Impacts of pastoral grazing on soil quality

Environmental Impacts of Pasture-Based Farming

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 33-74

  Cuttle, Steve P ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955174865     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (264)

1. Abaye, D.A., Lawlor, K., Hirsch, P.R. and Brookes, P.C. (2005) Changes in the microbial community of an arable soil caused by long-term metal contamination. European Journal of Soil Science 56, 93-102.
2. Abbasi, M.K. and Adams, W.A. (1998) Loss of nitrogen in compacted grassland soil by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Plant and Soil 200, 265-277.
3. Aggelides, S.M. and Londra, P.A. (2000) Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource Technology 71, 253-259.
4. Allen, A.G., Jarvis, S.C. and Headon, D.M. (1996) Nitrous oxide emissions from soils due to inputs of nitrogen from excreta return by livestock on grazed grassland in the UK. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 597-607.
5. Amon, B., Kryvoruchko, V., Amon, T. and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. (2006) Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 112, 153-162.
6. Anger, M., Hoffmann, C. and Kuhbauch, W. (2003) Nitrous oxide emissions from artificial urine patches applied to different Nfertilized swards and estimated annual N2O emissions for differently fertilized pastures in an upland location in Germany. Soil Use and Management 19, 104-111.
7. Aritajat, U., Madge, D.S. and Gooderham, P.T. (1977) The effects of compaction of agricultural soils on soil fauna. I. Field investigations. Pedobiologia 17, 262-282.
8. Ball, B.C., Campbell, D.J., Douglas, J.T., Henshall, J.K. and O'Sullivan, M.F. (1997) Soil structural quality, compaction and land management. European Journal of Soil Science 48, 593-601.
9. Ball, B.C., Scott, A. and Parker, J.P. (1999) Field N2O, CO2 and CH4 fluxes in relation to tillage, compaction and soil quality in Scotland. Soil and Tillage Research 53, 29-39.
10. Barkay, T., Tripp, S.C. and Olson, B.H. (1985) Effect of metal-rich sewage sludge application on the bacterial communities of grasslands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49, 333-337.
11. Barth, D., Heinzemutz, E.M., Roncalli, R.A., Schluter, D. and Gross, S.J. (1993) The degradation of dung produced by cattle treated with an ivermectin slow-release bolus. Veterinary Parasitology 48, 215-227.
12. Batey, T. and McKenzie, D.C. (2006) Soil compaction: identification directly in the field. Soil Use and Management 22, 123-131.
13. Beare, M.H., Curtin, D., Thomas, S., Fraser, P.M. and Francis, G.S. (2005) Chemical components and effects on soil quality in temperate grazed pasture systems. In: Jarvis, S.C., Murray, P.J. and Roker, J.A. (eds) Optimisation of Nutrient Cycling and Soil Quality for Sustainable Grasslands. Proceedings of a Satellite Workshop of the 20th International Grassland Congress, Oxford, UK, July 2005. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 25-36.
14. Betteridge, K., Mackay, A.D., Shepherd, T.G., Barker, D.J., Budding, P.J., Devantier, B.P. and Costall, D.A. (1999) Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 743-760.
15. Bhandral, R., Saggar, S., Bolan, N.S. and Hedley, M.J. (2007) Transformation of nitrogen and nitrous oxide emission from grassland soils as affected by compaction. Soil and Tillage Research 94, 482-492.
16. Bijay, S., Ryden, J.C. and Whitehead, D.C. (1988) Some relationships between denitrification potential and fractions of organic carbon in air-dried and field-moist soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, 737-741.
17. Bilotta, G.S., Brazier, R.E. and Haygarth, P.M. (2007) The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94, 237-280.
18. Blicher-Mathiesen, G. and Paulsen, I. (2002) Nitrate leaching from temporary grasslands at dairy farms. Multi-function Grasslands: Quality Forages, Animal Products and Landscapes. Proceedings of the 19th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, La Rochelle, France, May 2002. pp. 662-663.
19. Bloem, J. and Breure, A.M. (2003) Microbial indicators. In: Markert, B., Breure, A.M. and Zechmeister, H. (eds) Bioindicators/Biomonitors - Principles, Assessment, Concepts. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 259-282.
20. Bloem, J., Schouten, A.J., Sørensen, S.J., Rutgers, M., Van der Werf, A. and Breure, A.M. (2006) Monitoring and evaluating soil quality. In: Bloem, J., Hopkins, D.W. and Benedetti, A. (eds) Microbiological Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 23-49.
21. Bol, R., Toyoda, S., Yamulki, S., Hawkins, J.M.B., Cardenas, L.M. and Yoshida, N. (2003) Dual isotope and isotopomer ratios of N2O emitted from a temperate grassland soil after fertilizer application. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17, 2550-2556.
22. Bolan, N.S., Hedley, M.J. and White, R.E. (1991) Processes of soil acidification during nitrogen cycling with emphasis on legume-based pastures. Plant and Soil 134, 53-63.
23. Bolan, N.S., Adriano, D.C. and Curtin, D. (2003) Soil acidification and liming interactions with nutrient and heavy metal transformations and bioavailability. Advances in Agronomy 78, 215-272.
24. Bolland, M.D.A., Gilkes, R.J., Brennan, R.F. and Allen, D.G. (1996) Comparison of seven phosphorus sorption indices. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 81-89.
25. Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, R.L. (1978) Urease activity in soils. In: Burns, R.G. (ed.) Soil Enzymes. Academic Press, London, pp. 149-196.
26. Brookes, P.C. and McGrath, S.P. (1984) Effects of metal toxicity on the size of the soil microbial biomass. Journal of Soil Science 35, 341-346.
27. Brookes, P.C., Powlson, D.S. and Jenkinson, D.S. (1984) Phosphorus in the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16, 169-175.
28. Brown, L., Scholefield, D., Jewkes, E.C., Preedy, N., Wadge, K.J. and Butler, M.R. (2000) The effect of sulphur application on the efficiency of nitrogen use in two contrasting grassland soils. Journal of Agricultural Science 135, 131-138.
29. Bryant, H.T., Blaser, R.E. and Peterson, J.R. (1972) Effect of trampling by cattle on bluegrass yield and soil compaction of a Meadowville loam. Agronomy Journal 64, 331-334.
30. Burkitt, L.L., Moody, P.W., Gourley, C.J.P. and Hannah, M.C. (2002) A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 1-18.
