Exploratory models of long-term crustal flow and resulting seismicity across the Alpine-Aegean orogen

Tectonics

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2010, Pages

  Howe, Tracy M ^a   Bird, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; EARTHQUAKES; GEODESY; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRAIN RATE; TECTONICS; VELOCITY;

AEGEAN SEA; CRUSTAL EXTENSION; CRUSTAL FLOW; EURASIA; FAULT OFFSET; FAULT-SLIP RATES; FINITE ELEMENT MODELS; GLOBAL CALIBRATION; MAP PATTERNS; MODEL PREDICTION; PERMANENT STRAIN; PLATE BOUNDARIES; PRINCIPAL STRESS; SEA FLOOR; SEISMIC CATALOG; SEISMIC HAZARDS; SUBDUCTION MODEL; SUBDUCTION ZONES; VELOCITY BOUNDARY CONDITION; WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES;

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD;

ALPINE ENVIRONMENT; BOUNDARY CONDITION; CREEP; CRUSTAL MOVEMENT; FAULT SLIP; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; OROGENY; PLATE BOUNDARY; SEISMICITY; SLIP RATE; STRAIN RATE; SUBDUCTION ZONE;

AFRICA; ANATOLIA; EURASIA; TURKEY;

EID: 77955547623     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009TC002565     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Aliaj, S., J. Adams, S. Halchuk, E. Sulstarova, W. Peci, and B. Muco (2004), Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for Albania, paper presented at 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Int. Assoc. for Earthquake Eng., Vancouver, B. C., Canada, Aug.
2. Anzidei, M., P. Baldi, G. Casula, A. Galvani, E. Mantovani, A. Pesci, F. Riguzzi, and E. Serpelloni (2001), Insights into present-day crustal motion in the central Mediterranean area from GPS surveys, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 98-110, doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01425.x. (Pubitemid 32614703)
3. Bada, G., F. Horváth, S. Cloetingh, D. D. Coblentz, and T. Tóth (2001), Role of topography-induced gravitational stresses in basin inversion: The case study of the Pannonian basin, Tectonics, 20, 343-363, doi:10.1029/2001TC900001. (Pubitemid 32550725)
4. Barba, S., M. M. C. Carafa, and E. Boschi (2008), Experimental evidence for mantle drag in the Mediterranean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06302, doi:10.1029/2008GL033281. (Pubitemid 351738316)
5. Battaglia, M., M. H. Murray, E. Serpelloni, and R. Bürgmann (2004), The Adriatic region: An independent microplate within the Africa-Eurasia collision zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09605, doi:10.1029/2004GL019723. (Pubitemid 39026631)
6. Baumgardner, J. R. (1983), A three-dimensional finite element model for mantle convection, Ph.D. dissertation, 271 pp., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles.
7. Bell, R. E., L. C. McNeill, J. M. Bull, and T. J. Henstock (2008), Evolution of the offshore western Gulf of Corinth, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120, 156-178, doi:10.1130/B26212.1. (Pubitemid 351175179)
8. Benedetti, L., P. Tapponnier, G. C. P. King, B. Meyer, and I. Manighetti (2000), Growth folding and active thrusting in the Montello region, Veneto, northern I t a l y , J. Geophys . Res . , 105, 739-766 , doi:10.1029/ 1999JB900222.
9. Benedetti, L. C., P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer, I. Manighetti, and J. Van der Woerd (2003), Geomorphic evidence for an emergent active thrust along the edge of the Po Plain: The Broni-Stradella fault, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5), 2238, doi:10.1029/2001JB001546.
10. Bennett, R. A., S. Hreinsdóttir, G. Buble, T. Baši-, Ž. Ba-i-, M. Marjanovi-, G. Casale, A. Gendaszek, and D. Cowan (2008), Eocene to present subduction of southern Adria mantle lithosphere beneath the Dinarides, Geology, 36, 3-6, doi:10.1130/G24136A.1.
