메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 349-377

Trials in primary care: Statistical issues in the design, conduct and evaluation of complex interventions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; REVIEW; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 77955531407     PISSN: 09622802     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0962280209359883     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (37)

References (120)
  • 1
    • 55549083502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance
    • (see also
    • Craig P., Dieppe P., Macintyre S., Mitchie S., Nazareth I., Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 337: a1655 (see also www.mrc.ac.uk/complexinterventionsguidance ).
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.337 , pp. 1655
    • Craig, P.1    Dieppe, P.2    MacIntyre, S.3    Mitchie, S.4    Nazareth, I.5    Petticrew, M.6
  • 2
    • 33847791593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care
    • Campbell NC, Murray E., Darbyshire J. et al. Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care. British Medical Journal 2007 ; 334: 455-459.
    • (2007) British Medical Journal , vol.334 , pp. 455-459
    • Campbell, N.C.1    Murray, E.2    Darbyshire, J.3
  • 3
    • 47149092797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is missing from descriptions of treatment in trials and reviews?
    • Glasziou P., Meats E., Heneghan C., Shepperd S. What is missing from descriptions of treatment in trials and reviews? British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336 (7659). 1472-1474.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , Issue.7659 , pp. 1472-1474
    • Glasziou, P.1    Meats, E.2    Heneghan, C.3    Shepperd, S.4
  • 4
    • 33645237569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applicability to primary care of national clinical guidelines on blood pressure lowering for people with stroke: Cross sectional study
    • Mant J., McManus RJ, Hare R. Applicability to primary care of national clinical guidelines on blood pressure lowering for people with stroke: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal 2006 ; 332 (7542). 635-637.
    • (2006) British Medical Journal , vol.332 , Issue.7542 , pp. 635-637
    • Mant, J.1    McManus, R.J.2    Hare, R.3
  • 5
    • 2942642858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment. Inclusion criteria determine results of review
    • 235-236
    • Mant J., Fitzmaurice D., Murray E., Lip GY, Hobbs FD Long term anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment. Inclusion criteria determine results of review. British Medical Journal 2001 ; 323 (7306). 233-234 ; author reply 235-236.
    • (2001) British Medical Journal , vol.323 , Issue.7306 , pp. 233-234
    • Mant, J.1    Fitzmaurice, D.2    Murray, E.3    Lip, G.Y.4    Hobbs, F.D.5
  • 10
    • 58049206683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy
    • Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group
    • Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C., Bossuyt PM Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008 ; 149 (12). 889-897.
    • (2008) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.149 , Issue.12 , pp. 889-897
    • Leeflang, M.M.1    Deeks, J.J.2    Gatsonis, C.3    Bossuyt, P.M.4
  • 12
    • 34147095920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies
    • Erratum in: Biostatistics 2008 ; 9 (4). 779
    • Harbord RM, Deeks JJ, Egger M., Whiting P., Sterne JA A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Biostatistics 2007 ; 8 (2). 239-251. Erratum in: Biostatistics 2008 ; 9 (4). 779.
    • (2007) Biostatistics , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-251
    • Harbord, R.M.1    Deeks, J.J.2    Egger, M.3    Whiting, P.4    Sterne, J.A.5
  • 14
    • 0037167250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children: A systematic review
    • Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Taylor S., Williamson PR, Smyth RL Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children: a systematic review. Lancet 2002 ; 360: 603-609.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 603-609
    • Craig, J.V.1    Lancaster, G.A.2    Taylor, S.3    Williamson, P.R.4    Smyth, R.L.5
  • 15
    • 34249791201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary prevention for patients after a myocardial infarction: Summary of NICE guidance
    • DOI 10.1136/bmj.39204.531586.AD
    • Skinner JS, Cooper A., Feder GS Secondary prevention for patients after a myocardial infarction: summary of NICE guidance. British Medical Journal 2007 ; 334 (7603). 1112-1113. (Pubitemid 46867134)
    • (2007) British Medical Journal , vol.334 , Issue.7603 , pp. 1112-1113
    • Skinner, J.S.1    Cooper, A.2    Feder, G.S.3
  • 16
    • 0034699934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the prevention of falls in people over 65. The Guidelines Development Group
    • Feder G., Cryer C., Donovan S., Carter Y. Guidelines for the prevention of falls in people over 65. The Guidelines Development Group. British Medical Journal 2000 ; 321 (7267). 1007-1011.