31. Burkitt, L.L., Gourley, C.J.P., Hannah, M.C. and Sale, P.W.G. (2006) Assessing alternative approaches to predicting soil phosphorus sorption. Soil Use and Management 22, 325-333.
32. Burns, L.C., Stevens, R.J. and Laughlin, R.J. (1996) Production of nitrite in soil by simul taneous nitrification and denitrification. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 609-616.
33. Burns, R.G., Nannipieri, P., Benedetti, A. and Hopkins, D.W. (2006) Defining soil quality. In: Bloem, J., Hopkins, D.W. and Benedetti, A. (eds) Microbiological Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 15-22.
34. Butler, A.R. and Adams, W.A. (1990) Denitrification characteristics of a compacted pasture soil. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 60, 45-50.
35. Carran, R.A. and Theobald, P.W. (1995) Nitrogen cycle processes and acidification of soils in grazed pastures receiving or not receiving excreta for 23 years. Australian Journal of Soil Research 33, 525-534.
36. Carter, M.S. (2007) Contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from urine patches. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39, 2091-2102.
37. Carter, M.S. and Ambus, P. (2006) Biologically fixed N2 as a source for N2O production in a grass-clover mixture, measured by 15N2. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74, 13-36.
38. Celi, L. and Barberis, E. (2007) Abiotic reactions of inositol phosphates in soil. In: Turner, B.L., Richardson, A.E. and Mullaney, E.J. (eds) Inositol Phosphates: Linking Agriculture and the Environment. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 207-220.
39. Chadwick, D.R., Pain, B.F. and Brookman, S.K.E. (2000) Nitrous oxide and methane emissions following application of animal manures to grassland. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 277-287.
40. Chambers, B.J., Smith, K.A. and Pain, B.F. (2000) Strategies to encourage better use of nitrogen in animal manures. Soil Use and Management 16, 157-166.
41. Chander, K., Brookes, P.C. and Harding, S.A. (1995) Microbial biomass dynamics following addition of metal-enriched sewage sludges to a sandy loam. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, 1409-1421.
42. Chardon, W.J., Oenema, O., delCastilho, P., Vriesema, R., Japenga, J. and Blaauw, D. (1997) Organic phosphorus in solutions and leachates from soils treated with animal slurries. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 372-378.
43. Christensen, S. (1983) Nitrous oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass: seasonal and diurnal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15, 531-536.
44. Clark, H., Pinares-Patiño, C. and deKlein, C. (2005) Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grasslands. Grassland: A Global Resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 279-293.
45. Cluzeau, D., Binet, F., Vertes, F., Simon, J.C., Riviere, J.M. and Trehen, P. (1992) Effects of intensive cattle trampling on soil-plant-earthworms system in two grassland types. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, 1661-1665.
46. Conant, R.T., Paustian, K. and Elliott, E.T. (2001) Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications 11, 343-355.
47. Corre, M.D., Schnabel, R.R. and Shaffer, J.A. (1999) Evaluation of soil organic carbon under forests, cool-season and warm-season grasses in the north-eastern US. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31, 1531-1539.
48. Crocker, G.J. and Holford, I.C.R. (1991) Effects of pasture improvement with superphosphate on soil pH, nitrogen and carbon in a summer rainfall environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 221-224.
49. Curll, M.L. and Wilkins, R.J. (1983) The comparative effects of defoliation, treading and excreta on a Lolium perenne - Trifolium repens pasture grazed by sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science 100, 451-460.
50. Cuttle, S.P. and James, A.R. (1995) Leaching of lime and fertilizers from a reseeded upland pasture on a stagnogley soil in mid-Wales. Agricultural Water Management 28, 95-112.
51. Cuttle, S.P., Hallard, M., Daniel, G. and Scurlock, R.V. (1992) Nitrate leaching from sheep grazed grass-clover and fertilized grass pastures. Journal of Agricultural Science 119, 335-343.
52. Dalal, R.C., Wang, W., Robertson, G.P. and Parton, W.J. (2003) Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 165-195.
53. Daly, K. and Casey, A. (2005) Environmental aspects of soil phosphorus testing. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 44, 261-279.
54. Daly, K., Jeffrey, D. and Tunney, H. (2001) The effect of soil type on phosphorus sorption capacity and desorption dynamics in Irish grassland soils. Soil Use and Management 17, 12-20.
55. Davis, R.D., Carlton-Smith, C.H., Stark, J.H. and Campbell, J.A. (1988) Distribution of metals in grassland soils following surface applications of sewage sludge. Environmental Pollution 49, 99-115.
56. Debosz, K., Petersen, S.O., Kure, L.K. and Ambus, P. (2002) Evaluating effects of sewage sludge and household compost on soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Applied Soil Ecology 19, 237-248.
57. del Prado, A., Merino, P., Estavillo, J.M., Pinto, M. and González-Murua, C. (2006) N2O and NO emissions from different N sources and under a range of soil water contents. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74, 229-243.
58. Dendooven, L., Splatt, P., Anderson, J.M. and Scholefield, D. (1994) Kinetics of the denitrification process in a soil under permanent pasture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, 361-370.
59. Di, H.J. and Cameron, K.C. (2002) The use of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), to decrease nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in a simulated grazed and irrigated grassland. Soil Use and Management 18, 395-403.
60. Di, H.J., Cameron, K.C. and Sherlock, R.R. (2007) Comparison of the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, in reducing nitrous oxide emissions in four different soils under different climatic and management conditions. Soil Use and Management 23, 1-9.
61. Dittert, K., Lampe, C., Gasche, R., Butterbach- Bahl, K., Wachendorf, M., Papen, H., Sattelmacher, B. and Taube, F. (2005) Shortterm effects of single or combined application of mineral-N fertilizer and cattle slurry on the fluxes of radiatively active trace gases from grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, 1665-1674.
62. Dodor, D.E. and Oya, K. (2000) Phosphate sorption characteristics of major soils in Okinawa, Japan. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 227-288.
63. Donkor, N.T., Gedir, J.V., Hudson, R.J., Bork, E.W., Chanasyk, D.S. and Naeth, M.A. (2002) Impacts of grazing systems on soil compaction and pasture production in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, 1-8.
64. Doran, J.W. and Parkin, T.B. (1994) Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Bezdicek, D.E. and Stewart, B.A. (eds) Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment, Special Publication 35. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 3-21.