11. Bird, P. (2003), An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252.
12. Bird, P. (2009), Long-term fault slip rates, distributed deformation rates, and forecast of seismicity in the western United States from joint fitting of community geologic, geodetic, and stress-direction datasets, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B11403, doi:10.1029/2009JB006317.
13. Bird, P., and Y. Y. Kagan (2004), Plate-tectonic analysis of shallow seismicity: Apparent boundary width, beta, corner magnitude, coupled lithosphere thickness, and coupling in seven tectonic settings, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 2380-2399, doi:10.1785/0120030107. (Pubitemid 40294824)
14. Bird, P., and X. Kong (1994), Computer simulations of California tectonics confirm very low strength of major faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 159-174, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0159: CSOCTC>2.3.CO;2.
15. Bird, P., and Y. Li (1996), Interpolation of principal stress directions by nonparametric statistics: Global maps with confidence limits, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 5435-5443, doi:10.1029/95JB03731. (Pubitemid 26475943)
16. Bird, P., and Z. Liu (2007), Seismic hazard inferred from tectonics: California, Seismol. Res. Lett., 78(1), 37-48, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.1.37.
17. Bird, P., Z. Liu, and W. K. Rucker (2008), Stresses that drive the plates from below: Definitions, computational path, model optimization, and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B11406, doi:10.1029/2007JB005460.
18. Bird, P., Y. Y. Kagan, D. D. Jackson, F. P. Schoenberg, and M. J. Werner (2009), Linear and nonlinear relations between relative plate velocity and seismicity, Bul l . Seismol . Soc. Am., 99, 3097-3113, doi:10.1785/0120090082.
19. Black, N. (2008), Fault length, multi-fault rupture, and relations to California earthquakes, Ph.D. dissertation, 167 pp., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles.
20. Caporali, A., et al. (2008), Geokinematics of central Europe: New insights from the CERGOP-2/Environment Project, J. Geodyn., 45, 246-256, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2008.01.004.
21. Caputo, R., L. Salviulo, and M. Bianca (2008), Late Quaternary activity of the Scorciabuoi fault (southern Italy), as inferred from morphotectonic investigations and numerical modeling, Tectonics, 27, TC3004, doi:10.1029/2007TC002203.
22. Cinti, F. R., L. Faenza, W. Marzocchi, and P. Montone (2004), Probability map of the next M-5.5 earthquakes in Italy, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q11003, doi:10.1029/2004GC000724.
23. D'Agostino, N., and G. Selvaggi (2004), Crustal motion along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary in the Calabrian arc and Sicily and active extension in the Messina Straits from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B11402, doi:10.1029/2004JB002998. (Pubitemid 40294850)
24. Delacou, B., C. Sue, J.-D. Champagnac, and M. Burkhard (2004), Present-day geodynamics in the bend of the western and central Alps constrained by earthquake analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 753-774, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X. 2004.02320.x. (Pubitemid 39131202)
25. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein (1990), Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990. tb06579.x.
26. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein (1994), Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimate of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194, doi:10.1029/94GL02118.
27. Dérerová, J., H. Zeyen, M. Bielik, and K. Salman (2006), Application of integrated geophysical modeling for determination of the continental lithospheric thermal structure in the eastern Carpathians, Tectonics, 25, TC3009, doi:10.1029/2005TC001883. (Pubitemid 44810968)
28. Engdahl, E. R., and A. Villaseñor (2002), Global seismicity: 1900-1999, in IASPEI Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Int. Geophys., vol.81, Part 1, edited by W. H. K. Lee et al., pp. 665-690, doi:10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80244-3, Academic, St. Louis, Mo.
29. Ferhat, G., K. L. Feigl, J. F. Ritz, and A. Souriau (1998), Geodetic measurement of tectonic deformation in the southern Alps and Provence, France, 1947-1994, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 159, 35-46, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98) 00065-X. (Pubitemid 28456608)
30. Galadini, F., C. Meletti, and E. Vittori (2001), Major faults in Italy: Available surficial data, Neth. J. Geosci., 80, 273-296.