    • (2000) British Medical Journal , vol.321 , Issue.7267 , pp. 1007-1011
    • Feder, G.1    Cryer, C.2    Donovan, S.3    Carter, Y.4
  • 17
    • 47149088261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: Prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2
    • Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y. et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336 (7659). 1475-1482.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , Issue.7659 , pp. 1475-1482
    • Hippisley-Cox, J.1    Coupland, C.2    Vinogradova, Y.3
  • 19
    • 0034701485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating "payback" on biomedical research from papers cited in clinical guidelines: Applied bibliometric study
    • Grant J., Cottrell R., Cluzeau F., Fawcett G. Evaluating "payback" on biomedical research from papers cited in clinical guidelines: applied bibliometric study. British Medical Journal 2000 ; 320: 1107-1111.
    • (2000) British Medical Journal , vol.320 , pp. 1107-1111
    • Grant, J.1    Cottrell, R.2    Cluzeau, F.3    Fawcett, G.4
  • 20
    • 0035856123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of systematic review in clinical practice guidelines: Case study of smoking cessation
    • Silagy CA, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Use of systematic review in clinical practice guidelines: case study of smoking cessation. British Medical Journal 2001 ; 323: 833-836.
    • (2001) British Medical Journal , vol.323 , pp. 833-836
    • Silagy, C.A.1    Stead, L.F.2    Lancaster, T.3
  • 21
    • 70349411609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of qualitative methods alongside randomized controlled trials of complex healthcare interventions: Methodological study
    • Lewin S., Glenton C., Oxman AD Use of qualitative methods alongside randomized controlled trials of complex healthcare interventions: methodological study. British Medical Journal 2009 ; 339: b3496.
    • (2009) British Medical Journal , vol.339 , pp. 3496
    • Lewin, S.1    Glenton, C.2    Oxman, A.D.3
  • 22
    • 0034097460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative research in health care: Assessing quality in qualitative research
    • Mays N., Pope C. Qualitative research in health care: assessing quality in qualitative research. British Medical Journal 2000 ; 320: 50-52.
    • (2000) British Medical Journal , vol.320 , pp. 50-52
    • Mays, N.1    Pope, C.2
  • 23
    • 8644274533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whats it got to do with us? Including support staff in general practice training sessions
    • Harvey E., Farrin A., Underwood M., Morton V., for the UK BEAM Trial Team. Whats it got to do with us? Including support staff in general practice training sessions. Education for Primary Care 2004 ; 15: 606-610.
    • (2004) Education for Primary Care , vol.15 , pp. 606-610
    • Harvey, E.1    Farrin, A.2    Underwood, M.3    Morton, V.4
  • 24
    • 36349037081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPs experiences of primary care mental health research: A qualitative study of the barriers to recruitment
    • Mason VL, Shaw A., Wiles NJ et al. GPs experiences of primary care mental health research: a qualitative study of the barriers to recruitment. Family Practice 2007 ; 24: 518-525.
    • (2007) Family Practice , vol.24 , pp. 518-525
    • Mason, V.L.1    Shaw, A.2    Wiles, N.J.3
  • 25
    • 0032585195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random allocation or allocation at random? Patients perspectives of participation in a randomised controlled trial
    • Featherstone K., Donovan JL Random allocation or allocation at random? Patients perspectives of participation in a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 1998 ; 317: 1177-1180.
    • (1998) British Medical Journal , vol.317 , pp. 1177-1180
    • Featherstone, K.1    Donovan, J.L.2
  • 26
    • 0037311515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrepancies between patient based assessments of outcome
    • Campbell R., Dieppe P., Quilty B. Discrepancies between patient based assessments of outcome. British Medical Journal 2003: 326 ; 252-253.
    • (2003) British Medical Journal , vol.326 , pp. 252-253
    • Campbell, R.1    Dieppe, P.2    Quilty, B.3
  • 27
    • 0037117117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: Randomised controlled trial in everyday practice
    • OCathain A., Walters SJ, Nicholl JP, Thomas KJ, Kirkham M. Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: randomised controlled trial in everyday practice. British Medical Journal 2002 ; 324: 643-646.
    • (2002) British Medical Journal , vol.324 , pp. 643-646
    • Ocathain, A.1    Walters, S.J.2    Nicholl, J.P.3    Thomas, K.J.4    Kirkham, M.5
  • 28
    • 0037117157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care
    • Stapleton H., Kirkham M., Thomas G. Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care. British Medical Journal 2002 ; 324: 639.
    • (2002) British Medical Journal , vol.324 , pp. 639
    • Stapleton, H.1    Kirkham, M.2    Thomas, G.3
  • 30
    • 20444387733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meeting the challenges of research governance
    • Hill J., Foster N., Hughes R., Hay E. Meeting the challenges of research governance. Rheumatology 2005 ; 44: 571-572.
