Rationales for indirect speech: The theory of the strategic speaker

Psychological Review

Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 785-807

  Lee, James J ^a   Pinker, Steven ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Common knowledge; Indirect speech; Politeness; Pragmatics; Psycholinguistics; Relational models

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DENIAL; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LINGUISTICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SPEECH; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

DENIAL (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEGOTIATING; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SPEECH; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 77955325478     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019688     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Bandura A. Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1999, 3:193-209.
2. Brown D.E. Human universals 1991, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
3. Brown P., Levinson S.C. Politeness: Some universals in language usage 1987, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
4. Caplan B. Systematically biased beliefs about economics: Robust evidence of judgmental anomalies from the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy. Economic Journal 2002, 112:433-458.
5. Chomsky N. Syntactic structures 1957, Mouton, The Hague, the Netherlands.
6. Chwe M.S.Y. Rational ritual: Culture, coordination, and common knowledge 2001, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
7. Clark H.H. Using language 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
8. Clark H.H., Marshall C.R. Definite reference and mutual knowledge. Elements of discourse understanding 1981, 10-63. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. A.K. Joshi, B.L. Webber, I.A. Sag (Eds.).
9. Clark H.H., Schaefer E.F. Dealing with overhearers. Arenas of language use 1992, 248-297. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. H.H. Clark (Ed.).
10. Coen E., Coen J. Fargo [Motion picture] 1996, Polygram Filmed Entertainment & Working Title Productions, Universal City, CA.
11. Cole P., Morgan J.L. Syntax and semantics Vol. 3: Speech acts 1975, Academic Press, New York, NY.
12. Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals 1998, Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1872), New York, NY. 3rd ed.
13. Dawkins R., Krebs J.R. Animals signals: Information or manipulation?. Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach 1978, 282-309. Blackwell, Oxford, England. J.R. Krebs, N. Davies (Eds.).
14. Dillard J.P., Wilson S.R., Tusing K.J., Kinney T.A. Politeness judgments in personal relationships. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 1997, 16:297-325.
15. Feiler B. Pocketful of dough. Gourmet 2000, October, 99-101.
16. Fiske A.P. Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations 1991, Free Press, New York, NY.
17. Fiske A.P. The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review 1992, 99:689-723.
18. Fiske A.P. Complementarity theory: Why human social capacities evolved to require cultural complements. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2000, 4:76-94.
19. Fiske A.P., Tetlock P.E. Taboo trade-offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice. Political Psychology 1997, 18:255-297.
20. Gibbs R.W. Do people always process the literal meanings of indirect requests?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1983, 9:524-533.
21. Goffman E. Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior 1967, Anchor Books, New York, NY.
22. Grice H.P. Logic and conversation. Syntax and semantics Vol. 3: Speech acts 1975, 41-58. Academic Press, New York, NY. P. Cole, J.L. Morgan (Eds.).
23. Haidt J. The moral emotions. Handbook of affective sciences 2003, 852-870. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. C.L.M. Keyes, K.R. Scherer, H.H. Goldsmith (Eds.).
24. Hamilton W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1964, 7:1-52.
25. Haslam N. Categories of social relationship. Cognition 1994, 53:59-90.
26. Haslam N. Mental representation of social relationships: Dimensions, laws, or categories?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:575-584.
27. Hauser M.D. The evolution of communication 1996, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
28. Holtgraves T.M. Communication in context: Effects of speaker status on the comprehension of indirect requests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1994, 20:1205-1218.
29. Holtgraves T.M. Language as social action: Social psychology and language use 2002, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
30. Holtgraves T.M., Yang J.N. Politeness as universal: Cross-cultural perceptions of request strategies and inferences based on their use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:719-729.
31. Horn L.R. Implicature. Handbook of pragmatics 2003, 3-28. Blackwell, Malden, MA. L.R. Horn, G. Ward (Eds.).
32. Isaacs E.A., Clark H.H. Ostensible invitations. Language in Society 1990, 19:493-509.
33. Kasher A. Foundations of philosophical pragmatics. Basic problems in methodology and linguistics 1977, 225-242. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. R.E. Butts, J. Hintikka (Eds.).
34. Lakoff R. The logic of politeness; or minding your P's and Q's. Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society 1973, 292-305. Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago, IL. C. Colum, T.C. Smith-Stark, A. Weiser (Eds.).
35. Lewis D.K. Convention: A philosophical study 1969, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
36. Lim T.S., Bowers J.W. Facework: Solidarity, approbation, and tact. Human Communication Research 1991, 17:415-450.
37. Maynard Smith J. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 1964, March 14, 201:1145-1147.
38. Maynard Smith J. Evolution and the theory of games 1982, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
39. Maynard Smith J., Harper D. Animal signals 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
40. Nowak M.A., Sigmund K. Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 2005, October 27, 437:1291-1298.
41. Ohtsuki H., Iwasa Y. The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2006, 239:435-444.
42. Orwell G. Politics and the English language. Horizon 1946, 13:252-265.
43. Pinker S. The language instinct: How the mind creates language 1994, Morrow, New York, NY.
44. Pinker S. Words and rules: The ingredients of language 1999, Basic Books, New York, NY.
45. Pinker S. The stuff of thought: Language as a window into human nature 2007, Penguin Books, New York, NY.
46. Pinker S., Nowak M.A., Lee J.J. The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2008, 105:833-838.
47. Raggedclown. Dave Allen on the vagaries of the English language [Video file] 2006, September 8, Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IfoUM6a4bA.
48. Sampson G. The economics of conversation. Mutual knowledge 1982, 200-210. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. N. Smith (Ed.).
49. Schelling T.C. The strategy of conflict 1960, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
50. Searle J.R. Indirect speech acts. Syntax and semantics Vol. 3: Speech acts 1975, 59-82. Academic Press, New York, NY. P. Cole, J.L. Morgan (Eds.).
51. Smith N. Mutual knowledge 1982, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
52. Sperber D., Wilson D. Relevance: Communication and cognition 1986, Blackwell, Oxford, England.
53. Spielberg S. Schindler's list [Motion picture] 1993, Amblin Entertainment, Universal City, CA.
54. Tannen D. You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation 1991, Ballantine Books, New York, NY.
55. Tetlock P.E. Thinking the unthinkable: Sacred values and taboo cognitions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:320-324.
56. Tetlock P.E., Kristel O.V., Elson S.B., Green M.C., Lerner J.S. The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78:853-870.
57. Tooby J., Cosmides L. Friendship and the banker's paradox: Other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy 1996, 88:119-143.
58. Tracy J.L., Robins R.W., Tangney J.P. The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research 2007, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
59. Tracy K. The many faces of face-work. Handbook of language and social psychology 1990, 209-226. Wiley, London, England. H. Giles, P. Robinson (Eds.).
60. Trivers R.L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 1971, 46:35-57.
61. Trivers R.L. Social evolution 1985, Cummings, Reading, MA.
62. Walster E.H., Walster G.W., Berscheid E. Equity: Theory and research 1978, Allyn & Bacon, Rockleight, NJ.
63. Wilson M., Daly M. Relationship-specific social psychological adaptations. CIBA Foundation Symposium on characterizing psychological adaptations 1997, 253-268. Wiley, Chichester, England. G. Bock, G. Cardew (Eds.).