31. Giardini, D., G. Grünthal, K. Shedlock, and P. Zhang (1999), Global seismic hazard map, scale 1:35,000,000, Global Seismic Hazard Assess. Proj., U. N. Int. Decade of Nat. Disast. Reduct., Int. Lithosphere Program, Swiss Seismol. Serv., Zurich, Switzerland.
32. Giardini, D., M. J. Jiménez, and G. Grünthal (2003), European-Mediterranean seismic hazard map, scale 1:5,000,000, 1 sheet, Project, 382(SESAME), Int. Geol. Correl. Program, Paris.
33. Gîrbacea, R., and W. Frisch (1998), Slab in the wrong place: Lower lithospheric mantle delamination in the last stage of the eastern Carpathian subduction retreat, Geology, 26, 611-614, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998) 026<0611:SITWPL>2.3.CO;2.
34. Grenerczy, G., A. Kenyeres, and I. Fejes (2000), Present crustal velocity and strain distribution in central Europe inferred from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,835-21,846, doi:10.1029/2000JB900127.
35. Grünthal, G., and R. Wahlström (2007), A unified database of large European earthquakes, Eos Trans. AGU, 88, 69-71, doi:10.1029/2007EO060002.
36. Gutdeutsch, R., and K. Arik (1985), Seismicity of the Carpathian-Pannonian region and surrounding areas, 100 × 60 cm map, scale 1:2,000,000, Hung. Geol. Inst., Budapest.
37. Gvirtzman, Z. (2002), Partial detachment of a lithospheric root under the southeast Carpathians: Toward a better definition of the detachment concept, Geology, 30, 51-54, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0051: PDOALR>2.0.CO;2.
38. Hanks, T. C., and H. Kanamori (1979), A moment magnitude scale, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2348-2350, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348.
39. Heidbach, O., M. Tingay, A. Barth, J. Reinecker, D. Kurfeß, and B. Müller (2008), The World Stress Map database release 2008, doi:10.1594/GFZ. WSM.Rel2008, Helmholtz Cent. Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
40. Hsü, K. J. (1972), When the Mediterranean dried up, Sci. Am., 227, 26-36, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1272-26.
41. Huismans, R. S., Y. Y. Podladchikov, and S. Cloetingh (2001), Dynamic modeling of the transition from passive to active rifting, application to the Pannon i an ba s i n , Tectoni c s , 20, 1021-1039, doi:10.1029/2001TC900010. (Pubitemid 34068274)
42. Jackson, J., and D. P. McKenzie (1987), Rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East (abstract), Terra Cognita, 7, 120.
43. Jenny, S., S. Goes, D. Giardini, and H.-G. Kahle (2004), Earthquake recurrence parameters from seismic and geodetic strain rates in the eastern Mediterranean, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 1331-1347, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004. 02261.x. (Pubitemid 38933470)
44. Jiménez, M. J., D. Giardini, and G. Grünthal, and the SESAME Working Group (2001), Unified seismic hazard modeling throughout the Mediterranean region, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 42, 3-18.
45. Jiménez-Munt, I., R. Sabadini, A. Gardi, and G. Bianco (2003), Active deformation in the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Anatolia inferred from numerical modeling and geodetic and seismological data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2006, doi:10.1029/2001JB001544.
46. Jiménez-Munt, I., D. Garcia-Castellanos, A. M. Negredo, and J. P. Platt (2005), Gravitational and tectonic forces controlling postcollisional deformation and the present-day stress field of the Alps: Constraints from numerical modeling, Tectonics, 24, TC5009, doi:10.1029/2004TC001754. (Pubitemid 41805322)
47. Kastrup, U., M. L. Zoback, N. Deichmann, K. F. Evans, D. Giardini, and A. J. Michael (2004), Stress field variations in the Swiss Alps and the northern Alpine foreland derived from inversion of fault plane solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B01402, doi:10.1029/2003JB002550.