    • (2005) Rheumatology , vol.44 , pp. 571-572
    • Hill, J.1    Foster, N.2    Hughes, R.3    Hay, E.4
  • 31
    • 0003767164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Health, London
    • Department of Health. Research Governance Framework for health and social care. Department of Health, London ; 2005 ( www.dh.gov.uk/en/ Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH-4108962 ).
    • (2005) Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care
  • 33
    • 34047211781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Busting the bureaucracy: Lessons from research governance in primary care
    • Appleton J., Caan W., Cowley S., Kendall S. Busting the bureaucracy: lessons from research governance in primary care. Community Practitioner 2007 ; 80 ; 2.
    • (2007) Community Practitioner , vol.80 , pp. 2
    • Appleton, J.1    Caan, W.2    Cowley, S.3    Kendall, S.4
  • 36
    • 33746384604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom
    • Doran T., Fullwood C., Gravelle H. et al. Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom. New England Journal of Medicine 2006 ; 355: 375-384.
    • (2006) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.355 , pp. 375-384
    • Doran, T.1    Fullwood, C.2    Gravelle, H.3
  • 40
    • 22244449277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why modelling a complex intervention is an important precursor to trial design: Lessons from studying an intervention to reduce falls-related injuries in older people
    • Eldridge S., Spencer A., Cryer C., Parsons S., Underwood M., Feder G. Why modelling a complex intervention is an important precursor to trial design: lessons from studying an intervention to reduce falls-related injuries in older people. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2005 ; 10: 133-142.
    • (2005) Journal of Health Services Research and Policy , vol.10 , pp. 133-142
    • Eldridge, S.1    Spencer, A.2    Cryer, C.3    Parsons, S.4    Underwood, M.5    Feder, G.6
  • 41
    • 70349478707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical issues in the assessment of health outcomes in children: A methodological review
    • Lancaster GA Statistical issues in the assessment of health outcomes in children: a methodological review. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 2009 ; 172 (4). 707-727.
    • (2009) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.172 , Issue.4 , pp. 707-727
    • Lancaster, G.A.1
  • 42
    • 33947429184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of a clustered observational study to predict emergency admissions in the elderly: Statistical reasoning in clinical practice
    • Lancaster GA, Taylor S., Chellaswamy H., Lyon D., Dowrick C. Design of a clustered observational study to predict emergency admissions in the elderly: statistical reasoning in clinical practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2007 ; 13: 169-178.
    • (2007) Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice , vol.13 , pp. 169-178
    • Lancaster, G.A.1    Taylor, S.2    Chellaswamy, H.3    Lyon, D.4    Dowrick, C.5
  • 43
    • 2942706159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Back pain Exercise and Manipulation (UK BEAM) trial - National randomised trial of physical treatments for back pain in primary care: Objectives, design and intervention
    • UK BEAM Trial Team. UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) trial - national randomised trial of physical treatments for back pain in primary care: objectives, design and intervention. BMC Health Services Research 2003 ; 3: 16.
    • (2003) BMC Health Services Research , vol.3 , pp. 16
    • Beam Trial Team, U.K.1
  • 44
    • 10644226778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Back pain Exercise and Manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: Effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care
    • UK BEAM Trial Team. UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. British Medical Journal 2004 ; 329: 1377-1378.
    • (2004) British Medical Journal , vol.329 , pp. 1377-1378
    • Beam Trial Team, U.K.1
  • 45
    • 10644226778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Back pain Exercise and Manipulation (UKBEAM) randomised trial: Cost-effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care
    • UK BEAM Trial Team. UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UKBEAM) randomised trial: cost-effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. British Medical Journal 2004 ; 329: 1381-1385.
    • (2004) British Medical Journal , vol.329 , pp. 1381-1385
    • Beam Trial Team, U.K.1
  • 46
    • 17844376833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential recruitment in a cluster randomised trial in primary care - The experience of the UK Back pain, Exercise, Active management and Manipulation (UK BEAM) feasibility study
    • Team Trial Beam Uk of Behalf on U.M
    • Farrin A., Russell I., Torgerson D., Underwood M on behalf of UK BEAM Trial Team. Differential recruitment in a cluster randomised trial in primary care - the experience of the UK Back pain, Exercise, Active management and Manipulation (UK BEAM) feasibility study. Clinical Trials 2005 ; 2: 119-124.
    • (2005) Clinical Trials , vol.2 , pp. 119-124
    • Farrin, A.1    Russell, I.2    Torgerson, D.3
  • 47
    • 61849126937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient reported outcome measures in trials
    • Garratt A. Patient reported outcome measures in trials. British Medical Journal 2009 ; 338: a2597.
