-
1
-
-
77955290487
-
Based on gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
-
Based on gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database (2009) and World Bank World Development Indicators database (2008).
-
(2008)
World Economic Outlook Database (2009) and World Bank World Development Indicators Database
-
-
-
2
-
-
77955298655
-
-
Chinese president Hu Jintao called for greater emphasis on "technological advances and innovation to drive the good and fast development of the economy and society" at the opening ceremony of the member general assemblies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on 5 June 2006.
-
Chinese president Hu Jintao called for greater emphasis on "technological advances and innovation to drive the good and fast development of the economy and society" at the opening ceremony of the member general assemblies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on 5 June 2006.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
77955293658
-
-
Patents, which represent only a fraction of all inventions, are constructed within complex institutional frameworks by strategic actors who use patents in different ways to strengthen competitive positions. Thus, not all patents are of equal importance and value ( 28); analyses of their use entail assumptions, for example, in patent examination, granting, and follow-on citation behaviors. Patents are critical for investment and product development in chemical, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and life sciences ( 17- 20), whereas in electronics and semiconductor industries, patents are important for strategic and defensive reasons, e.g., as cross-licensing bargaining chips or to fend off litigation ( 21). These patterns are more industry-specific than country-specific, although a weak IP environment can mitigate the propensity to apply for a patent ( 22, 23)
-
Patents, which represent only a fraction of all inventions, are constructed within complex institutional frameworks by strategic actors who use patents in different ways to strengthen competitive positions. Thus, not all patents are of equal importance and value ( 28); analyses of their use entail assumptions, for example, in patent examination, granting, and follow-on citation behaviors. Patents are critical for investment and product development in chemical, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and life sciences ( 17- 20), whereas in electronics and semiconductor industries, patents are important for strategic and defensive reasons, e.g., as cross-licensing bargaining chips or to fend off litigation ( 21). These patterns are more industry-specific than country-specific, although a weak IP environment can mitigate the propensity to apply for a patent ( 22, 23).
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
0038199477
-
-
MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
-
A. B. Jaffe, M. Trajtenberg, Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002).
-
(2002)
Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy
-
-
Jaffe, A.B.1
Trajtenberg, M.2
-
14
-
-
77955300535
-
-
SIPO invention and utility model patents provide legal protection of 20 and 10 years, respectively, and are comparable with USPTO "basic" and "improvement" utility patents, respectively. A basic patent is usually a pioneering type of patent, e.g., for the first radio communication device. An improvement patent modifies or builds on the technology of the basic patent, e.g., enhancements to the device
-
SIPO invention and utility model patents provide legal protection of 20 and 10 years, respectively, and are comparable with USPTO "basic" and "improvement" utility patents, respectively. A basic patent is usually a pioneering type of patent, e.g., for the first radio communication device. An improvement patent modifies or builds on the technology of the basic patent, e.g., enhancements to the device.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
77955294220
-
-
The patent applications include only patents that have been published by the SIPO, typically 18 months after the earliest priority date of the application. Before publication, the patent application is confidential to SIPO. Some applications received by SIPO may be pending publication or abandoned before publication. A subset of patents applied and published is eventually granted
-
The patent applications include only patents that have been published by the SIPO, typically 18 months after the earliest priority date of the application. Before publication, the patent application is confidential to SIPO. Some applications received by SIPO may be pending publication or abandoned before publication. A subset of patents applied and published is eventually granted.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
77955290587
-
-
Further notes on data, China's patent system, and government policy are available as supporting material on Science Online
-
Further notes on data, China's patent system, and government policy are available as supporting material on Science Online.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
77955292649
-
-
The author thanks A. Guglani and C. Lee for their excellent research assistance. This research is funded by grant 08-C207-SMU-003 from the Office of Research, Singapore Management University
-
The author thanks A. Guglani and C. Lee for their excellent research assistance. This research is funded by grant 08-C207-SMU-003 from the Office of Research, Singapore Management University.
-
-
-
|