65. Doran, J.W. and Parkin, T.B. (1996) Quantitative indicators of soil quality: a minimum data set. In: Doran, J.W. and Jones, A.J. (eds) Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. SSSA Special Publication No. 49. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 25-37.
66. Doran, J.W., Sarrantonio, M. and Liebig, M.A. (1996) Soil health and sustainability. Advances in Agronomy 56, 2-54.
67. Dougherty, W.J., Nash, D.M., Chittleborough, D.J., Cox, J.W. and Fleming, N.K. (2006) Stratification, forms, and mobility of phosphorus in the topsoil of a Chromosol used for dairying. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 277-284.
68. Eberbach, P.L. (2003) The eco-hydrology of partly cleared, native ecosystems in southern Australia: a review. Plant and Soil 257, 357-369.
69. Edmeades, D.C. (2004) Nitrification and urease inhibitors: a review of the national and international literature on their effects on nitrate leaching, greenhouse gas emissions and ammonia volatilization from temperate legume-based pastoral systems. Environment Waikato Technical Report. Environment Waikato, Hamilton East, New Zealand.
70. Egginton, G.M. and Smith, K.A. (1986) Nitrous oxide emission from a grassland soil fertilized with slurry and calcium nitrate. Journal of Soil Science 7, 59-67.
71. Eghball, B., Binford, G.D. and Baltensperger, D.D. (1996) Phosphorus movement and adsorption in a soil receiving long-term manure and fertilizer application. Journal of Environmental Quality 25, 1339-1343.
72. Ellis, S., Yamulki, S., Dixon, E., Harrison, R. and Jarvis, S.C. (1998) Denitrification and N2O emissions from a UK pasture soil following the early spring application of cattle slurry and mineral fertilizer. Plant and Soil 202, 15-25.
73. Eriksen, J., Vinther, F.P. and Soegaard, K. (2004) Nitrate leaching and N2-fixation in grasslands of different composition, age and management. Journal of Agricultural Science 142, 141-151.
74. Evans, R. (1997) Soil erosion in the UK initiated by grazing animals - a need for a national survey. Applied Geography 17, 127-141.
75. Flessa, H., Dörsch, P. and Beese, F. (1996a) N2O emissions from cattle excrements in pasture land - a global inventory. Transactions of the 9th Nitrogen Workshop, Braunschweig, September 1996. Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, pp. 141-144.
76. Flessa, H., Dorsch, P., Beese, F., Konig, H. and Bouwman, A.F. (1996b) Influence of cattle wastes on nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in pasture land. Journal of Environmental Quality 25, 1366-1370.
77. Fliebach, A., Martens, R. and Reber, H.H. (1994) Soil microbial biomass and microbial activity in soils treated with heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, 1201-1205.
78. Follett, R.F. and Schuman, G.E. (2005) Grazing land contributions to carbon sequestration. In: McGilloway, D.A. (ed.) Grassland: A Global Resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 265-277.
79. Fowler, D., Skiba, U. and Hargreaves, K.J. (1997) Emissions of nitrous oxide from grasslands. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 147-164.
80. Fowler, D., Skiba, U. and Hargreaves, K.J. (1997) Emissions of nitrous oxide from grasslands. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 147-164.
81. Frank, A.B., Tanaka, D.L., Hofmann, L. and Follett, R.F. (1995) Soil carbon and nitrogen of Northern great plains grasslands as influenced by long-term grazing. Journal of Range Management 48, 470-474.
82. Franzluebbers, A.J., Stuedemann, J.A. and Schomberg, H.H. (2000a) Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen pools under grazed tall fescue. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 635-639.
83. Franzluebbers, A.J., Stuedemann, J.A., Schomberg, H.H. and Wilkinson, S.R. (2000b) Soil organic C and N pools under long-term pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32, 469-478.
84. Frossard, E., Condron, L.M., Oberson, A., Sinaj, S. and Fardeau, J.C. (2000) Processes governing phosphorus availability in temperate soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 15-23.
85. Garwood, E.A. and Tyson, K.C. (1977) High loss of nitrogen in drainage from soil under grass following a prolonged period of low rainfall. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 89, 767-768.
86. Ghani, A., Dexter, M., Carran, R.A. and Theobald, P.W. (2007) Dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in pastoral soils: the New Zealand experience. European Journal of Soil Science 58, 832-843.
87. Giller, K.E., Witter, E. and McGrath, S.P. (1998) Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils: a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30, 1389-1414.
88. Glatzel, S. and Stahr, K. (2001) Methane and nitrous oxide exchange in differently fertilized grassland in southern Germany. Plant and Soil 231, 21-35.
89. Gray, C.W., McLaren, R.G., Roberts, A.H.C. and Condron, L.M. (1999) The effect of longterm phosphatic fertilizer applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 54, 267-277.
90. Gray, C.W., McLaren, R.G. and Roberts, A.H.C. (2003) Cadmium leaching from some New Zealand pasture soils. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 159-166.
91. Greenwood, K.L. and McKenzie, B.M. (2001) Grazing effects on soil physical properties and consequences for pastures: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 1231-1250.
92. Gregorich, E.G., Carter, M.R., Angers, D.A., Monreal, C.M. and Ellert, B.H. (1994) Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, 367-385.
93. Groenigen, J.W.v., Velthof, G.L., Bolt, F.J.E.v.d., Vos, A. and Kuikman, P.J. (2005) Seasonal variation in N2O emissions from urine patches: effects of urine concentration, soil compaction and dung. Plant and Soil 273, 15-27.
94. Harrison, R. and Webb, J. (2001) A review of the effect of N fertilizer type on gaseous emissions. Advances in Agronomy 73, 67-108.
95. Harter, R.D. (1969) Phosphorus adsorption sites in soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33, 630-631.
96. Hauser, M. and Haselwandter, K. (1990) Degradation of dicyandiamide by soil bacteria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22, 113-114.
97. Hawkins, J. and Scholefield, D. (2000) Leaching of dissolved organic N from grass-white clover pasture in SW England. In: Søegaard, K., Ohlsson, C., Sehested, J., Hutchings, N.J. and Kristensen, T. (eds) Grassland Farming - Balancing Environmental and Economic Demands. Grassland Science in Europe. Volume 5. European Grassland Federation (Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences) Tjele, Denmark, pp. 378-380.
