"We are not strippers": How belly dancers manage a (soft) stigmatized serious leisure activity

Symbolic Interaction

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 435-455

  Kraus, Rachel ^a  

^a BALL STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Belly dance; Serious leisure; Soft stigma

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955202688     PISSN: 01956086     EISSN: 15338665     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/si.2010.33.3.435     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. AlZayer, Penni. 2004. Middle Eastern Dance. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
2. Anderson, Leon and David A. Snow. 2001. "Inequality and the Self: Exploring Connections from an Interactionist Perspective." Symbolic Interaction 24:395-406.
3. Anderson, Leon, David A. Snow, and Daniel Cress. 1994. "Negotiating the Public Realm: Stigma Management and Collective Action among the Homeless." Pp. 121-43 in The Community of the Streets, edited by L. Lofland and S. E. Cahill. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
4. Arai, Susan M. 2000. "Typology of Volunteers for a Changing Sociopolitical Context: The Impact of Social Capital, Citizenship, and Civil Society." Society and Leisure 23:327-352
5. Atkins-Sayre, Wendy. 2005. "Naming Women: The Emergence of 'Ms.' as a Liberatory Title." Women and Language 28:8-16.
6. Barkan, Ruth. 2004. Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy. Oxford: Berg.
7. Belly Dance Classes in the United States. 2009. Retrieved March 1 from http://us.bellydanceclasses. net/.
8. Berk, Bernard. 1977. "Face-Saving at the Singles Dance." Social Problems 24:530-544
9. Brown, Carroll A., Francis A. McGuire, and Judith Voelkl. 2008. "The Link between Successful Aging and Serious Leisure." Aging and Human Development 68:73-95.
10. Cahill, Spencer E. and Robin Eggleston. 1995. "Reconsidering the Stigma of Physical Disability: Wheelchair Use and Public Kindness." Sociological Quarterly 34:681-698
11. Carlton, Donna. 1994. Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington, IN: IDD Books.
12. Charmaz, Kathy. 2002. "Qualitative Interviewing and Grounded Theory Analysis." Pp. 675-93 in Handbook for Interview Research: Context and Method, edited by J. F. Gubrium and J. A. Holstein. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. D'Emilio, John and Estelle B. Freedman. 1997. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Dictionary.com. 2009. Retrieved April 5 from http://dictionary.reference. com/browse/exotic+ dancer?qsrc=2446.
15. Dox, Donnalee. 2006. "Dancing around Orientalism." Drama Review 50:52-71.
16. Durkin, Keith F. and Clifton D. Bryant. 1999. "Propagandizing Pederasty: A Thematic Analysis of the On-line Exculpatory Accounts of Unrepentant Pedophiles." Deviant Behavior 20:103-127
17. Einwohner, Rachel L. 2008. "Passing as Strategic Identity Work in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising." Pp. 121-40 in Identity Work in Social Movements, edited by J. Reger, D. J. Meyers, and R. L. Einwohner. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
18. English, Nicole. 2008. "Body Image and Middle Eastern Dance Performance: Differences between Class Participation and Performance." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, St. Louis, March.
19. Evans, Rhonda, Craig J. Forsyth, and Rachel A. Foreman. 2003. "Psychic Accounts: Self-Legitimation and the Management of a Spoiled Identity." Sociological Spectrum 23:359-375
20. Ezzell, Matthew B. 2009. "'Barbie Dolls' on the Pitch: Identity Work, Defensive Othering, and Inequality in Women's Rugby." Social Problems 56:111-131
21. Ferree, Myra Marx. 2005. "Soft Repression: Ridicule, Stigma, and Silencing in Gender-Based Movements." Pp. 138-55 in Repression and Mobilization, edited by C. Davenport, H. Johnston, and C. Mueller. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
22. Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
23. Goffman, Irving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday.
24. -. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25. Hobin, Tina. 2003. Belly Dance: The Dance of Mother Earth. London: Marion Boyars.
26. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1979. "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure." American Journal of Sociology 85:551-575
27. Hughes, Michael. 2000. "Country Music as Impression Management: A Meditation on Fabricating Authenticity." Poetics 28:185-205.
28. Irwin, Katherine. 2001. "Legitimating the First Tattoo: Moral Passage through Informal Interaction." Symbolic Interaction 24:49-73. (Pubitemid 33579348)
29. Jones, Ian. 2000. "A Model of Serious Leisure Identification: The Case of Football Fandom." Leisure Studies 19:83-298.
30. Kraus, Rachel. 2009. "Straddling the Sacred and Secular: Creating a Spiritual Experience through Belly Dance." Sociological Spectrum 29:598-625.