    • (2009) British Medical Journal , vol.338 , pp. 2597
    • Garratt, A.1
  • 49
    • 33847648987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal setting as an outcome measure: A systematic review
    • Hurn J., Kneebone I., Cropley M. Goal setting as an outcome measure: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006 ; 20: 756-752.
    • (2006) Clinical Rehabilitation , vol.20 , pp. 756-752
    • Hurn, J.1    Kneebone, I.2    Cropley, M.3
  • 50
    • 39449133718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: Cluster randomised trial
    • Hiscock H., Bayer JK, Price A., Ukoumunne OC, Rogers S., Wake M. Universal parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: cluster randomised trial. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336: 318-321.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , pp. 318-321
    • Hiscock, H.1    Bayer, J.K.2    Price, A.3    Ukoumunne, O.C.4    Rogers, S.5    Wake, M.6
  • 51
    • 34548513296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: Randomised controlled trial
    • Foster NE, Thomas E., Barlas P. et al. Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2007 ; 335 (7617). 436-448.
    • (2007) British Medical Journal , vol.335 , Issue.7617 , pp. 436-448
    • Foster, N.E.1    Thomas, E.2    Barlas, P.3
  • 54
    • 1342311438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and adjusting for cross-cultural validity of impairment and activity limitation scales through differential item functioning within the framework of the Rasch model: The PRO-ESOR project
    • Tennant A., Penta M., Tesio L. et al. Assessing and adjusting for cross-cultural validity of impairment and activity limitation scales through differential item functioning within the framework of the Rasch model: the PRO-ESOR project. Medical Care 2004 ; 42 (Suppl 1). 137-148.
    • (2004) Medical Care , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 137-148
    • Tennant, A.1    Penta, M.2    Tesio, L.3
  • 55
    • 34547214347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the ABILHAND questionnaire as a measure of manual ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Durez P., Fraselle V., Houssiau F., Thonnard JL, Nielens H., Penta M. Validation of the ABILHAND questionnaire as a measure of manual ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007 ; 66 (8). 1098-1105.
    • (2007) Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , vol.66 , Issue.8 , pp. 1098-1105
    • Durez, P.1    Fraselle, V.2    Houssiau, F.3    Thonnard, J.L.4    Nielens, H.5    Penta, M.6
  • 57
    • 41249088887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parametric analysis of ordinal quality of life data can lead to erroneous results
    • Kahler E., Rogausch A., Brunner E., Himmel W. A parametric analysis of ordinal quality of life data can lead to erroneous results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008 ; 61: 475-480.
    • (2008) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.61 , pp. 475-480
    • Kahler, E.1    Rogausch, A.2    Brunner, E.3    Himmel, W.4
  • 58
    • 0035153511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of trials with quality of life as an outcome: A practical guide
    • Walters SJ, Campbell MJ, Lall R. Design and analysis of trials with quality of life as an outcome: a practical guide. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 2001 ; 11 (3). 155-176.
    • (2001) Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 155-176
    • Walters, S.J.1    Campbell, M.J.2    Lall, R.3
  • 59
    • 2342552595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hospital anxiety and depression scale
    • Snaith, RP The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health Quality and Life Outcome 2003 ; 1 (29) (available at http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/29 ).
    • (2003) Health Quality and Life Outcome , vol.1 , Issue.29
    • Snaith, R.P.1
  • 60
    • 0024042879 scopus 로고
    • The MOS Short-Form General Health Survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population
    • Stewart AL, Hays RD, Ware JE. The MOS Short-Form General Health Survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population. Medical Care 1988 ; 26 (7). 724-735.
    • (1988) Medical Care , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 724-735
    • Stewart, A.L.1    Hays, R.D.2    Ware, J.E.3
  • 61
    • 84879257038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias in identifying and recruiting participants in cluster randomised trials: What can be done?
    • Eldridge SE, Kerry S., Torgerson DJ Bias in identifying and recruiting participants in cluster randomised trials: what can be done? British Medical Journal 2009 ; 339: b4006.
    • (2009) British Medical Journal , vol.339 , pp. 4006
    • Eldridge, S.E.1    Kerry, S.2    Torgerson, D.J.3
  • 64
    • 33748476309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing recruitment to randomised trials: A review of randomised controlled trials
    • Watson J., Torgerson D. Increasing recruitment to randomised trials: a review of randomised controlled trials. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2006, 6: 34, doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-34.
    • (2006) BMC Medical Research Methodology , vol.6 , pp. 34
    • Watson, J.1    Torgerson, D.2
  • 66
    • 34047236979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment and retention in a multicentre randomised controlled trial in Bells palsy: A case study
    • McKinstry B., Hammersley V., Daly F., Sullivan F. Recruitment and retention in a multicentre randomised controlled trial in Bells palsy: a case study. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007 ; 7: 15.