98. Haygarth, P.M. and Jarvis, S.C. (1997) Soil derived phosphorus in surface runoff from grazed grassland lysimeters. Water Research (Oxford) 31, 140-148.
99. Haygarth, P.M. and Jarvis, S.C. (1999) Transfer of phosphorus from agricultural soils. Advances in Agronomy 66, 195-249.
100. Haygarth, P.M., Hepworth, L. and Jarvis, S.C. (1998) Forms of phosphorus transfer in hydrological pathways from soil under grazed grassland. European Journal of Soil Science 49, 65-72.
101. Haynes, R.J. and Williams, P.H. (1992) Changes in soil solution composition and pH in urineaffected areas of pasture. Journal of Soil Science 43, 323-334.
102. Haynes, R.J. and Williams, P.H. (1993) Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy 49, 119-199.
103. Fowler, D., Skiba, U. and Hargreaves, K.J. (1997) Emissions of nitrous oxide from grasslands. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 147-164.
104. Heathwaite, A.L., Griffiths, P. and Parkinson, R.J. (1998) Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from grassland with buffer strips following application of fertilizers and manures. Soil Use and Management 14, 142-148.
105. Heckrath, G., Brookes, P.C., Poulton, P.R. and Goulding, K.W.T. (1995) Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 904-910.
106. Hillman, J.P., Hill, J., Morgan, J.E. and Wilkinson, J.M. (2003) Recycling of sewage sludge to grassland: a review of the legislation to control of the localization and accumulation of potential toxic metals in grazing systems. Grass and Forage Science 58, 101-111.
107. Holford, I.C.R., Hird, C. and Lawrie, R. (1997) Effects of animal effluents on the phosphorus sorption characteristics of soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 365-373.
108. Holter, P. (1997) Methane emissions from Danish cattle dung pats in the field. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, 31-37.
109. Hooda, P.S., Rendell, A.R., Edwards, A.C., Withers, P.J.A., Aitken, M.N. and Truesdale, V.W. (2000) Relating soil phosphorus indices to potential phosphorus release to water. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 1166-1171.
110. Hornung, M., Bull, K.R., Cresser, M., Ullyett, J., Hall, J.R., Langan, S., Loveland, P.J. and Wilson, M.J. (1995) The sensitivity of surface waters of Great Britain to acidification predicted from catchment characteristics. Environmental Pollution 87, 207-214.
111. Hutsch, B.W., Webster, C.P. and Powlson, D.S. (1994) Methane oxidation in soil as affected by land use, soil pH and N fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, 1613-1622.
112. Iyamuremye, F., Dick, R.P. and Baham, J. (1996) Organic amendments and phosphorus dynamics: I. Phosphorus chemistry and sorption. Soil Science 161, 426-435.
113. Iyyemperumal, K., Israel, D.W. and Shi, W. (2007) Soil microbial biomass, activity and potential nitrogen mineralization in a pasture: impact of stock camping activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39, 149-157.
114. Jarvis, S.C. (1997) Emission processes and their interactions in grassland soils. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 1-17.
115. Jarvis, S.C. and Hatch, D.J. (1994) Potential for denitrification at depth below long-term grass swards. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, 1629-1636.
116. Johnson, K.A. and Johnson, D.E. (1995) Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2483-2492.
117. Johnston, A.E., McEwan, J., Lane, P.W., Hewitt, M.V., Poulton, P.R. and Yeoman, D.P. (1994) Effects of one to six year old grass-clover leys on soil nitrogen and on subsequent yields and fertilizer nitrogen requirements of the arable sequence winter wheat, potatoes, winter wheat, winter beans (Vicia faba) grown on a sandy loam soil. Journal of Agricultural Science 122, 73-89.
118. Jones, D.L., Farrar, J.F. and Willett, V.B. (2004) Dissolved organic nitrogen concentration in two grassland soils. In: Hatch, D.J., Chadwick, D.R., Jarvis, S.C. and Roker, J.A. (eds) Proceedings of the 12th Nitrogen Workshop: Controlling Nitrogen Flows and Losses Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 441-443.
119. Jones, S.K., Rees, R.M., Kosmas, D., Ball, B.C. and Skiba, U.M. (2006) Carbon sequestration in a temperate grassland; management and climatic controls. Soil Use and Management 22, 132-142.
120. Jordan, C., McGuckin, S.O. and Smith, R.V. (2000) Increased predicted losses of phosphorus to surface waters from soils with high Olsen-P concentrations. Soil Use and Management 16, 27-35.
121. Kammann, C., Grunhage, L., Jager, H.J. and Wachinger, G. (2001) Methane fluxes from differentially managed grassland study plots: the important role of CH4 oxidation in grassland with a high potential for CH4 production. Environmental Pollution 115, 261-273.
122. Karlen, D.L., Andrews, S.S. and Doran, J.W. (2001) Soil quality: current concepts and applications. Advances in Agronomy 74, 2-40. Kay, B.D. (1990) Rates of change of soil structure under different cropping systems. Advances in Soil Science 12, 1-52.
123. Kemp, D.R. and Michalk, D.L. (2005) Grasslands for production and the environment. In: McGilloway, D.A. (ed.) Grassland: A Global Resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 193-208.
124. Khan, M. and Scullion, J. (2002) Effects of metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb or Zn) enrichment of sewage-sludge on soil microorganisms and their activities. Applied Soil Ecology 20, 145-155.
125. Kibblewhite, M.G. (2005) Soil quality assessment and management. In: McGilloway, D.A. (ed.) Grassland: A Global Resource. Plenary and Invited Papers from the 20th International Grassland Congress, Dublin, Ireland, June/July, 2005. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 219-226.
126. Koops, J.G., Beusichem, M.L.v. and Oenema, O. (1997) Nitrous oxide production, its source and distribution in urine patches on grassland on peat soil. Plant and Soil 191, 57-65.
127. Kretzschmar, R., Borkovec, M., Grolimund, D. and Elimelech, M. (1999) Mobile subsurface colloids and their role in contaminant transport. Advances in Agronomy 66, 121-193.
128. Krupa, S.V. (2003) Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: a review. Environmental Pollution 124, 179-221.
129. Kumar, K., Gupta, S.C., Chandler, Y. and Singh, A.K. (2005) Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact on the terrestrial environment. Advances in Agronomy 87, 1-54.
130. Lakzian, A., Murphy, P., Turner, A., Beynon, J.L. and Giller, K.E. (2002) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae populations in soils with increasing heavy metal contamination: abundance, plasmid profiles, diversity and metal tolerance. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34, 519-529.
