The impact of new and emerging clinical data on treatment strategies for atrial fibrillation

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 946-958

  Prystowsky, Eric N ^a   Camm, John ^b   Lip, Gregory Y H ^c   Allessie, Maurits ^d   Bergmann, Jean FranÇois ^e,f   Breithardt, Günter ^f   Brugada, Josep ^g   Crijns, Harry ^h   Ellinor, Patrick T ⁱ   Mark, Daniel ^j   Naccarelli, Gerald ^k   Packer, Douglas ^l   Tamargo, Juan ^m  

^a Care Group   (United States)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e HÔPITAL LARIBOISIÈRE   (France)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^h MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

ⁱ MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^j DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^k PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^l MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^m UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; heart failure; stroke; thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; BETRIXABAN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; CLOPIDOGREL; DABIGATRAN; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; EDOXABAN; FLECAINIDE; FLOVAGATRAN; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; N [2 [4 (1 METHYL 4 PIPERIDINYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL] 2 OXO 1 PHENYLETHYL] 1H INDOLE 6 CARBOXAMIDE; OTAMIXABAN; PROPAFENONE; RIVAROXABAN; SOTALOL; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASODILATOR AGENT; VERNAKALANT; WARFARIN; YM 150;

ABLATION THERAPY; ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ALGORITHM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL STUDY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART CONDUCTION; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POPULATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; SINUS RHYTHM; STROKE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CATHETER ABLATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77955293430     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: 15408167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01770.x     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Savelieva I, Camm AJ : Clinical trends in atrial fibrillation at the turn of the millennium. J Intern Med 2001 250 : 369 372.
2. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, Gondo N, Ideishi M, Arakawa K : Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000 101 : 2612 2617.
3. Tsai CT, Lai LP, Lin JL, Chiang FT, Hwang JJ, Ritchie MD, Moore JH, Hsu KL, Tseng CD, Liau CS, Tseng YZ : Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004 109 : 1640 1646.
4. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB, Levy D : Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998 98 : 946 952.
5. Wolf PA, Abbott RB, Kannel WB : Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke 1991 22 : 983 988.
6. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr., Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL : American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2006 114 : e257 e354.
7. Smith SC Jr., Jackson R, Pearson TA, Fuster V, Yusuf S, Faergeman O, Wood DA, Alderman M, Horgan J, Home P, Hunn M, Grundy SM : Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation 2004 109 : 3112 3121.
8. Benjamin EJ, Chen PS, Bild DE, Mascette AM, Albert CM, Alonso A, Calkins H, Connolly SJ, Curtis AB, Darbar D, Ellinor PT, Go AS, Goldschlager NF, Heckbert SR, Jalife J, Kerr CR, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, Massie BM, Nattel S, Olgin JE, Packer DL, Po SS, Tsang TS, Van Wagoner DR, Waldo AL, Wyse DG : Prevention of atrial fibrillation: Report from a national heart, lung, and blood institute workshop. Circulation 2009 119 : 606 618.
9. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE : Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001 285 : 2370 2375.
10. Heeringa J, Van Der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Stijnen T, Lip GY, Witteman JC : Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: The Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 949 953.
11. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Tsang TS : Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006 114 : 119 125.
12. Naccarelli GV, Varker H, Lin J, Schulman KL : Increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2009 104 : 1534 1539.
13. Tsang TS, Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ : Epidemiological profile of atrial fibrillation: A contemporary perspective. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005 48 : 1 8.
14. Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Aoki J, Terasawa Y, Sakai K, Uemura J, Shibazaki K : Relation of atrial fibrillation to glomerular filtration rate. Am J Cardiol 2008 102 : 1056 1059.
15. Wanahita N, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Gami AS, Somers VK, Steinberg JS : Atrial fibrillation and obesity-results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2008 155 : 310 315.
16. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, Leip EP, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ : Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003 107 : 2920 2925.
17. Elias MF, Sullivan LM, Elias PK, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB Sr., Seshadri S, Au R, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ : Atrial fibrillation is associated with lower cognitive performance in the Framingham offspring men. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2006 15 : 214 222.
