메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 673-688

Crowding Affects Letters and Symbols Differently

Author keywords

Crowding; Letter perception; Orthographic processing

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EYE FIXATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; RECALL; SEMANTICS; SYMBOLISM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77955530046     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016888     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (80)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0024269580 scopus 로고
    • Visual acuity testing of young children with the Cambridge Crowding Cards at 3 and 6 m
    • Atkinson J., Anker S., Evans C., Hall R., Pimm-Smith E. Visual acuity testing of young children with the Cambridge Crowding Cards at 3 and 6 m. Acta Opthalmologica 1988, 66:505-508.
    • (1988) Acta Opthalmologica , vol.66 , pp. 505-508
    • Atkinson, J.1    Anker, S.2    Evans, C.3    Hall, R.4    Pimm-Smith, E.5
  • 3
    • 0017759691 scopus 로고
    • Asymmetry of lateral interference in visual letter identification
    • Banks W.P., Bachrach K., Larson D.W. Asymmetry of lateral interference in visual letter identification. Perception and Psychophysics 1977, 22:232-240.
    • (1977) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.22 , pp. 232-240
    • Banks, W.P.1    Bachrach, K.2    Larson, D.W.3
  • 5
    • 0014941168 scopus 로고
    • Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition
    • Bouma H. Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition. Nature 1970, 226:177-178.
    • (1970) Nature , vol.226 , pp. 177-178
    • Bouma, H.1
  • 6
    • 0015611466 scopus 로고
    • Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words
    • Bouma H. Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words. Vision Research 1973, 13:767-782.
    • (1973) Vision Research , vol.13 , pp. 767-782
    • Bouma, H.1
  • 7
    • 0001582872 scopus 로고
    • Visual search and reading-eye movements and functional visual field: A tutorial review
    • Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, J. Requin (Ed.)
    • Bouma H. Visual search and reading-eye movements and functional visual field: A tutorial review. Attention and performance, VII 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Requin (Ed.).
    • (1978) Attention and performance, VII
    • Bouma, H.1
  • 8
    • 38949181654 scopus 로고
    • Selective attention and target search with brief visual displays
    • Butler B.E. Selective attention and target search with brief visual displays. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1975, 27:467-477.
    • (1975) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 467-477
    • Butler, B.E.1
  • 10
    • 0020435631 scopus 로고
    • Confusability and interference between members of parafoveal letter pairs
    • Chastain G. Confusability and interference between members of parafoveal letter pairs. Perception and Psychophysics 1982, 32:576-580.
    • (1982) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.32 , pp. 576-580
    • Chastain, G.1
  • 11
    • 35848951171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning to identify crowded letters: Does it improve reading speed?
    • Chung S.T.L. Learning to identify crowded letters: Does it improve reading speed?. Vision Research 2007, 47:3150-3159.
    • (2007) Vision Research , vol.47 , pp. 3150-3159
    • Chung, S.T.L.1
  • 12
    • 0032891734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Word ambiguity and the optimal viewing position in reading
    • Clark J.J., O'Regan J.K. Word ambiguity and the optimal viewing position in reading. Vision Research 1999, 39:843-857.
    • (1999) Vision Research , vol.39 , pp. 843-857
    • Clark, J.J.1    O'Regan, J.K.2
  • 14
    • 34547838125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deployment of spatial attention to words in central and peripheral vision
    • Ducrot S., Grainger J. Deployment of spatial attention to words in central and peripheral vision. Perception & Psychophysics 2007, 69:578-590.
    • (2007) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.69 , pp. 578-590
    • Ducrot, S.1    Grainger, J.2
  • 15
    • 0000120157 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of signal and background variables in visual processing
    • Estes W.K. Interactions of signal and background variables in visual processing. Perception and Psychophysics 1972, 12:278-286.
    • (1972) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.12 , pp. 278-286
    • Estes, W.K.1
  • 16
    • 0017232382 scopus 로고
    • Serial position functions for letter identification at brief and extended exposure durations
    • Estes W.K., Allmeyer D.H., Reder S.M. Serial position functions for letter identification at brief and extended exposure durations. Perception and Psychophysics 1976, 19:1-15.
