berger 2002 An anatomic reconstruction of the distal radioulnar ligaments for posttraumatic distal radioulnar joint instability J Hand Surg [Am] 27 2 243 251 10.1053/jhsu.2002.31731 (Pubitemid 34241189)
150. HK Watson JY Ryu RC Burgess 1986 Matched distal ulnar resection J Hand Surg [Am] 11 6 812 817 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FosVGmug%3D%3D
151. JC Lee JC Healy 2005 Normal sonographic anatomy of the wrist and hand Radiographics 25 1577 1590 16284136 10.1148/rg.256055028 (Pubitemid 41695324)
152. Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Wolfe SW, editors. Green's operative hand surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005.
153. Trumble T, Cornwall R, Budoff J. Core knowledge in orthopaedics: hand, elbow, and shoulder. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2006.
154. LK Chidgey 1995 The distal radioulnar joint: problems and solutions J Am Acad Orthop Surg 3 95 109 10790658