48. Kong, X., and P. Bird (1995), SHELLS: A thin-plate program for modeling neotectonics of regional or global lithosphere with faults, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,129-22,131, doi:10.1029/95JB02435.
49. Kong, X., and P. Bird (1996), Neotectonics of Asia: Thin-shell finite-element models with faults, in The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, edited by A. Yin et al., pp. 18-34, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
50. Kotzev, V., R. Nakov, B. C. Burchfiel, R. W. King, and R. Reilinger (2001), GPS study of active tectonics in Bulgaria: Results from 1996 to 1998, J. Geodyn., 31, 189-200, doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(00)00027-2. (Pubitemid 32184023)
51. Kreemer, C., and N. Chamot-Rooke (2004), Contemporary kinematic of the southern Aegean and the Mediterranean Ridge, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 1377-1392, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02270.x. (Pubitemid 38933473)
52. Le Pourhiet, L., E. Burov, and I. Moretti (2004), Rifting through a stack of inhomogeneous thrusts (the dipping pie concept), Tectonics, 23, TC4005, doi:10.1029/2003TC001584. (Pubitemid 39533259)
53. Lippitsch, R., E. Kissling, and J. Ansorge (2003), Upper mantle structure beneath the Alpine orogen from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B8), 2376, doi:10.1029/2002JB002016.
54. Liu, Z., and P. Bird (2008), Kinematic modelling of neotectonics in the Persia-Tibet-Burma orogen, Geophys. J. Int., 172(2), 779-797, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03640.x.
55. Louvari, E., A. A. Kiratzi, and B. C. Papzachos (1999), The Cephalonia transform fault and its extension to western Lefkada Island (Greece), Tectonophysics, 308, 223-236, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00078-5. (Pubitemid 29511506)
56. Mariucci, M. T., A. Amato, and P. Montone (1999), Recent tectonic evolution and present stress in the northern Apennines (Italy), Tectonics, 18, 108-118, doi:10.1029/1998TC900019. (Pubitemid 29261131)
57. Markuši, S., and M. Herak (1998), Seismic zoning of Croatia, Nat. Hazards, 18, 269-285, doi:10.1023/A:1026484815539.
58. McClusky, S., et al. (2000), Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5695-5719, doi:10.1029/1999JB900351.
59. McNeill, L. C., C. J. Cotterill, J. M. Bull, T. J. Henstock, R. Bell, and A. Stefatos (2007), Geometry and slip rate of the Aigon fault, a young normal fault system in the western Gulf of Corinth, Geology, 35, 355-358, doi:10.1130/G23281A.1. (Pubitemid 46554706)
60. Meço, S., S. Aliaj, I. Turku, and R. Bowen (2000), Geology of Albania, Beiträge zur regionalen Geologie der Erde, 28, 246 pp., Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.
61. Meletti, C., E. Pataca, and P. Scandone (2000), Construction of a seismotectonic model: The case of Italy, Pure Appl. Geophys., 157, 11-35, doi:10.1007/PL00001089.
62. Montone, P., M. T. Mariucci, S. Pondrelli, and A. Amato (2004), An improved stress map for Italy and surrounding regions (central Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10410, doi:10.1029/2003JB002703. (Pubitemid 40098514)
63. Negredo, A. M., S. Barba, E. Carminati, R. Sabadini, and C. Giunchi (1999), Contribution of numeric dynamic modelling to the understanding of the seismotectonic regime of the northern Apennines, Tectonophysics, 315, 15-30, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00286-3. (Pubitemid 30452648)
64. Nocquet, J.-M., and E. Calais (2003), Crustal velocity field of western Europe from permanent GPS array solutions 1996-2001, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 72-88, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01935.x. (Pubitemid 36881965)
65. Nyst, M. (2001), A new approach to model the kinematics of crustal deformation with applications to the Aegean and Southeast Asia, Ph.D. dissertation, 151 pp., Tech. Univ. Delft, Delft, Netherlands.