18. Knecht S, Oelschläger C, Duning T, Lohmann H, Albers J, Stehling C, Heindel W, Breithardt G, Berger K, Ringelstein EB, Kirchhof P, Wersching H : Atrial fibrillation in stroke-free patients is associated with memory impairment and hippocampal atrophy. Eur Heart J 2008 29 : 2125 2132.
19. Hamer ME, Blumenthal JA, McCarthy EA, Phillips BG, Pritchett EL : Quality-of-life assessment in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1994 74 : 826 829.
20. Sanoski CA : Clinical, economic, and quality of life impact of atrial fibrillation. J Manag Care Pharm 2009 15 (6 Suppl B S4 S9.
21. Reynolds MR, Essebag V, Zimetbaum P, Cohen DJ : Healthcare resource utilization and costs associated with recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation: The FRACTAL registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007 18 : 628 633.
22. Ringborg A, Nieuwlaat R, Lindgren P, Jönsson B, Fidan D, Maggioni AP, Lopez-Sendon J, Stepinska J, Cokkinos DV, Crijns HJ : Costs of atrial fibrillation in five European countries: Results from the Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation. Europace 2008 10 : 403 411.
23. Kim MH, Lin J, Hussein M, Kreilick C, Battleman D : Cost of atrial fibrillation in United States managed care organizations. Adv Ther 2009 26 : 847 857.
24. Friberg J, Buch P, Scharling H, Gadsbphioll N, Jensen GB : Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation. Epidemiology 2003 14 : 666 672.
25. Mitra R, Leatham EW : Admissions with atrial fibrillation: Disease patterns and outcomes in a District General Hospital. Q J Med 2005 98 : 153 155.
26. Ridha M, Al-Sayed Amin A, Saleh SA, Cherian B, Al-Kandari F, Redha F, Jamal K, Bitar Z : The prevalence of atrial fibrillation among acute medical admissions in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2005 14 : 136 139.
27. Chinese Medical Association (Society of Cardiology): Retrospective investigation of hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation in mainland China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004 117 : 1763 1767.
28. Le Heuzey JY, Paziaud O, Piot O, Said MA, Copie X, Lavergne T, Guize L : Cost of care distribution in atrial fibrillation patients: The COCAF study. Am Heart J 2004 147 : 121 126.
29. Coyne KS, Paramore C, Grandy S, Mercader M, Reynolds M, Zimetbaum P : Assessing the direct costs of treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the United States. Value Health 2006 9 : 348 356.
30. Ehrlich JR, Nattel S : Novel approaches for pharmacological management of atrial fibrillation. Drugs 2009 69 : 757 774.
31. Naccarelli GV, Wolbrette DL, Samii S, Banchs JE, Penny-Peterson E, Stevenson R, Gonzalez MD : Vernakalant: Pharmacology electrophysiology, safety and efficacy. Drugs Today (Barc) 2008 44 : 325 329.
32. Roy D, Pratt CM, Torp-Pedersen C, Wyse DG, Toft E, Juul-Moller S, Nielsen T, Rasmussen SL, Stiell IG, Coutu B, Ip JH, Pritchett EL, Camm AJ : Atrial Arrhythmia Conversion Trial Investigators: Vernakalant hydrochloride for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 2008 117 : 1518 1525.
33. Kowey PR, Roy D, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, Dorian P, Mitchell LB, Toft E : Efficacy and safety of vernakalant hydrochloride injection for the treatment of atrial fibrillation after valvular or coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 2007 116 : II637. Abstract 2860.
34. Crijns HJGM, Connolly SJ, Gaudin C, van Eickels M, Page RL, Torp-Pedersen C, Hohnloser SH. Effects of dronedarone on clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease: Insights from the ATHENA study. Euro Heart J 2009 30 (Suppl). Abstract 450.
35. Loughlin JC, Kowey PR : Dronedarone: A new treatment for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Elecrophysiol 2008 19 : 1220 1226.
36. Hoy SM, Keam SJ : Dronedarone. Drugs 2009 69 : 1647 1663.
37. Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJGM, Roy D, Kowey PR, Capucci A, Radzik D, Aliot EM, Hohnloser SH : for the EURIDIS and ADONIS investigators : Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med 2007 357 : 987 999.
38. Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJGM, van Eickels M, Gaudin C, Page RL, Torp-Pedersen C, Connolly SJ, for the ATHENA investigators : Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009 360 : 668 678.
