Two cases of recurrent stroke in treated giant cell arteritis: Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 225-228

  Fitzgerald, Alasdair J ^a   Ironside, James W ^b,c   Summers, David M ^b   Dennis, Martin S ^b,c   McRorie, Euan R ^b  

^a ASTLEY AINSLIE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

biological markers; blood sedimentation; giant cell arteritis; magnetic resonance angiography; prednisolone; stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AZATHIOPRINE; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; LISINOPRIL; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PREDNISOLONE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADULT; AGED; ARTERITIS; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CLAUDICATION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DYSPHAGIA; FEMALE; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEADACHE; HEMIPARESIS; HUMAN; INFARCTION; INFLAMMATION; LABORATORY TEST; MALE; NECK PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; STROKE; TEMPORAL ARTERY; VASCULITIS;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOPSY; FEMALE; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREDNISOLONE; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; TEMPORAL ARTERIES;

EID: 77955190438     PISSN: 10761608     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181e9a338     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Nordborg E, Bengtsson BA. Death rates and causes of death in 284 consecutive patients with giant cell arteritis confirmed by biopsy. BMJ. 1989;299: 549-550.
2. Caselli RJ, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988;38:352-359.
3. Conn DL, Tompkins RB, Nichols WL. Glucocorticoids in the management of vasculitis-a double edged sword? J Rheumatol. 1988;15:1181-1183.
4. Staunton H, Stafford F, Leader M, et al. Deterioration of giant cell arteritis with corticosteroid therapy. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:581-584.
5. Save-Soderbergh J, Malmvall BE, Andersson R, et al. Giant cell arteritis as a cause of death. Report of nine cases. JAMA. 1986;255:493-496.
6. Collazos J, Garcia-Monco C, Martin A, et al. Multiple strokes after initiation of steroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Postgrad Med J. 1994;70:228-230.
7. Font C, Cid MC, Coll-Vinent B, et al. Clinical features in patients with permanent visual loss due to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheuma- tol. 1997;36:251-254.
8. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Santiago J, Monte R, et al. Low-dose corticosteroids and blindness in giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35:702-703.
9. Meadows SP. Temporal or giant cell arteritis. Proc R Soc Med. 1966;59:329-333.
10. Ostberg G. Morphological changes in the large arteries in polymyalgia arteritica. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1972;191:135-159.
11. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B. Visual deterioration in giant cell arteritis patients while on high doses of corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110: 1204-1215.
12. Varas-Lorenzo C, Rodriguez LA, Maguire A, et al. Use of oral corticosteroids and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192:376-383.
13. Machado EB, Gabriel SE, Beard CM, et al. A population-based case-control study of temporal arteritis: evidence for an association between temporal arteritis and degenerative vascular disease? Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:836-841.
14. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Pineiro A, Gomez-Gigirey A, et al. Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Medicine. 2004;83:342-347.
15. Wilkinson IM, Russell RW. Arteries of the head and neck in giant cell arteritis. A pathological study to show the pattern of arterial involvement. Arch Neurol. 1972;27:378-391.
16. Ruegg S, Engelter S, Jeanneret C, et al. Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine. 2003;82:1-12.
17. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S, et al. Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine. 2005;84:277-290.
18. Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J, et al. Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:26-32.
19. Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, et al. Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients. Am J Med. 2001; 111:211-217.
20. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J, et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine. 2000;79:283-292.
21. Nesher G, Berkun Y, Mates M, et al. Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50:1332-1337. (Pubitemid 38480844)
22. Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, et al. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3306-3309.
23. Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Hunder GG, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1041-1048.
24. Salvarani C, Cimino L, Macchioni P, et al. Risk factors for visual loss in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:293-297.
25. Salvarani C, Hunder GG. Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurrence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45:140-145.
26. Kyle V, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein in the assessment of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis on presentation and during follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48:667-671.
27. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:521-526. (Pubitemid 28236920)
28. Deng J, Younge BR, Goronzy JJ, et al. Th17 cells as mediators of vessel wall damage in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:S392.
29. Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Segarra M, Vilardell C, et al. Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6) correlates with the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response and with corticosteroid requirements in giant-cell arteritis. Rheumatology. 2004;43:294-301.
30. Rauzy O, Fort M, Nourhashemi F, et al. Relation between HLA DRB1 alleles and corticosteroid resistance in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57: 380-382.
31. Sudlow C. Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Sensitivity of temporal artery biopsy varies with biopsy length and sectioning strategy. BMJ. 1997;315:549.
32. Brannan SO, Cheung D, Murray PI, et al. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of suspected giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1595-1596.
33. Lovblad KO, Baird AE. Actual diagnostic approach to the acute stroke patient. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1253-1269.