66. Nyst, M., and W. Thatcher (2004), New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B11406, doi:10.1029/ 2003JB002830. (Pubitemid 40294854)
67. Oldow, J. S., L. Ferranti, D. S. Lewis, J. K. Campbell, B. D'Argenio, R. Catalano, G. Pappone, L. Carmignani, P. Conti, and C. L. V. Aiken (2002), Active fragmentation of Adria, the north African promontory, central Mediterranean orogen, Geology, 30, 779-782, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (2002)030<0779: AFOATN>2.0.CO;2.
68. Pacheco, J. F., and L. R. Sykes (1992), Seismic moment catalog of large, shallow earthquakes, 1900-1989, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 1306-1349.
69. Pantosti, D., D. P. Schwartz, and G. Valensise (1993), Paleoseismology along the 1980 surface rupture of the Irpinia fault: Implications for earthquake recurrence in the southern Apennines, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6561-6577, doi:10.1029/92JB02277.
70. Papadopoulos, G. A. (1989), Seismic and volcanic activities and aseismic movements as plate motion components in the Aegean area, Tectonophysics, 167, 31-39, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90292-8.
71. Papadopoulos, G. A., E. Daskalaki, A. Fokaefs, and N. Giraleas (2007), Tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean: Strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 57-64, doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007.
72. Papazachos, B. C., P. E. Comninakis, G. F. Karakaisis, B. G. Karakostos, C. A. Papaioannou, C. B. Papazachos, and E. M. Scordilis (2000), A catalog of earthquakes in Greece and surrounding area for the period 550 BC-1999, in IASPEI Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Int. Geophys., vol.81, Part B, edited by W. H. K. Lee et al., Elsevier, New York.
73. Pavlides, S. B., and M. D. Tranos (1991), Structural characteristics of two strong earthquakes in the North Aegean: Ierissos (1932) and Agios Efstratios (1968), J. Struct. Geol., 13, 205-214, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90067-S. (Pubitemid 21651521)
74. Piromallo, C., and A. Morelli (2003), P wave tomography of the mantle under the Alpine-Mediterranean area, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2065, doi:10.1029/2002JB001757.
75. Ragg, S., M. Grasso, and B. Müller (1999), Patterns of tectonic stress in Sicily from borehole breakout observations and finite element modeling, Tectonics, 18, 669-685, doi:10.1029/1999TC900010.
76. Reilinger, R., et al. (2006), GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
77. Robl, J., and K. Stüwe (2005), Continental collision with finite indenter strength: 2. European Eastern Alps, Tectonics, 24, TC4014, doi:10.1029/2004TC001741. (Pubitemid 41582510)
78. Rosenbaum, G., and G. S. Lister (2004), Neogene and Quaternary rollback evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apennines, and the Sicilian Maghrebides, Tectonics, 23, TC1013, doi:10.1029/2003TC001518. (Pubitemid 39384032)
79. Rosenbaum, G.,M.Gasparon, F. P.Lucente, A. Peccerillo, and M. S. Miller (2008), Kinematics of slab tear faults during subduction segmentation and implications for Italian magmatism, Tectonics, 27, TC2008, doi:10.1029/ 2007TC002143.
80. Rucker, W. K. (2008), Neotectonic kinematic analysis of Philippines orogen: Regional strain-rates and a forecast of long-term seismicity, Eos Trans. AGU, 89, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T53D-1992.
81. Rucker, W. K. (2009), Neotectonic kinematic analysis of the Philippines orogen: Regional strain-rates and a forecast of long-term seismicity, M.S. thesis, 56 pp., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles.