131. Lal, R. (1992) Restoring tropical land degraded by gully erosion. Advances in Soil Science 17, 123-152.
132. Langeveld, C.A., Segers, R., Dirks, B.O.M., Pol-van Dasselaar, A.v.d., Velthof, G.L. and Hensen, A. (1997) Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from pasture on drained peat soils in the Netherlands. European Journal of Agronomy 7, 35-42.
133. Larson, W.E. and Pierce, F.J. (1994) The dynamics of soil quality as a measure of sustainable management. In: Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Bezedick, D.F. and Stewart, B.A. (eds) Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. Special Pub. No. 35. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 37-51.
134. Ledgard, S.F. (2001) Nitrogen cycling in low input legume-based agriculture, with emphasis on legume/grass pastures. Plant and Soil 228, 43-59.
135. Ledgard, S.F., Penno, J.W. and Sprosen, M.S. (1999) Nitrogen inputs and losses from clover/ grass pastures grazed by dairy cows, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application. Journal of Agricultural Science 132, 215-225.
136. Lee, J., Grace, N.D. and Rounce, J.R. (1994) Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of sheep grazing ryegrass/white clover pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 54, 31-34.
137. Leinweber, P., Lunsmann, F. and Eckhardt, K.U. (1997) Phosphorus sorption capacities and saturation of soils in two regions with different livestock densities in north-west Germany. Soil Use and Management 13, 82-89.
138. Leytem, A.B. and Maguire, R.O. (2007) Environmental implications of inositol phosphates in animal manures. In: Turner, B.L., Richardson, A.E. and Mullaney, E.J. (eds) Inositol Phosphates: Linking Agriculture and the Environment. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 150-168.
139. Ligthart, T.N. (1997) Thin section analysis of earthworm burrow disintegration in a permanent pasture. Geoderma 75, 135-148.
140. Lipschultz, F., Zafiriou, O.C., Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, M.B., Valois, F.W. and Watson, S.W. (1981) Production of NO and N2O by soil nitrifying bacteria. Nature 294, 641-643.
141. Logan, T.J. (1992) Reclamation of chemically degraded soils. Advances in Soil Science 17, 13-35.
142. Loganathan, P. and Hedley, M.J. (1997) Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorus from phosphatic fertilizers in a pasture soil in New Zealand. Environmental Pollution 95, 319-324.
143. Loganathan, P., Hedley, M.J., Gregg, P.E.H. and Currie, L.D. (1997) Effect of phosphate fertilizer type on the accumulation and plant availability of cadmium in grassland soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46, 169-178.
144. Loganathan, P., Hedley, M.J., Wallace, G.C. and Roberts, A.H.C. (2001) Fluoride accumulation in pasture forages and soils following long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers. Environmental Pollution 115, 275-282.
145. Loiseau, P. and Soussana, J.F. (1999) Elevated CO2, temperature increase and N supply effects on the turnover of below-ground carbon in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Plant and Soil 210, 233-247.
146. Lovell, R.D. and Jarvis, S.C. (1996) Effects of urine on soil microbial biomass, methanogenesis, nitrification and denitrification in grassland soils. Plant and Soil 186, 265-273.
147. Luo, J., Tillman, R.W., White, R.E. and Ball, P.R. (1998) Variation in denitrification activity with soil depth under pasture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30, 897-903.
148. Lützow, M.v., Kögel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Matzner, E., Guggenberger, G., Marschner, B. and Flessa, H. (2006) Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions - a review. European Journal of Soil Science 57, 426-445.
149. Lynch, J.M. and Panting, L.M. (1980) Variations in the size of the soil biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 12, 547-550.
150. Ma, W.C., Brussaard, L. and Ridder, J.A.d. (1990) Long-term effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on grassland earthworms (Oligochaeta; Lumbricidae): their relation to soil acidification. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 30, 71-80.
151. Macdonald, A.J., Francis, S.M.J., Stockdale, E.A., Goulding, K.W.T., Willett, V.B. and Jones, D.L. (2004) Effects of land use and management on soluble organic N in UK soils. In: Hatch, D.J., Chadwick, D.R., Jarvis, S.C. and Roker, J.A. (eds) Proceedings of the 12th Nitrogen Workshop: Controlling Nitrogen Flows and Losses. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 600-605.
152. Macduff, J.H., Jarvis, S.C. and Roberts, D.H. (1990) Nitrates: leaching from grazed grassland systems. In: Calvet, R. (ed.) Nitrates- Agriculture-Water. International Symposium, Paris-La Defense 7-8 November 1990. INRA, Paris, pp. 405-410.
153. Madsen, M., Nielsen, B.O., Holter, P., Pedersen, O.C., Jespersen, J.B., Jensen, K.M.V., Nansen, P. and Gronvold, J. (1990) Treating cattle with ivermectin - effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pats. Journal of Applied Ecology 27, 1-15.
154. Martens, D.A., Emmerich, W., McLain, J.E.T. and Johnsen, T.N. (2005) Atmospheric carbon mitigation potential of agricultural management in the south-western USA. Soil and Tillage Research 83, 95-119.
155. McBride, M.B., Richards, B.K., Steenhuis, T., Russo, J.J. and Sauvé, S. (1997) Mobility and solubility of toxic metals and nutrients in soil fifteen years after sludge application. Soil Science 162, 487-500.
156. McDowell, R.W. and Condron, L.M. (2004) Estimating phosphorus loss from New Zealand grassland soils. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 137-145.
157. McDowell, R.W., Sharpley, A.N., Condron, L.M., Haygarth, P.M. and Brookes, P.C. (2001) Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoff and implications for agricultural management. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 59, 269-284.
158. McDowell, R.W., Drewry, J.J., Paton, R.J., Carey, P.L., Monaghan, R.M. and Condron, L.M. (2003a) Influence of soil treading on sediment and phosphorus losses in overland flow. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 949-961.
159. McDowell, R.W., Monaghan, R.M. and Carey, P.L. (2003b) Potential phosphorus losses in overland flow from pastoral soils receiving long-term applications of either superphosphate or reactive phosphate rock. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 329-337.
160. McDowell, R.W., Drewry, J.J. and Paton, R.J. (2004) Effects of deer grazing and fence-line pacing on water and soil quality. Soil Use and Management 20, 302-307.