    • (1976) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.19 , pp. 1-15
    • Estes, W.K.1    Allmeyer, D.H.2    Reder, S.M.3
  • 17
    • 38049169170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction
    • Grainger J. Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction. Language and Cognitive Processes 2008, 23:1-35.
    • (2008) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.23 , pp. 1-35
    • Grainger, J.1
  • 20
    • 0030195303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model
    • Grainger J., Jacobs A.M. Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review 1996, 103:518-565.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 518-565
    • Grainger, J.1    Jacobs, A.M.2
  • 21
    • 3042707434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception
    • Nova Science Publishers, New York, P. Bonin (Ed.)
    • Grainger J., van Heuven W. Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception. The mental lexicon 2003, 1-24. Nova Science Publishers, New York. P. Bonin (Ed.).
    • (2003) The mental lexicon , pp. 1-24
    • Grainger, J.1    van Heuven, W.2
  • 22
    • 0001155462 scopus 로고
    • Location of errors with a poststimulus indicator
    • Haber R.N., Standing L. Location of errors with a poststimulus indicator. Psychonomic Science 1969, 17:345-346.
    • (1969) Psychonomic Science , vol.17 , pp. 345-346
    • Haber, R.N.1    Standing, L.2
  • 24
    • 0029743274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness
    • He S., Cavanagh P., Intriligator J. Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature 1996, 383:334-337.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.383 , pp. 334-337
    • He, S.1    Cavanagh, P.2    Intriligator, J.3
  • 25
    • 0002910020 scopus 로고
    • Perception as a function of retinal locus and attention
    • Heron W. Perception as a function of retinal locus and attention. American Journal of Psychology 1957, 70:38-48.
    • (1957) American Journal of Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 38-48
    • Heron, W.1
  • 26
    • 10644226146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial selection in peripheral letter recognition: In search of boundary conditions
    • Huckauf A., Heller D. Spatial selection in peripheral letter recognition: In search of boundary conditions. Acta Psychologica 2002, 11:101-123.
    • (2002) Acta Psychologica , vol.11 , pp. 101-123
    • Huckauf, A.1    Heller, D.2
  • 27
    • 0032603674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral masking: Limitations of the feature interaction account
    • Huckauf A., Heller D., Nazir T.A. Lateral masking: Limitations of the feature interaction account. Perception and Psychophysics 1999, 61:177-189.
    • (1999) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.61 , pp. 177-189
    • Huckauf, A.1    Heller, D.2    Nazir, T.A.3
  • 28
    • 34548127288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How odgcrnwi becomes crowding: Stimulus-specific learning reduces crowding
    • Huckauf A., Nazir T.A. How odgcrnwi becomes crowding: Stimulus-specific learning reduces crowding. Journal of Vision 2007, 7(18):1-12.
    • (2007) Journal of Vision , vol.7 , Issue.18 , pp. 1-12
    • Huckauf, A.1    Nazir, T.A.2
  • 29
    • 0035511645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial resolution of visual attention
    • Intriligator J., Cavanagh P. The spatial resolution of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology 2001, 43:171-216.
    • (2001) Cognitive Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 171-216
    • Intriligator, J.1    Cavanagh, P.2
  • 30
    • 0033226674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models of receptive-field dynamics in visual cortex
    • Kalarickal G.J., Marshall J.A. Models of receptive-field dynamics in visual cortex. Visual Neuroscience 1999, 16:1055-1081.
    • (1999) Visual Neuroscience , vol.16 , pp. 1055-1081
    • Kalarickal, G.J.1    Marshall, J.A.2
  • 31
    • 0017201632 scopus 로고
    • Extracting identity and location information from briefly presented letter arrays
    • Krumhansl C.L., Thomas E.A.C. Extracting identity and location information from briefly presented letter arrays. Perception and Psychophysics 1976, 20:243-258.
    • (1976) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.20 , pp. 243-258
    • Krumhansl, C.L.1    Thomas, E.A.C.2
  • 32
    • 0017614906 scopus 로고
    • Effect of level of confusability on reporting letters from briefly presented visual displays
    • Krumhansl C.L., Thomas E.A.C. Effect of level of confusability on reporting letters from briefly presented visual displays. Perception and Psychophysics 1977, 21:269-279.