39. Le Heuzey JY, De Ferrari GM, Radzick D, Santini M, Zhu J, Davy JM : A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drondedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: The DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010 (in press).
40. Page RL, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, Gaudin C, Torp-Pedersen C, Hohnloser S : Rhythm- and rate-controlling effects of dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from the ATHENA trial. Presentation at American Heart Association Scientific Sessions November 2008, New Orleans USA. Abstract 4097.
41. Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, Torp-Pedersen C, van Eickels M, Gaudin C, Page RL, Hohnloser SH : ATHENA Investigators:Analysis of stroke in ATHENA: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm trial to assess the efficacy of dronedarone 400 mg BID for the prevention of cardiovascular hospitalization or death from any cause in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter. Circulation 2009 120 : 1174 1180.
42. Hohnloser SH, Connolly SJ, van Eickels M, Radzik D, Davy J-M, Singh BN : Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials in 6157 patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 (Suppl A113. Abstract 1020-1054.
43. Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV, Gøtzsche O, Léceresvy S, Crijns H, Amlie J, Carlsen J : For the Dronedarone Study Group: Increased mortality after dronedarone for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008 358 : 2678 2687.
44. Cosio FG, Aliot E, Botto GL, Heidbüchel H, Geller CJ, Kirchhof P, De Haro JC, Frank R, Villacastin JP, Vijgen J, Crijns H : Delayed rhythm control of atrial fibrillation may be a cause of failure to prevent recurrences: Reasons for change to active antiarrhythmic treatment at the time of the first detected episode. Europace 2008 10 : 21 27.
45. Nair GM, Nery PB, Diwakaramenon S, Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Morillo CA : A systematic review of randomized trials comparing radiofrequency ablation with antiarrhythmic medications in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009 20 : 138 144.
46. Hsu LF, Jaïs P, Sanders P, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Sacher F, Takahashi Y, Rotter M, Pasquiéceres JL, Scaveéceres C, Bordachar P, Cléceresmenty J, Haïssaguerre M : Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004 352 : 2373 2383.
47. Gentlesk PJ, Sauer WH, Gerstenfeld EP, Lin D, Dixit S, Zado E, Callans D, Marchlinksi FE : Reversal of left ventricular dysfunction following ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007 18 : 9 14.
48. Zado E, Callans DJ, Riley M, Hutchinson M, Garcia F, Bala R, Lin D, Cooper J, Verdino R, Russo AM, Dixit S, Gerstenfeld E, Marchlinski FE : Long-term clinical efficacy and risk of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in the elderly. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008 19 : 621 626.
49. Carrado A, Patel D, Riedlbauchova L, Famhy TS, Themistoclakis S, Bonso A, Rossillo A, Hao S, Schweikert RA, Cummings JE, Bhagarva M, Burkhardt D, Saliba W, Raviele A, Natale A : Efficacy, safety, and outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation in septuagenarians. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008 18 : 807 811.
50. Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, Davies W, Lesaka Y, Kalman J, Kim YH, Klein G, Natale A, Packer D, Skanes A : Prevalence and causes of fatal outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 : 1798 1803.
51. Ghia KK, Chugh A, Good E, Pelosi F, Jongnarangsin K, Bogun F, Morady F, Oral H : A nationwide survey on the prevalence of atrioesophageal fistula after left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2009 24 : 33 36.
52. Reynolds MR, Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME, Ellis E, Danilov T, Cohen DJ : Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation compared with antiarrhythmic drug therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2009 2 : 362 369.
53. Tondo C, Mantica M, Russo G, Avella A, De Luca L, Pappalardo A, Fagundes RL, Picchio E, Laurenzi F, Piazza V, Bisceglia I : Pulmonary vein vestibule ablation for the control of atrial fibrillation in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006 29 : 962 970.
54. Lelakowski J, Majewski J, Bigaj J, Szczepkowski J, Dreher A, Bednarek J : The influence of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the atrioventricular junction in atrial fibrillation on left ventricular systolic function, exercise tolerance and quality of life. Przegl Lek 2009 66 : 222 227.
55. Padanilam BJ, Prystowsky EN : Should atrial fibrillation ablation be considered first-line therapy for some patients? Should ablation be first-line therapy and for whom? The antagonist position. Circulation 2005 112 : 1223 1229.
