Current concept of anxiety: Implications from Darwin to the DSM-V for the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1307-1320

  Coutinho, Fernanda Corrêa ^a   Dias, Gisele Pereira ^a   Nascimento Bevilaqua, Mrio Cesar Do ^a   Gardino, Patricia Franca ^a   Rangé, Bernard Pimentel ^a   Nardi, Antonio Egidio ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

anxiety disorders; classification; diagnostic criteria; future diagnostic; generalized anxiety disorder; history; overanxious disorder

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EVOLUTION; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROBIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS;

EID: 77955081651     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.101     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Gross C, Hen R. The developmental origins of anxiety. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 545-552 (2004).
2. Marsahall RD, Klein DF. Conceptual antecedents of the anxiety disorders. In: Anxiety Disorders. Nutt D, Ballenger J (Eds). Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford, UK, 1-22 (2003).
3. Antony MM, Pickren W, Koerner N. Historical perspectives on psychiatric classifcation and anxiety disorders. In: Current Perspectives on the Anxiety Disorder: Implications for DSM-V and Beyond. McKay D, Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, Asmundson GJG (Eds). Springer Publishing Company (LLC), NY, USA, 9-40 (2009).
4. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (First Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1952).
5. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Second Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1968).
6. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1980).
7. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1994).
8. Ellis A. Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart, NY, USA (1962).
9. Beck AT. Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 9, 324-333 (1963).
10. Lazarus, RS. Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. Am. Psychol. 37(9), 1019-1024 (1982).
11. Stone MH. History of Anxiety Disorders. In: Textbook of Anxiety Disorders (Second Edition). Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO (Eds). American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., VA, USA, 3-15 (2009).
12. Wunderlich G. Griesinger's psychiatric approach. Psychiatr. Neurol. Med. Psychol. (Leipz.) 37(9), 541-547 (1985).
13. Morel BA. Traité des Dégénérescences Physiques, Intellectuelles et Morales de L'espèce Humaine. Bailly-Baillière, Paris, France (1857).
14. Berrios GE. Anxiety disorders: a conceptual history. J. Affect. Disord. 56, 83-94 (1999).
15. Freud S. Obsessions and phobias: their psychical mechanisms and their aetiology. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 128-137 (1953).
16. Freud S. The justifcation for detaching from neurasthenia a particular syndrome: the anxiety-neurosis. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 76-106 (1894)
17. Freud S. A reply to criticisms on the anxiety neurosis. I. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 107-127 (1953).
18. Darwin CR. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (First Edition). John Murray, London, UK (1859).
19. Darwin CR. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and in Animals (1872). Fontana Press, London, UK (1999).
20. Suinn RM. Anxiety Management Training: A Behavior Therapy. Plenum Press, NY, USA (1990).
21. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition, Revised). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1987).
22. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Revised). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
23. Brown TA, Leyfer O. Classifcation of Anxiety Disorders. In: Textbook of Anxiety Disorders (Second Edition). Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Washington, DC, USA, 17-33 (2009).
24. Andrews G, Hobbs M, Borkovec T et al. Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V. Depress. Anxiety 27(2), 134-147 (2010).
25. Lee S, Tsang A, Ruscio A et al. Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries. Psychol. Med. 39, 1163-1176 (2009).
26. Clark LA, Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Aborm. Psychol. 100, 316-336 (1991).
27. Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments-revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry 168(Suppl. 30), 68-75 (1996).
28. Filho AS, Hetem LAB, Ferrari MCF et al. Social anxiety disorder: what are we losing with the current diagnostic criteria? Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 121, 216-226 (2010).
29. Cosmides L, Tooby J. Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In: Handbook of Emotions. Lewis M, Haviland-Jones J (Eds). Guilford, NY, USA, 91-115 (2000).
30. Brown TA, Barlow DH, Liebowitz MR. The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 151, 1272-1280 (1994).