161. McGrath, S.P., Brookes, P.C. and Giller, K.E. (1988) Effects of potentially toxic metals in soil derived from past applications of sewage sludge on nitrogen fixation by Trifolium repens L. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, 415-424.
162. McTaggart, I.P., Douglas, J.T., Clayton, H. and Smith, K.A. (1997) Nitrous oxide emission from slurry and mineral nitrogen fertilizer applied to grassland. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 201-209.
163. Mer, J.I. and Roger, P. (2001) Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: a review. European Journal of Soil Biology 37, 25-50.
164. Merino, P., Estavillo, J.M., Graciolli, L.A., Pinto, M., Lacuesta, M., Munoz-Rueda, A. and Gonzalez-Murua, C. (2002) Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry. Soil Use and Management 18, 135-141.
165. Monaghan, R.M. and Barraclough, D. (1993) Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions from urine-affected soil under controlled conditions. Plant and Soil 151, 127-138.
166. Morecroft, M.D., Burt, T.P., Taylor, M.E. and Rowland, A.P. (2000) Effects of the 1995- 1997 drought on nitrate leaching in lowland England. Soil Use and Management 16, 117-123.
167. Mulder, C., Cohen, J.E., Setälä, H., Bloem, J. and Breure, A.M. (2005) Bacterial traits, organism mass, and numerical abundance in the detrital soil food web of Dutch agricultural grasslands. Ecology Letters 8, 80-90.
168. Mulholland, B. and Fullen, M.A. (1991) Cattle trampling and soil compaction on loamy sands. Soil Use and Management 7, 189-193.
169. Muller, C., Stevens, R.J. and Laughlin, R.J. (2006) Sources of nitrite in a permanent grassland soil. European Journal of Soil Science 57, 337-343.
170. Murray, P.J., Hatch, D.J., Dixon, E.R., Stevens, R.J., Laughlin, R.J. and Jarvis, S.C. (2004) Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, 545-547.
171. Nash, D.M. and Haygarth, P.M. (2005) Grassland productivity and water quality: a 21st Century issue. In: McGilloway, D.A. (ed.) Grassland: A Global Resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 239-249.
172. Nguyen, M.L., Sheath, G.W., Smith, C.M. and Cooper, A.B. (1998) Impact of cattle treading on hill land. 2. Soil physical properties and contaminated runoff. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 279-290.
173. Nicholson, F.A. and Jones, K.C. (1994) Effect of phosphate fertilizers and atmospheric deposition on long-term changes in the cadmium content of soils and crops. Environmental Science and Technology 28, 2170-2175.
174. Oenema, O. (1990) Calculated rates of soil acidification of intensively used grassland in the Netherlands. Fertilizer Research 26, 217-228.
175. Oenema, O., Velthof, G.L., Yamulki, S. and Jarvis, S.C. (1997) Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland. Soil Use and Management 13, 288-295.
176. Oliver, D.M., Clegg, C.D., Haygarth, P.M. and Heathwaite, A.L. (2005) Assessing the potential for pathogen transfer from grassland soils to surface waters. Advances in Agronomy 85, 125-180.
177. Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 403-430.
178. Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 403-430.
179. Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 403-430.
180. Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 403-430.
181. Pautler, M.C. and Sims, J.T. (2000) Relationships between soil test phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, and phosphorus saturation in Delaware soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 765-773.
182. Paz Jimenez, M.d.l., Horra, A.M.d.l., Pruzzo, L. and Palma, R.M. (2002) Soil quality: a new index based on microbiological and biochemical parameters. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, 302-306.
183. Pepper, I.L., Brooks, J.P. and Gerba, C.P. (2006) Pathogens in biosolids. Advances in Agronomy 90, 1-41.
184. Percival, H.J. (2003) Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 1-17.
185. Pol-van Dasselaar, A.v.d., Beusichem, M.L.v. and Oenema, O. (1999) Effects of nitrogen input and grazing on methane fluxes of extensively and intensively managed grasslands in the Netherlands. Biology and Fertility of Soils 29, 24-30.
186. Rees, R.M., Bingham, I.J., Baddeley, J.A. and Watson, C.A. (2005) The role of plants and land management in sequestering soil carbon in temperate arable and grassland ecosystems. Geoderma 128, 130-154.
187. Reid, R.S., Serneels, S., Nyabenge, M. and Hanson, J. (2005) The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa. In: Suttie, J.M., Reynolds, S.G. and Batello, C. (eds) Grasslands of the World. Plant Production and Protection Series No.34. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 19-76.
188. Rengasamy, P., Chittleborough, D. and Helyar, K. (2003) Root-zone constraints and plant-based solutions for dryland salinity. Plant and Soil 257, 249-260.
189. Richards, B.K., Steenhuis, T.S., Peverly, J.H. and McBride, M.B. (1998) Metal mobility at an old, heavily loaded sludge application site. Environmental Pollution 99, 365-377.
190. Ridley, A.M., Slattery, W.J., Helyar, K.R. and Cowling, A. (1990) Acidification under grazed annual and perennial grass based pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 539-544.
191. Rodd, A.V., Papadopoulos, Y.A., Laflamme, L.F., McRae, K.B., Fillmore, S.A.E. and Wilson, R.W. (1999) Effect of rotational grazing on selected physical properties of a gleyed brunisolic gray Luvisol loam in Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, 117-125.
192. Rodhe, L., Pell, M. and Yamulki, S. (2006) Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland. Soil Use and Management 22, 229-237.
193. Ross, D.J., Tate, K.R., Newton, P.C.D. and Clark, H. (2002) Decomposability of C3 and C4 grass litter sampled under different concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide at a natural CO2 spring. Plant and Soil 240, 275-286.
194. Rothbaum, H.P., Goguel, R.L., Johnston, A.E. and Mattingly, G.E.G. (1986) Cadmium accumulation in soils from long-continued applications of superphosphate. Journal of Soil Science 37, 99-107.
195. Saini, G.r. and MacLean, A.A. (1965) Phosphorus retention capacities of some New Brunswick soils and their relationship with soil properties. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 45, 15-18.
196. Samadi, A. and Gilkes, R.J. (1999) Phosphorus transformations and their relationships with calcareous soil properties in southern Western Australia. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 809-815.
197. Scholefield, D. and Hall, D.M. (1985) A method to measure the susceptibility of pasture soils to poaching by cattle. Soil Use and Management 1, 134-138.