    • (1977) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.21 , pp. 269-279
    • Krumhansl, C.L.1    Thomas, E.A.C.2
  • 33
    • 39049162934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of orthographic transparency on letter position encoding: A comparison of Greek and English monoscriptal and biscriptal readers
    • Ktori M., Pitchford N.J. Effect of orthographic transparency on letter position encoding: A comparison of Greek and English monoscriptal and biscriptal readers. Language and Cognitive Processes 2008, 23:258-281.
    • (2008) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.23 , pp. 258-281
    • Ktori, M.1    Pitchford, N.J.2
  • 34
    • 34548722632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental changes in the size of the visual span for reading: Effects of crowding [abstract]
    • Kwon M.Y., Legge G.E. Developmental changes in the size of the visual span for reading: Effects of crowding [abstract]. Journal of Vision 2006, 6:1003a.
    • (2006) Journal of Vision , vol.6
    • Kwon, M.Y.1    Legge, G.E.2
  • 35
    • 34548710200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental changes in the visual span for reading
    • Kwon M.Y., Legge G.E., Dubbels B.R. Developmental changes in the visual span for reading. Vision Research 2007, 47:2889-2890.
    • (2007) Vision Research , vol.47 , pp. 2889-2890
    • Kwon, M.Y.1    Legge, G.E.2    Dubbels, B.R.3
  • 36
    • 39149091347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowding: An essential bottleneck for object recognition. A mini-review
    • Levi D.M. Crowding: An essential bottleneck for object recognition. A mini-review. Vision Research 2008, 48:635-654.
    • (2008) Vision Research , vol.48 , pp. 635-654
    • Levi, D.M.1
  • 37
    • 0000426193 scopus 로고
    • Reading ability and letter search time: Effects of orthographic structure defined by single-letter positional frequency
    • Mason M. Reading ability and letter search time: Effects of orthographic structure defined by single-letter positional frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1975, 104:146-166.
    • (1975) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 146-166
    • Mason, M.1
  • 38
    • 0020201443 scopus 로고
    • Recognition time for letters and nonletters: Effects of serial position, array size, and processing order
    • Mason M. Recognition time for letters and nonletters: Effects of serial position, array size, and processing order. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1982, 8:724-738.
    • (1982) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , vol.8 , pp. 724-738
    • Mason, M.1
  • 39
    • 0017270970 scopus 로고
    • Visual processing of nonlinguistic strings: Redundancy effects and reading ability
    • Mason M., Katz L. Visual processing of nonlinguistic strings: Redundancy effects and reading ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1976, 105:338-348.
    • (1976) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.105 , pp. 338-348
    • Mason, M.1    Katz, L.2
  • 40
    • 33749252505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read
    • Maurer U., Brem S., Kranz F., Bucher K., Benz R., Halder P., et al. Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read. NeuroImage 2006, 33:749-758.
    • (2006) NeuroImage , vol.33 , pp. 749-758
    • Maurer, U.1    Brem, S.2    Kranz, F.3    Bucher, K.4    Benz, R.5    Halder, P.6
  • 41
    • 59849107042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
    • McCandliss B.D., Cohen L., Dehaene S. The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 13:155-161.
    • (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.13 , pp. 155-161
    • McCandliss, B.D.1    Cohen, L.2    Dehaene, S.3
  • 42
    • 58149409989 scopus 로고
    • An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings
    • McClelland J.L., Rumelhart D.E. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 1981, 88:375-407.
    • (1981) Psychological Review , vol.88 , pp. 375-407
    • McClelland, J.L.1    Rumelhart, D.E.2
  • 44
    • 54949157926 scopus 로고
    • Familiarity and method of report as determinants of tachistoscopic performance
    • Merikle P.M., Lowe D.G., Coltheart M. Familiarity and method of report as determinants of tachistoscopic performance. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1971, 25:167-174.
