Revisiting the 3-4 April 1974 super outbreak of tornadoes

Weather and Forecasting

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 465-510

  Corfidi, Stephen F ^a   Weiss, Steven J ^a   Kain, John S ^b   Corfidi, Sarah J ^c   Rabin, Robert M ^c   Levit, Jason J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE WEATHER; FORECAST MODEL; LONG LASTING; SATELLITE DATA;

TORNADOES; WEATHER FORECASTING;

STORMS;

CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; SEVERE WEATHER; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY; TORNADO; WEATHER FORECASTING;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 77955529685     PISSN: 08828156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009WAF2222297.1     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part 1: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1306-1335.
2. Black, T. L., 1994: The new NMC mesoscale Eta Model: Description and forecast examples. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 265-278.
3. Browning, K. A., and G. A. Monk, 1982: A simple model for synoptic analysis of cold fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 435-452.
4. Broyles, J. C., and K. C. Crosbie, 2004: Evidence of smaller tornado alleys across the United States based on a long track F3-F5 tornado climatology study from 1880-2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P5.6. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81872.pdf.]
5. Bunkers, M. J., B. A. Klimowski, J. W. Zeitler, R. L. Thompson, and M. L. Weisman, 2000: Predicting supercell motion using a new hodograph technique. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 61-79.
6. Carlson, T., 1980: Airflow through midlatitude cyclones and the comma cloud pattern. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1498-1509.
7. Corfidi, S. F., 2003: Cold pools and MCS propagation: Forecasting the motion of downwind-developing MCSs. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 997-1017.
8. Department of Commerce, 1974: The widespread tornado outbreak of April 3-4, 1974. National Disaster Survey Rep. 74-1, Rockville, MD, 42 pp.
9. Doswell, C. A., III, 1991: A review for forecasters on the application of hodographs to forecasting severe thunderstorms. Natl. Wea. Dig., 16 (1), 2-16.
10. Esterheld, J. M., and D. J. Giuliano, 2008: Discriminating between tornadic and non-tornadic supercells: A new hodograph technique. E-J. Severe Storms Meteor., 3 (2). [Available online at http://www.ejssm.org/ojs/index.php/ejssm/article/viewArticle/33/37.]
11. Forbes, G. S., 1975: Relationship between tornadoes and hook echoes on April 3, 1974. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 280-285.
12. Fujita, T., 1975: Super Outbreak of tornadoes of April 3-4, 1974. Map printed by University of Chicago Press. [Available from Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, Texas Tech University, 10th and Akron, Lubbock, TX 79409.]
13. Fujita, T., 1978: Manual of downburst identification for project NIMROD. Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Paper 156, Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 104 pp.
14. Grazulis, T. P., 1993: Significant Tornadoes, 1680-1991. Environmental Films, 1326 pp.
15. Hobbs, P. V., J. D. Locatelli, and J. E. Martin, 1990: Cold fronts aloft and the forecasting of precipitation and severe weather east of the Rocky Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 613-626.
16. Houze, R. A., Jr., B. F. Smull, and P. Dodge, 1990: Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 613-654.
17. Hoxit, L. R., and C. F. Chappell, 1975: Tornado outbreak of 3-4 April 1974: Synoptic analysis. NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL 338-APCL 37, 48 pp.
18. Janjić, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945.
19. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
20. Keyser, D., and M. A. Shapiro, 1986: A review of the structure and dynamics of upper-level frontal zones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 452-499.
21. Locatelli, J. D., J. M. Sienkiewicz, and P. V. Hobbs, 1989: Organization and structure of clouds and precipitation on the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Part I: Synoptic evolution of a frontal system from the Rockies to the Atlantic coast. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1327-1348.
22. Locatelli, J. D., M. Stoelinga, P. V. Hobbs, and J. Johnson, 1998: Structure and evolution of an undular bore on the high plains and its effects on migrating birds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 1043-1060.
23. Locatelli, J. D., M. Stoelinga, and P. V. Hobbs, 2002: A new look at the Super Outbreak of tornadoes on 3-4 April 1974. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1633-1651.
24. Lumb, F. E., 1950: Upper frontal analysis in the Mediterranean. Meteor. Mag., 79, 191-198.
25. Miller, D. A., and F. Sanders, 1980: Mesoscale conditions for the severe convection of 3 April 1974 in the east-central United States. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1041-1055.
26. Miller, D. J., 2006: Observations of low level thermodynamic and wind shear profiles on significant tornado days. Preprints, 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 3.1. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/115403.pdf.]
27. NOAA, 1974: Storm Data. Vol. 16, No. 4, 23 pp.
28. Roebber, P. J., D. M. Schultz, and R. Romero, 2002: Synoptic regulation of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 399-429.
29. Shapiro, M. A., and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jet streams, and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Halopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-191.
30. Simpson, J. E., 1997: Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory. Cambridge University Press, 244 pp.
31. Uccellini, L. W., and D. R. Johnson, 1979: The coupling of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks and implications for the development of severe convective storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 682-703.