198. Scholefield, D., Tyson, K.C., Garwood, E.A., Armstrong, A.C., Hawkins, J. and Stone, A.C. (1993) Nitrate leaching from grazed grassland lysimeters: effects of fertilizer input, field drainage, age of sward and patterns of weather. Journal of Soil Science 44, 601-613.
199. Scholefield, D., Hawkins, J.M.B. and Jackson, S.M. (1997) Use of a flowing helium atmosphere incubation technique to measure the effects of denitrification controls applied to intact cores of a clay soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, 1337-1344.
200. Schuman, G.E., Janzen, H.H. and Herrick, J.E. (2002) Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands. Environmental Pollution 116, 391-396.
201. Scott, B.J., Ridley, A.M. and Conyers, M.K. (2000) Management of soil acidity in long-term pastures of south-eastern Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 1173-1198.
202. Sharpley, A.N. (1995) Dependence of runoff phosphorus on extractable soil phosphorus. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 920-926.
203. Sharpley, A.N. and Smith, S.J. (1989) Mineralization and leaching of phosphorus from soil incubated with surface-applied and incorporated crop residue. Journal of Environmental Quality 18, 101-105.
204. Sharpley, A.N. and Smith, S.J. (1990) Phosphorus transport in agricultural runoff: the role of soil erosion. In: Boardman, J., Foster, L.D.L. and Dearing, J.A. (eds) Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 351-366.
205. Shepherd, M.A., Hatch, D.J., Jarvis, S.C. and Bhogal, A. (2001) Nitrate leaching from reseeded pasture. Soil Use and Management 17, 97-105.
206. Sherlock, R.R., Sommer, S.G., Khan, R.Z., Wood, C.W., Guertal, E.A., Freney, J.R., Dawson, C.O. and Cameron, K.C. (2002) Ammonia, methane, and nitrous oxide emission from pig slurry applied to a pasture in New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 1491-1501.
207. Sinaj, S., Stamm, C., Toor, G.S., Condron, L.M., Hendry, T., Di, H.J., Cameron, K.C. and Frossard, E. (2002) Phosphorus exchangeability and leaching losses from two grassland soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 319-330.
208. Singh, B. and Gilkes, R.J. (1991) Phosphorus sorption in relation to soil properties for the major soil types of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 29, 603-618.
209. Skiba, U., Hargreaves, K.J., Fowler, D. and Smith, K.A. (1992) Fluxes of nitric and nitrous oxides from agricultural soils in a cool temperate climate. Atmospheric Environment. Part A, General Topics 26, 2477-2488.
210. Slattery, J.F., Coventry, D.R. and Slattery, W.J. (2001) Rhizobial ecology as affected by the soil environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 289-298.
211. Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. and Tsuruta, H. (1997) Emissions of N2O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation. Soil Use and Management 13, 296-304.
212. Smith, K.A., Chalmers, A.G., Chambers, B.J. and Christie, P. (1998) Organic manure accumulation, mobility and management. Soil Use and Management 14, 154-159.
213. Smith, R.V., Lennox, S.D., Jordan, C., Foy, R.H. and McHale, E. (1995) Increase in soluble phosphorus transported in drainflow from a grassland catchment in response to soil phosphorus accumulation. Soil Use and Management 11, 204-209.
214. Smith, R.V., Burns, L.C., Doyle, R.M., Lennox, S.D., Kelso, B.H.L., Foy, R.H. and Stevens, R.J. (1997) Free ammonia inhibition of nitrification in river sediments leading to nitrite accumulation. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 1049-1055.
215. Soane, B.D. (1990) The role of organic matter in soil compactability: a review of some practical aspects. Soil and Tillage Research 16, 179-201.
216. Soane, B.D., Blackwell, P.S. and Dickson, J.W. (1981) Compaction by agricultural vehicles: a review. 1. Soil and wheel characteristics. Soil and Tillage Research 1, 207-237.
217. Sojka, R.E., Upchurch, D.R. and Borlaug, N.E. (2003) Quality soil management or soil quality management: performance versus semantics. Advances in Agronomy 79, 1-68.
218. Sommer, S.G. and Ersboll, A.K. (1996) Effect of air flow rate, lime amendments, and chemical soil properties on the volatilization of ammonia from fertilizers applied to sandy soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 21, 53-60.
219. Sommer, S.G. and Hutchings, N.J. (1997) Components of ammonia volatilization from cattle and sheep production. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 79-93.
220. Soussana, J.F., Loiseau, P., Vuichard, N., Ceschia, E., Balesdent, J., Chevallier, T. and Arrouays, D. (2004) Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands. Soil Use and Management 20, 219-230.
221. Spoor, G. (2006) Alleviation of soil compaction: requirements, equipment and techniques. Soil Use and Management 22, 113-122.
222. Stehfest, E. and Bouwman, L. (2006) N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74, 207-228.
223. Stenberg, B. (1999) Monitoring soil quality of agricultural land: microbiological indicators. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B, Soil and Plant Science 49, 1-24.
224. Stevens, R.J. and Laughlin, R.J. (1997) The impact of cattle slurries and their management on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from grassland. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 233-256.
225. Stevens, R.J. and Laughlin, R.J. (2001) Cattle slurry affects nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions from fertilizer nitrate. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, 1307-1314.
226. Stout, W.L., Fales, S.A., Muller, L.D., Schnabel, R.R., Priddy, W.E. and Elwinger, G.F. (1997) Nitrate leaching from cattle urine and feces in North-east USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1787-1794.
227. Strong, L. (1993) Overview - the impact of avermectins on pastureland ecology. Veterinary Parasitology 48, 3-17.
228. Suarez, V.H., Lifschitz, A.L., Sallovitz, J.M. and Lanusse, C.E. (2003) Effects of ivermectin and doramectin faecal residues on the invertebrate colonization of cattle dung. Journal of Applied Entomology 127, 481-488.
229. Sugimoto, Y. and Ball, P.R. (1989) Nitrogen losses from cattle dung. In: Desroches, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the 16th International Grassland Congress, Nice, France. Association Française pour la Production Fourragère, Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France, pp. 153-154.
230. Svendsen, T., Gronvold, J., Holter, P. and Sommer, C. (2003) Field effects of ivermectin and fenbendazole on earthworm populations and the disappearance of dung pats from bolus-treated cattle. Applied Soil Ecology 24, 207-218.