    • (1971) Canadian Journal of Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 167-174
    • Merikle, P.M.1    Lowe, D.G.2    Coltheart, M.3
  • 45
    • 0018240118 scopus 로고
    • Processing spatial information and the selective-masking effect
    • Mewhort D.J.K., Campbell A.J. Processing spatial information and the selective-masking effect. Perception and Psychophysics 1978, 24:93-101.
    • (1978) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.24 , pp. 93-101
    • Mewhort, D.J.K.1    Campbell, A.J.2
  • 46
    • 77955520814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowding and visual complexity
    • Põder E. Crowding and visual complexity. Perception (Supplement) 2008, 37:121.
    • (2008) Perception (Supplement) , vol.37 , pp. 121
    • Põder, E.1
  • 48
    • 6444221648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: Distinguishing feature integration from detection
    • Pelli D.G., Palomares M., Majaj N.J. Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: Distinguishing feature integration from detection. Journal of Vision 2004, 4:1136-1169.
    • (2004) Journal of Vision , vol.4 , pp. 1136-1169
    • Pelli, D.G.1    Palomares, M.2    Majaj, N.J.3
  • 49
    • 52949089622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uncrowded window of object recognition
    • Pelli D.G., Tillman K.A. The uncrowded window of object recognition. Nature Neuroscience 2008, 11:1129-1135.
    • (2008) Nature Neuroscience , vol.11 , pp. 1129-1135
    • Pelli, D.G.1    Tillman, K.A.2
  • 51
    • 34248591190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nested incremental modeling in the development of computational theories: The CDP+ model of reading aloud
    • Perry C., Ziegler J.C., Zorzi M. Nested incremental modeling in the development of computational theories: The CDP+ model of reading aloud. Psychological Review 2007, 114:273-315.
    • (2007) Psychological Review , vol.114 , pp. 273-315
    • Perry, C.1    Ziegler, J.C.2    Zorzi, M.3
  • 52
    • 33847711878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowding is directed to the fovea and preserves only feature contrast
    • Petrov Y., Popple A.V. Crowding is directed to the fovea and preserves only feature contrast. Journal of Vision 2007, 7:1-9.
    • (2007) Journal of Vision , vol.7 , pp. 1-9
    • Petrov, Y.1    Popple, A.V.2
  • 55
    • 67649565854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing computational models of letter perception with item-level event-related potentials
    • Rey A., Dufau S., Massol S., Grainger J. Testing computational models of letter perception with item-level event-related potentials. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2009, 26:7-22.
    • (2009) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.26 , pp. 7-22
    • Rey, A.1    Dufau, S.2    Massol, S.3    Grainger, J.4
  • 56
    • 0018226657 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report
    • Schwantes F.M. Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report. Perception and Psychophysics 1978, 23:219-226.
    • (1978) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.23 , pp. 219-226
    • Schwantes, F.M.1
  • 57
    • 0038660438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter visibility and the viewing position effect in visual word recognition
    • Stevens M., Grainger J. Letter visibility and the viewing position effect in visual word recognition. Perception and Psychophysics 2003, 65:133-151.
    • (2003) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.65 , pp. 133-151
    • Stevens, M.1    Grainger, J.2
  • 60
    • 0016999883 scopus 로고
    • Order of processing in visual perception
    • White M.J. Order of processing in visual perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1976, 30:140-156.
    • (1976) Canadian Journal of Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 140-156
    • White, M.J.1
  • 61
    • 0016352620 scopus 로고
    • Retinal location and string position as important variables in visual information processing
    • Wolford G., Hollingsworth S. Retinal location and string position as important variables in visual information processing. Perception and Psychophysics 1974, 16:437-442.
    • (1974) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.16 , pp. 437-442
    • Wolford, G.1    Hollingsworth, S.2
  • 62
    • 34250203585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legibility variations of Chinese characters and implications for visual acuity measurement in Chinese reading population
    • Zhang J.Y., Zhang T., Xue F., Liu L., Yu C. Legibility variations of Chinese characters and implications for visual acuity measurement in Chinese reading population. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007, 48:2383-2390.
    • (2007) Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , vol.48 , pp. 2383-2390
    • Zhang, J.Y.1    Zhang, T.2    Xue, F.3    Liu, L.4    Yu, C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.