31. Link, Bruce. 1987. "Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection." American Sociological Review 52:96-112.
32. Link, Bruce G. and Jo C. Phelan. 2001. "Conceptualizing Stigma." American Review of Sociology 27:363-385
33. Link, Bruce G., Francis T. Cullen, Elmer Struening, Patrick E. Shrout, and Bruce P. Dohrenwend. 1989. "A Modified Labeling Theory Approach in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment." American Sociological Review 54:400-423.
34. Lopes, Paul. 2006. "Culture and Stigma: Popular Culture and the Case of Comic Books." Sociological Forum 21:387-414.
35. Moe, Angela. 2008. "Shimmy without Shame: The Holistic Benefits of 'Belly Dance.'" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Sociology Society, St. Louis, March.
36. Monaghan, Lee. F. 2005. "Big Handsome Men, Bears, and Others: Virtual Constructions of 'Fat Male Embodiment.'" Body and Society 11:81-111
37. Nesbitt, Paula D. 1994. "Dual Ordination Tracks: Differential Benefits and Costs for Men and Women Clergy." Pp. 27-44 in Gender and Religion, edited by W. H. Swatos Jr. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
38. Park, Kristin. 2002. "Stigma Management among the Voluntary Childless." Sociological Perspectives 45:21-45.
39. Pasko, Lisa. 2002. "Naked Power: The Practice of Stripping as a Confidence Game." Sexualities 5:49-66.
40. Ronai, Carol R. and Rabecca Cross. 1998. "Dancing with Identity: Narrative Resistance Strategies of Male and Female Stripteasers." Deviant Behavior 19:99-119. (Pubitemid 128180189)
41. Rosenfield, Sarah. 1997. "Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction." American Sociological Review 62:660-672
42. Salutin, Marilyn. 1971. "Stripper Morality." Trans-action 8:12-22.
43. Sellers-Young, Barbara. 1992. "Raks el Sharki: Transculturation of a Folk Form." Journal of Popular Culture 26:141-152
44. Shay, Anthony and Barbara Sellers-Young. 2005. "Introduction." Pp. 1-25 in Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy, edited by A. Shay and B. Sellers-Young. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda.
45. Shira. 2008. "Isn't That Like Stripping?" Retrieved May 8 from http://www.shira.net/likestrip.htm.
46. Simi, Pete and Robert Futrell. 2009. "Negotiating White Power Activist Stigma." Social Problems 56:89-110.
47. Snow, David A. and Leon Anderson. 1987. "Identity Work among the Homeless: The Verbal Construction and Avowal of Personal Identities." American Journal of Sociology 92:1336-1371
48. Stebbins, Robert A. 1992a. Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure. Montreal: McGill-Queen's.
49. -. 1992b. "Costs and Rewards in Barbershop Singing." Leisure Studies 11:123-133
50. -. 1993. "Social World, Life-style, and Serious Leisure: Toward a Mesostructural Analysis." World Leisure and Recreation 35:23-26.
51. -. 1997. Lifestyle as a Generic Concept in Ethnographic Research." Quality and Quantity 31: 347-360
52. -. 2001. "Serious Leisure." Society 38:53-57.
53. Stewart, Iris J. 2000. Sacred Women, Sacred Dance: Awakening Spirituality through Movement and Ritual. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.
54. Strova, Maria. 2005. The Secret Language of Belly Dancing: Symbols, Sensuality, Maternity, Forgotten Roots. Diegaro di Cesena (FC): MacroEdizioni.
55. Tanenbaum, Leora. 2000. Slut: Growing up Female with a Bad Reputation. New York: Perennial.
56. Taub, Diane E., Penelope A. McLorg, and Patricia L. Fanflik. 2003. "Stigma Management Strategies among Women with Physical Disabilities: Contrasting Approaches of Downplaying or Claiming a Disability Status." Deviant Behavior 25:169-190
57. The Free Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved April 5 from http://www. thefreedictionary.com/exotic+ dancer.
58. Thompson, William E. and Jack L. Harred. 1992. "Topless Dancers: Managing Stigma in a Deviant Occupation." Deviant Behavior 13:291-311.
59. Thompson, William E., Jack L. Harred, and Barbara E. Burks. 2003. "Managing the Stigma of Topless Dancing: A Decade Later." Deviant Behavior 24:551-570
60. Tolman, Deborah L. 2002. Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk about Sexuality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Van Nieuwkerk, Karin. 1995. "A Trade Like Any Other": Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt. Austin: University of Texas Press.
62. Wallace, Ruth A. 1996. "Feminist Theory in North America: New Insights for the Sociology of Religion." Social Compass 43:467-479
63. Weinberg, Martin S. 1965. "Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp." Social Problems 12:311-318
64. Wright Eric R., William P. Gronfein, and Timothy J. Owens. 2000. "Deinstitutionalization, Social Rejection, and the Self-Esteem of Former Mental Patients." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41:68-90.