231. Svendsen, T., Hansen, P., Sommer, C., Martinussen, T., Gronvold, J. and Holter, P. (2005) Life history characteristics of Lumbricus terrestris and effects of the veterinary antiparasitic compounds ivermectin and fenbendazole. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, 927-936.
232. Tedeschi, L.O., Fox, D.G. and Tylutki, T.P. (2003) Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. Journal of Environmental Quality 32, 1591-1602.
233. Thorpe, I.S., Prosser, J.I., Glover, L.A. and Killham, K. (1997) The role of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in the transport of bacterial inocula through soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 23, 132-139.
234. Tisdall, J.M. (1994) Possible role of soil microorganisms in aggregation in soils. Plant and Soil 159, 115-121.
235. Tisdall, J.M. and Oades, J.M. (1982) Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 33, 141-163.
236. Toor, G.S., Condron, L.M., Di, H.J., Cameron, K.C. and Sims, J.T. (2004) Impact of farmdairy effluent application on the amounts and forms of phosphorus loss by leaching from irrigated grassland. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 479-490.
237. Toor, G.S., Condron, L.M., Cade-Menun, B.J., Di, H.J. and Cameron, K.C. (2005) Preferential phosphorus leaching from an irrigated grassland soil. European Journal of Soil Science 56, 155-167.
238. Tyson, K.C., Roberts, D.H., Clement, C.R. and Garwood, E.A. (1990) Comparison of crop yields and soil conditions during 30 years under annual tillage or grazed pasture. Journal of Agricultural Science 115, 29-40.
239. Tyson, K.C., Garwood, E.A., Armstrong, A.C. and Scholefield, D. (1992) Effects of field drainage on the growth of herbage and the live weight gain of grazing beef cattle. Grass and Forage Science 47, 290-301.
240. Tyson, K.C., Scholefield, D., Jarvis, S.C. and Stone, A.C. (1997) A comparison of animal output and nitrogen leaching losses recorded from drained fertilized grass and grass/clover pasture. Journal of Agricultural Science 129, 315-323.
241. Unger, P.W. and Kaspar, T.C. (1994) Soil compaction and root growth: a review. Agronomy Journal 86, 759-766.
242. van der Putten, A.H.J. and Ketelaars, J.J.M.H. (1997) Ammonia volatilization from dairy farms: experiments and model. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 123-130.
243. Varel, V.H. (1997) Use of urease inhibitors to control nitrogen loss from livestock waste. Bioresource Technology 62, 11-17.
244. Velthof, G.L., Oenema, O., Postma, R. and Beusichem, M.L.v. (1997) Effects of type and amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide fluxes from intensively managed grassland. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46, 257-267.
245. Velthof, G.L., Kuikman, P.J. and Oenema, O. (2003) Nitrous oxide emission from animal manures applied to soil under controlled conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils 37, 221-230.
246. Vermoesen, A., Van Cleemput, O. and Hofman, G. (1997) Contribution of urine patches to the emission of nitrous oxide. In: Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. (eds) Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grasslands. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 189-194.
247. Vinther, F.P. (1998) Biological nitrogen fixation in grass-clover affected by animal excreta. Plant and Soil 203, 207-215.
248. Vinther, F.P., Hansen, E.M. and Eriksen, J. (2006) Leaching of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in sandy soils after cultivating grass-clover swards. Biology and Fertility of Soils 43, 12-19.
249. Wall, R. and Strong, L. (1987) Environmental consequences of treating cattle with the antiparasitic drug ivermectin. Nature 327, 418-421.
250. Ward, P.R., Fillery, I.R.P., Maharaj, E.A. and Dunin, F.X. (2003) Water budgets and nutrients in a native Banksia woodland and an adjacent Medicago sativa pasture. Plant and Soil 257, 305-319.
251. Wardhaugh, K.G. and Mahon, R.J. (1998) Comparative effects of abamectin and two formulations of ivermectin on the survival of larvae of a dung-breeding fly. Australian Veterinary Journal 76, 270-272.
252. Watson, C.J., Poland, P. and Allen, M.B.D. (1998) The efficacy of repeated applications of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide for improving the efficiency of urea fertilizer utilization on temperate grassland. Grass and Forage Science 53, 137-145.
253. Webb, L., Beaumont, D.J., Nager, R.G. and McCracken, D.I. (2007) Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae) populations in grazed pastures. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, 129-138.
254. Wedin, D.A. and Tilman, D. (1990) Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oecologia 84, 433-441.
255. West, C.P., Mallarino, A.P., Wedin, W.F. and Marx, D.B. (1989) Spatial variability of soil chemical properties in grazed pastures. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 784-789.
256. White, S.L., Sheffield, R.E., Washburn, S.P., King, L.D. and Green, J.T, Jr. (2001) Spatial and time distribution of dairy cattle excreta in an intensive pasture system. Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 2180-2187.
257. White, S.L., Sheffield, R.E., Washburn, S.P., King, L.D. and Green, J.T, Jr. (2001) Spatial and time distribution of dairy cattle excreta in an intensive pasture system. Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 2180-2187.
258. Whitehead, D.C. and Raistrick, N. (1990) Ammonia volatilization from five nitrogen compounds used as fertilizers following surface application to soils. Journal of Soil Science 41, 387-394.
259. Wilkinson, J.M., Hill, J. and Livesey, C.T. (2001) Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in the body tissues of sheep grazed on grassland given repeated applications of sewage sludge. Animal Science 72, 179-190.
260. Willison, T.W., Webster, C.P., Goulding, K.W.T. and Powlson, D.S. (1995) Methane oxidation in temperate soils: effects of land use and the chemical form of nitrogen fertilizer. Chemosphere 30, 539-546.
261. Wratten, S.D., Meadbriggs, M., Gettinby, G., Ericsson, G. and Baggott, D.G. (1993) An evaluation of the potentia effects of ivermectin on the decomposition of cattle dung pats. Veterinary Record 133, 365-371.
262. Yamulki, S. and Jarvis, S.C. (2002) Shortterm effects of tillage and compaction on nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils 36, 224-231.
263. Yamulki, S., Jarvis, S.C. and Owen, P. (1998) Nitrous oxide emissions from excreta applied in a simulated grazing pattern. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30, 491-500.
264. Yunusa, I.A.M. and Newton, P.J. (2003) Plants for amelioration of subsoil constraints and hydrological control: the primer-plant concept. Plant and Soil 257, 261-281.