82. Serpelloni, E., M. Anzidei, P. Baldi, G. Casula, and A. Galvani (2005), Crustal velocity and strain-rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions: New results from the analysis of permanent and non-permanent GPS networks, Geophys. J. Int., 161, 861-880, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02618.x. (Pubitemid 40829883)
83. Shaw, B., N. N. Ambraseys, P. C. England, M. A. Floyd, G. J. Gorman, T. F. G.Highham, J.A. Jackson, J.-M. Nocquet, C. C. Pain, and M. D. Piggott (2008), Eastern Mediterranean tectonics and tsunami hazard inferred from the AD 365 earthquake, Nat. Geosci., 1, 268-276, doi:10.1038/ngeo151.
84. Simkin, T., and L. Siebert (1995), Volcanoes of the World, 2nd ed., Smithson. Inst., Washington, D. C.
85. Slejko, D., G. B. Carulli, R. Nicolich, A. Rebez, and A. Zanferrari (1989), Seismotectonics of the east-ern Southern Alps: A review, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 31, 109-136.
86. Spakman, W., and M. C. J. Nyst (2002), Inversion of relative motion data for fault slip and continuous deformation in crustal blocks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 577-591, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02) 00844-0.
87. Sue, C., F. Thouvenot, J. Fréchet, and P. Tricart (1999), Widespread extension in the core of the western Alps revealed by earthquake analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25,611-25,622, doi : 1 0 .1029/1999JB900249.
88. T-r-poanc, M., G. Bertotti, L. Ma-enco, C. Dinu, and S. A. P. L. Cloetingh (2003), Architecture of the Focsani depression: A 13 km deep basin in the Carpathians bend zone (Romania), Tectonics, 22(6), 1074, doi:10.1029/2002TC001486.
89. Tesauro, M., C. Hollenstein, R. Egli, A. Geiger, and H.-G. Kahle (2006), Analysis of central western Europe deformation using GPS and seismic data, J . Geodyn., 42, 194-209, doi:10.1 016/j. jog.2006.08.001.
90. van der Hoeven, A. G. A., V. Mocanu, W. Spakman, M. Nutto, A. Nuckelt, L. Matenco, L. Munteanu, C. Marcu, and B. A. C. Ambrosius (2005), Observations of present-day tectonic motion in the SE Carpathians: Geodetic results of the ISES/CRC- 461 GPS measurements, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 239, 177-184, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.018. (Pubitemid 41614279)
91. van der Meulen, M. J., S. J. H. Buiter, J. E. Meulenkamp, and M. J. R. Wortel (2000), An early Pliocene uplift of the central Apenninic foredeep and its geodynamic significance, Tectonics, 19, 300-313, doi:10.1029/1999TC900064. (Pubitemid 32324945)
92. Viola, G., N. S. Mancktolow, and D. Seward (2001), Late Oligocene-Neogene evolution of Europe- Adria collision: New structural and geochronological evidence from the Giudicarie fault system (Italian Eastern Alps ) , Tectoni c s , 20, 999-1020, doi:10.1029/2001TC900021. (Pubitemid 34068273)
93. Viti, M., J. De Luca, D. Babbucci, E. Mantovani, D. Albarello, and F. D'Onza (2004), Driving mechanism of tectonic activity in the northern Apennines: Quantitative insights from numerical modeling, Tectonics, 23, TC4003, doi:10.1029/2004TC001623. (Pubitemid 39533257)
94. Wesnousky, S. G. (2006), Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures, Nature, 444, 358-360, doi:10.1038/nature05275. (Pubitemid 44764109)
95. Westaway, R. (2004), Kinematic consistency between the Dead Sea fault zone and the Neogene and Quaternary left-lateral faulting in SE Turkey, Tectonophysics, 391, 203-237, doi:10.1016/j. tecto.2004.07.014.
96. Woessner, J., S. Wiemer, D. Schorlemmer, F. Euchner, and W. Marzocchi (2008), Prospective testing of earthquake forecast models in Europe, paper presented at SCEC Annual Meeting 2008, South. Calif. Earthquake Cent., Los Angeles, Calif.
97. Wortel, M. J. R., and W. Spakman (2000), Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region, Science, 290, 1910-1917, doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1910.