    • (2007) BMC Medical Research Methodology , vol.7 , pp. 15
    • McKinstry, B.1    Hammersley, V.2    Daly, F.3    Sullivan, F.4
  • 67
    • 37749022060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How often do UK primary care trials face recruitment delays?
    • Bower P., Wilson S., Mathers N. How often do UK primary care trials face recruitment delays? Family Practice 2007 ; 24: 601-603.
    • (2007) Family Practice , vol.24 , pp. 601-603
    • Bower, P.1    Wilson, S.2    Mathers, N.3
  • 69
    • 77955532676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The electronic primary care research network: A grid-based computing infrastructure for community-based clinical trials in primary care
    • Sim I., Peterson K., Speedie S. et al. The electronic primary care research network: a grid-based computing infrastructure for community-based clinical trials in primary care, Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007 ; 22 (Suppl 1). 59.
    • (2007) Journal of General Internal Medicine , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 59
    • Sim, I.1    Peterson, K.2    Speedie, S.3
  • 70
    • 77955535440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruiting patients to observational studies during the general practice consultation: Findings from the PROG-RES study
    • Mallen CD, Peat G., Wathall S. et al. Recruiting patients to observational studies during the general practice consultation: findings from the PROG-RES study. Family Medicine 2009 ; 41 (Suppl 1). 22.
    • (2009) Family Medicine , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 22
    • Mallen, C.D.1    Peat, G.2    Wathall, S.3
  • 71
    • 33846595600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: Final results of cluster randomised trial
    • Henderson M., Wight D., Raab GM et al. Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial. British Medical Journal 2007 ; 334 (7585). 103-104.
    • (2007) British Medical Journal , vol.334 , Issue.7585 , pp. 103-104
    • Henderson, M.1    Wight, D.2    Raab, G.M.3
  • 72
    • 37449008728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a theory-based behavioural intervention to increase physical activity in an at-risk group in primary care (ProActive UK): A randomised trial
    • Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Hardeman W. et al. Efficacy of a theory-based behavioural intervention to increase physical activity in an at-risk group in primary care (ProActive UK): a randomised trial. Lancet 2008 ; 371 (9606). 41-48.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , Issue.9606 , pp. 41-48
    • Kinmonth, A.L.1    Wareham, N.J.2    Hardeman, W.3
  • 73
    • 64249118836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of an informed choice invitation on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (DICISION): Trial protocol
    • Mann E., Prevost AT, Griffin S. et al. Impact of an informed choice invitation on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (DICISION): trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2009 ; 9: 63.
    • (2009) BMC Public Health , vol.9 , pp. 63
    • Mann, E.1    Prevost, A.T.2    Griffin, S.3
  • 74
    • 0034914160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving attendance for breast screening among recent non-attenders: A randomised controlled trial of two interventions in primary care
    • Bankhead C., Richards SH, Peters TJ et al. Improving attendance for breast screening among recent non-attenders: a randomised controlled trial of two interventions in primary care. Journal of Medical Screening 2001 ; 8 (2). 99-105.
    • (2001) Journal of Medical Screening , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-105
    • Bankhead, C.1    Richards, S.H.2    Peters, T.J.3
  • 75
    • 65649111708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: Development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study
    • Little P., Turner S., Rumsby K. et al. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technology Assessment 2009 ; 13 (19). iii - iv, ix - xi, 1-73.
    • (2009) Health Technology Assessment , vol.13 , Issue.19 , pp. 1-73
    • Little, P.1    Turner, S.2    Rumsby, K.3
  • 77
    • 40449107710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed Collaborative. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: Cluster randomised controlled trial
    • Davies MJ, Heller S., Skinner TC et al. Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed Collaborative. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336 (7642). 491-495.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , Issue.7642 , pp. 491-495
    • Davies, M.J.1    Heller, S.2    Skinner, T.C.3
  • 78
    • 41449093310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicobacter pylori test and treat versus proton pump inhibitor in initial management of dyspepsia in primary care: Multicentre randomised controlled trial (MRC-CUBE trial)
    • Delaney BC, Qume M., Moayyedi P. et al. Helicobacter pylori test and treat versus proton pump inhibitor in initial management of dyspepsia in primary care: multicentre randomised controlled trial (MRC-CUBE trial). British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336 (7645). 651-654.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , Issue.7645 , pp. 651-654
    • Delaney, B.C.1    Qume, M.2    Moayyedi, P.3
  • 80
    • 0030865709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters
    • Bland JM, Kerry SM Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. British Medical Journal 1997 ; 315 (7108). 600.