31. Haselton MG, Ketelaar T. Irrational emotions or emotional wisdom? The evolutionary psychology of emotions and behavior. In: Hearts and Minds: Affective Infuences on Social Cognition and Behavior. Forgas JP (Ed.). Psychology Press, NY, USA, 21-40 (2006).
32. Nesse RM. Natural selection and the regulation of defenses: a signal detection analysis of the smoke detector principle. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26(1), 88-105 (2005).
33. Ekman P. An argument for basic emotions. Cogn. Emot. 6, 169-200 (1992).
34. Fessler DMT. Toward an understanding of the universality of second order emotions. In: Biocultural Approaches to the Emotions. Hinton AL (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, NY, USA, 75-116 (1999).
35. Baron-Cohen S. Mindblindness: an Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT Press, MA, USA (1997).
36. Butler G, Fennell M, Robson P, Gelder M. Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 59(1), 167-175 (1991).
37. Hunot V, Churchill R, Teixeira V et al. Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD001848 (2007).
38. Kelly D. Clinical aspects of anxiety. In: Anxiety and Emotions. Thomas CC (Ed.). Springfeld, IL, USA, 3-19 (1980).
39. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA (1989).
40. Tallman JF, Paul SM, Skolnick P, Gallager DW. Receptor for the age of anxiety: pharmacology of the benzodiazepines. Science 207, 274-281 (1980).
41. Gross C, Hen R. The developmental origins of anxiety. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 545-552 (2004).
42. Landgraf R, Wigger A. High x low anxiety-related behavior rats: an animal model of extremes in trait anxiety. Behav. Genet. 32, 301-314 (2002).
43. Godsil BP, Quinn JJ, Fanselow MS. Body temperature as a conditional response measure for pavlovian fear conditioning. Learning Memory. 7, 353-356 (2000).
44. LeDoux, J. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 155-184 (2000).
45. Rezayat M, Roohbakhsh A, Zarrindast M-R et al. Cholecystokinin and GABA interaction in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Physiol. Behav. 84, 775-782 (2005).
46. Borman J. The ABC of GABA receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21, 16-19 (2000).
47. Nemeroff CB. The role of GABA in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 37(4), 133-146 (2003).
48. A receptors in the rat amygdala. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52, 701-706 (1995).
49. Dalvi A, Rodgers RJ. GABAergic infuences on plus-maze behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology 128, 380-397 (1996).
50. B receptor stimulation induces anti-anxiety profle in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 69, 9-15 (2001).
51. Van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, Den Boer J et al. Cholecystokinin in anxiety. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6, 263-280 (1996).
52. A receptor complex ligands in two models of anxiety. J. Neural Transm. 104, 733-746 (1997).
53. Weinberger DR. Anxiety at the frontier of molecular medicine. N. Engl. J. Med., 344(16), 1247-1249 (2001).
54. A benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder: preliminary results from a quantitative PET study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55, 715-720 (1998).
55. Bremner JD, Innis RB, Southwick SM et al. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in prefrontal cortex in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 20-1126 (2000).
56. Jetty PV, Charney DS, Goddard AW. Neurobiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 24, 75-97 (2001).
57. Ferrari MCF, Busatto GF, McGuire PK, Crippa JAS. Structural magnetic in anxiety disorders: an update of research fndings. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 30, 251-264 (2008).
58. Maslowsky J, Mogg K, Bradley BP et al. A preliminary investigation of neural correlates of treatment in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 20, 105-111 (2010).
59. Ball SG, Kuhn A, Wall D, Shekhar A, Goddard AW. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, prospective comparison between paroxetine and sertraline. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66, 94-99 (2005).
60. Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system and extinction learning. Mol. Neurobiol. 36, 92-101 (2007).
61. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E et al.; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders: frst revision. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 9(4), 248-312 (2008).
62. Davidson JR, Zhang W, Connor KM et al. A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) J. Psychopharmacol. 24(1), 3-26 (2008).
63. Allgulander C. Novel approaches to treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 23, 37-42 (2010).
64. Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom A. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 9, 495-505 (2006).