56. Savelieva I, Camm AJ : Silent atrial fibrillation-another Pandora's box. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000 23 : 145 148.
57. Page RL, Tilsch TW, Connolly SJ, Schnell DJ, Marcello SR, Wilkinson WE, Pritchett EL : Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Program (ASAP) Investigators: Asymptomatic or "silent" atrial fibrillation: Frequency in untreated patients and patients receiving azimilide. Circulation 2003 107 : 1141 1145.
58. Defaye P, Dournaux F, Mouton E : Prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias from the automated analysis of data stored in the DDD pacemakers of 617 patients: The AIDA study. The AIDA Multicenter Study Group. Automatic Interpretation for Diagnosis Assistance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998 21 : 250 255.
59. Lin HJ, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Belanger AJ, D'Agostino RB : Newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and acute stroke. Stroke 1995 26 : 1527 1530.
60. Tayal AH, Tian M, Kelly KM, Jones SC, Wright DG, Singh D, Jarouse J, Brillman J, Murali S, Gupta R : Atrial fibrillation detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry in cryptogenic TIA or stroke. Neurology 2008 71 : 1696 1701.
61. Peterson GM, Boom K, Jackson SL, Vial JH : Doctors' beliefs on the use of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: Identifying barriers to stroke prevention. Intern Med J 2002 32 : 15 23.
62. Lane DA, Ponsford J, Shelley A, Sirpal A, Lip GY : Patient knowledge and perceptions of atrial fibrillation and anticoagulant therapy: Effects of an educational intervention programme. The West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project. Int J Cardiol 2006 110 : 354 358.
63. Hirsh J, Guyatt G : Clinical experts or methodologists to write guidelines. Lancet 2009 374 : 273 275.
64. Lane DA, Lip GY : Barriers to anticoagulation in patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke 2008 39 : 7 9.
65. Krishnamoorthy S, Lip GY : Antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: Focus on dronedarone. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009 7 : 473 481.
66. Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ. Status of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Med Clin North Am 2008 92 : 17 40.
67. Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S, Russo T, Olivieri L, Totaro R, Carolei A. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: Results from a population-based study. Stroke 2005 36 : 1115 1119.
68. Lip G, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane D, Crijns H : Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor based approach: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 2009 : DOI :.
69. Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group : Independent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Neurology 2007 69 : 546 554.
70. Hughes M, Lip GY : Guideline Development Group, National Clinical Guideline for Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Primary and Secondary Care, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: A systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost 2008 99 : 295 304.
71. Lane DA, Lip GY : Female gender is a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation patients. Thromb Haemost 2009 101 : 802 805.
72. Lip GY, Lane D, Van Walraven C, Hart RG. Additive role of plasma von Willebrand factor levels to clinical factors for risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 2006 37 : 2294 2300.
73. Vene N, Mavri A, Kosmelj K, Stegnar M : High D-dimer levels predict cardiovascular events in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation during oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 2003 90 : 1163 1172.
74. Sato H, Ishikawa K, Kitabatake A, Ogawa S, Maruyama Y, Yokota Y, Fukuyama T, Doi Y, Mochizuki S, Izumi T, Takekoshi N, Yoshida K, Hiramori K, Origasa H, Uchiyama S, Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi T, Hori M : Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial Group: Low-dose aspirin for prevention of stroke in low-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial. Stroke 2006 37 : 447 451.
75. Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, Roalfe A, Fitzmaurice D, Lip GY, Murray E : BAFTA investigators; Midland Research Practices Network (MidReC): Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 370 : 493 503.
76. Fang MC : Antithrombotic therapy for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the elderly. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2009 25 : 19 23.
77. Poli D, Antonucci E, Grifoni E, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Prisco D : Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin. Predictive ability of risk stratification schemes for primary and secondary prevention. Thromb Haemost. 2009 101 : 367 372.
78. Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group : Comparison of 12 risk stratification schemes to predict stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke 2008 39 : 1901 1910.
79. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky L, Pomernacki NK, Singer DE : ATRIA Study Group: Comparison of risk stratification schemes to predict thromboembolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 51 : 810 815.
80. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L : RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators: Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009 361 : 1139 1151.