    • (1997) British Medical Journal , vol.315 , Issue.7108 , pp. 600
    • Bland, J.M.1    Kerry, S.M.2
  • 81
    • 50249120144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual allocation had an advantage over cluster randomization in statistical efficiency in some circumstances
    • Hewitt CE, Torgerson DJ, Miles JN Individual allocation had an advantage over cluster randomization in statistical efficiency in some circumstances. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008 ; 61 (10). 1004-1008.
    • (2008) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.61 , Issue.10 , pp. 1004-1008
    • Hewitt, C.E.1    Torgerson, D.J.2    Miles, J.N.3
  • 82
    • 1442275473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The merits of matching in community intervention trials: A cautionary tale
    • Thompson SG The merits of matching in community intervention trials: a cautionary tale. Statistics in Medicine 1998 ; 17 (18). 2149-2152.
    • (1998) Statistics in Medicine , vol.17 , Issue.18 , pp. 2149-2152
    • Thompson, S.G.1
  • 84
    • 0035865990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balance in cluster randomized trials
    • Raab GM, Butcher I. Balance in cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2001 ; 20 (3). 351-365.
    • (2001) Statistics in Medicine , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-365
    • Raab, G.M.1    Butcher, I.2
  • 85
    • 0028827786 scopus 로고
    • Do clinical guidelines introduced with practice based education improve care of asthmatic and diabetic patients? A randomised controlled trial in general practices in east London
    • Feder G., Griffiths C., Highton C., Eldridge S., Spence M., Southgate L. Do clinical guidelines introduced with practice based education improve care of asthmatic and diabetic patients? A randomised controlled trial in general practices in east London. British Medical Journal 1995 ; 311 (7018). 1473-1478.
    • (1995) British Medical Journal , vol.311 , Issue.7018 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Feder, G.1    Griffiths, C.2    Highton, C.3    Eldridge, S.4    Spence, M.5    Southgate, L.6
  • 86
    • 0032583868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding controlled trials. What is a patient preference trial?
    • Torgerson D., Sibbald B. Understanding controlled trials. What is a patient preference trial? British Medical Journal 1998 ; 316: 360.
    • (1998) British Medical Journal , vol.316 , pp. 360
    • Torgerson, D.1    Sibbald, B.2
  • 87
    • 0033778654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age, sex and practice variations in the use of statins in general practice in England and Wales
    • Majeed A., Moser K., Maxwell R. Age, sex and practice variations in the use of statins in general practice in England and Wales. Journal of Public Health Medicine 2000 ; 22 (3). 275-279.
    • (2000) Journal of Public Health Medicine , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-279
    • Majeed, A.1    Moser, K.2    Maxwell, R.3
  • 88
    • 0033542669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining variation in hospital admission rates between general practices: Cross sectional study
    • Reid FD, Cook DG, Majeed A. Explaining variation in hospital admission rates between general practices: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal 1999 ; 319 (7202). 98-103.
    • (1999) British Medical Journal , vol.319 , Issue.7202 , pp. 98-103
    • Reid, F.D.1    Cook, D.G.2    Majeed, A.3
  • 89
    • 0032820591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age- and sex-specific antibiotic prescribing patterns in general practice in England and Wales in 1996
    • Majeed A., Moser K. Age- and sex-specific antibiotic prescribing patterns in general practice in England and Wales in 1996. British Journal of General Practice 1999 ; 49 (446). 735-736.
    • (1999) British Journal of General Practice , vol.49 , Issue.446 , pp. 735-736
    • Majeed, A.1    Moser, K.2
  • 90
    • 0033885182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cluster randomized trials in general (family) practice research
    • Campbell MJ Cluster randomized trials in general (family) practice research. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2000 ; 9 (2). 81-94.
    • (2000) Statistical Methods in Medical Research , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 81-94
    • Campbell, M.J.1
  • 91
    • 50149104801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of financial incentives on inequalities in the delivery of primary clinical care in England: Analysis of clinical activity indicators for the quality and outcomes framework
    • Doran T., Fullwood C., Kontopantelis E., Reeves D. Effect of financial incentives on inequalities in the delivery of primary clinical care in England: analysis of clinical activity indicators for the quality and outcomes framework. Lancet 2008 ; 372 (9640). 728-736.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , Issue.9640 , pp. 728-736
    • Doran, T.1    Fullwood, C.2    Kontopantelis, E.3    Reeves, D.4
  • 93
    • 34248995206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining multiple indicators of clinical quality: An evaluation of different analytic approaches
    • Reeves D., Campbell SM, Adams J., Shekelle PG, Kontopantelis E., Roland MO Combining multiple indicators of clinical quality: an evaluation of different analytic approaches. Medical Care 2007 ; 45 (6). 489-496.
    • (2007) Medical Care , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 489-496
    • Reeves, D.1    Campbell, S.M.2    Adams, J.3    Shekelle, P.G.4    Kontopantelis, E.5    Roland, M.O.6
  • 94
    • 48349115428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model based on age, sex, and morbidity to explain variation in UK general practice prescribing: Cohort study
    • Omar RZ, OSullivan C., Petersen I., Islam A., Majeed A. A model based on age, sex, and morbidity to explain variation in UK general practice prescribing: cohort study. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 337: a238.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.337 , pp. 238
    • Omar, R.Z.1    Osullivan, C.2    Petersen, I.3    Islam, A.4    Majeed, A.5
  • 96
    • 33746286919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in adults with diabetes in primary care practices: The Vermont Diabetes Information System field survey
    • Littenberg B., MacLean CD Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in adults with diabetes in primary care practices: the Vermont Diabetes Information System field survey. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2006 ; 6: 20.
    • (2006) BMC Medical Research Methodology , vol.6 , pp. 20
    • Littenberg, B.1    MacLean, C.D.2
  • 97
    • 27544472526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraclass correlation coefficients from three cluster randomised controlled trials in primary and residential health care
    • Elley CR, Kerse N., Chondros P., Robinson E. Intraclass correlation coefficients from three cluster randomised controlled trials in primary and residential health care. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2005 ; 29 (5). 461-467.
    • (2005) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 461-467
    • Elley, C.R.1    Kerse, N.2    Chondros, P.3    Robinson, E.4
  • 98
    • 18844438646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: The cholesterol education and research trial (CEART)
    • Parker DR, Evangelou E., Eaton CB Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: the cholesterol education and research trial (CEART). Contemporary Clinical Trials 2005 ; 26 (2). 260-267.
    • (2005) Contemporary Clinical Trials , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 260-267
    • Parker, D.R.1    Evangelou, E.2    Eaton, C.B.3
  • 99
    • 14544296608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed intra-cluster correlation coefficients in a cluster survey sample of patient encounters in general practice in Australia
    • Knox SA, Chondros P. Observed intra-cluster correlation coefficients in a cluster survey sample of patient encounters in general practice in Australia. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2004 ; 4 (1). 30.
    • (2004) BMC Medical Research Methodology , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 30
    • Knox, S.A.1    Chondros, P.2
  • 101
    • 38049086115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contamination in trials of educational interventions
    • Keogh-Brown MR, Bachmann MO et al. Contamination in trials of educational interventions. Health Technology Assessment 2007 ; 11 (43). iii, ix - iii, 107.
    • (2007) Health Technology Assessment , vol.11 , Issue.43 , pp. 107
    • Keogh-Brown, M.R.1    Bachmann, M.O.2
  • 102
    • 33750212091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size for cluster randomized trials: Effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method
    • Eldridge SM, Ashby D., Kerry S. Sample size for cluster randomized trials: effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method. International Journal of Epidemiology 2006 ; 35 (5). 1292-1300.
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 1292-1300
    • Eldridge, S.M.1    Ashby, D.2    Kerry, S.3
  • 103
    • 33750212091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size for cluster randomized trials: Effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method
    • Eldridge SM, Ashby D., Kerry S. Sample size for cluster randomized trials: effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method. International Journal of Epidemiology 2006 ; 35 (5). 1292-1300.
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 1292-1300
    • Eldridge, S.M.1    Ashby, D.2    Kerry, S.3
  • 104
    • 0035866024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal cluster sizes for trials in English and Welsh general practice: Implications for sample size calculations
    • Kerry SM, Bland JM Unequal cluster sizes for trials in English and Welsh general practice: implications for sample size calculations. Statistics in Medicine 2001 ; 20: 377-390.
    • (2001) Statistics in Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 377-390
    • Kerry, S.M.1    Bland, J.M.2
  • 105
    • 1642368615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons for cluster randomized trials in the twenty-first century: A systematic review of trials in primary care
    • Eldridge SM, Ashby D., Feder GS, Rudnicka AR, Ukoumunne OC Lessons for cluster randomized trials in the twenty-first century: a systematic review of trials in primary care. Clinical Trials 2004 ; 1 (1). 80-90.
    • (2004) Clinical Trials , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-90
    • Eldridge, S.M.1    Ashby, D.2    Feder, G.S.3    Rudnicka, A.R.4    Ukoumunne, O.C.5
  • 106
    • 18344369714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prior distributions for the intracluster correlation coefficient, based on multiple previous estimates, and their application in cluster randomized trials
    • Turner RM, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ Prior distributions for the intracluster correlation coefficient, based on multiple previous estimates, and their application in cluster randomized trials. Clinical Trials 2005 ; 2 (2). 108-118.
    • (2005) Clinical Trials , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 108-118
    • Turner, R.M.1    Thompson, S.G.2    Spiegelhalter, D.J.3
  • 107
    • 0035865954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian methods of analysis for cluster randomized trials with binary outcome data
    • Turner RM, Omar RZ, Thompson SG Bayesian methods of analysis for cluster randomized trials with binary outcome data. Statistics in Medicine 2001 ; 20 (3). 453-472.
    • (2001) Statistics in Medicine , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 453-472
    • Turner, R.M.1    Omar, R.Z.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 108
    • 42549106032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal and external validity of cluster randomised trials: Systematic review of recent trials
    • Eldridge S., Ashby D., Bennett C., Wakelin M., Feder G. Internal and external validity of cluster randomised trials: systematic review of recent trials. British Medical Journal 2008 ; 336 (7649). 876-880.
    • (2008) British Medical Journal , vol.336 , Issue.7649 , pp. 876-880
    • Eldridge, S.1    Ashby, D.2    Bennett, C.3    Wakelin, M.4    Feder, G.5
  • 109
    • 0141639672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: Review of recent trials published in three general medical journals
    • Puffer S., Torgerson D., Watson J. Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: review of recent trials published in three general medical journals. British Medical Journal 2003 ; 327: 785-789.
    • (2003) British Medical Journal , vol.327 , pp. 785-789
    • Puffer, S.1    Torgerson, D.2    Watson, J.3
  • 110
    • 1942455909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thompson SG Allowing for imprecision of the intracluster correlation coefficient in the design of cluster randomised trials
    • Turner RM, Prevost AT, Thompson SG Allowing for imprecision of the intracluster correlation coefficient in the design of cluster randomised trials. Statistics in Medicine 2004 ; 23 (8). 1195-1214.
    • (2004) Statistics in Medicine , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 1195-1214
    • Turner, R.M.1    Prevost, A.T.2
  • 113
    • 0034076915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of cluster randomized trials in primary care: A practical approach
    • Campbell MK, Mollison J., Steen N., Grimshaw JM, Eccles M. Analysis of cluster randomized trials in primary care: a practical approach. Family Practice 2000 ; 17 (2). 192-196.
    • (2000) Family Practice , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 192-196
    • Campbell, M.K.1    Mollison, J.2    Steen, N.3    Grimshaw, J.M.4    Eccles, M.5
  • 114
    • 0000785485 scopus 로고
    • A geometric approach to assess bias due to omitted covariates in generalized liner models
    • Neuhaus JM, Jewell NP A geometric approach to assess bias due to omitted covariates in generalized liner models. Biometrika 1993 ; 80: 807-815.
    • (1993) Biometrika , vol.80 , pp. 807-815
    • Neuhaus, J.M.1    Jewell, N.P.2
  • 115
    • 77955535588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should we use relative risks or odds ratios in cluster randomised trials with binary outcomes that have high proportions?
    • Campbell MJ Should we use relative risks or odds ratios in cluster randomised trials with binary outcomes that have high proportions? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008 ; 62 (Suppl 1). A24.
    • (2008) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 24
    • Campbell, M.J.1
  • 116
    • 33846199137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in cluster randomized trials and statistics in medicine
    • Campbell MJ, Donner A., Klar N. Developments in cluster randomized trials and statistics in medicine. Statistics in Medicine 2007 ; 26: 2-19.
    • (2007) Statistics in Medicine , vol.26 , pp. 2-19
    • Campbell, M.J.1    Donner, A.2    Klar, N.3
  • 117
    • 0035865996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian methods for cluster randomized trials with continuous response
    • Spiegelhalter DJ Bayesian methods for cluster randomized trials with continuous response. Statistics in Medicine 2001 ; 20: 435-452.
    • (2001) Statistics in Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 435-452
    • Spiegelhalter, D.J.1
  • 118
    • 77649173768 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models
    • Liang K-Y., Zeger SL Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 1986 ; 73: 13-22.
    • (1986) Biometrika , vol.73 , pp. 13-22
    • Liang, K.-Y.1    Zeger, S.L.2
  • 119
    • 27844466696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-sample performance of the robust score test and its modifications in generalized estimating equations
    • Guo X., Pan W., Connett JE, Hannan PJ, French SA Small-sample performance of the robust score test and its modifications in generalized estimating equations. Statistics in Medicine 2005 ; 24: 3479-3495.
    • (2005) Statistics in Medicine , vol.24 , pp. 3479-3495
    • Guo, X.1    Pan, W.2    Connett, J.E.3    Hannan, P.J.4    French, S.A.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.