Cranial osteology of Exostinus serratus (Squamata: Anguimorpha), fossil sister taxon to the enigmatic clade Xenosaurus

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 159, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 921-953

  Bhullar, Bhart Anjan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Lizard; Oligocene; Phylogeny; Skull; White River; Xenosauridae

Indexed keywords

ANGUIMORPHA; SQUAMATA; XENOSAURIDAE; XENOSAURUS;

EID: 77955072637     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00573.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Augé ML. Evolution des lézards du Paléogène en Europe. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2005, 192:1-369.
2. Bahl KN. Skull of Varanus monitor (Linn.). Records of the Indian Museum 1937, 39:133-174.
3. Ballinger RE, Lemos-Espinal J, Sanoja-Sarabia S, Coady NR. Ecological observations of the lizards, Xenosaurus grandis in Cautlapan, Veracruz, Mexico. Biotropica 1995, 27:128-132.
4. Ballinger RE, Smith GR, Lemos-Espinal JA. Xenosaurus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 2000, 712:1-3.
5. Bell CJ, Evans SE, Maisano JA. The skull of the gymnophthalmid lizard Neusticurus ecpleopus (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2003, 139:283-304.
6. Bellairs Ad'A. Observations on the snout of Varanus, and a comparison with that of other lizards and snakes. Journal of Anatomy 1949, 83:116-146. + 1 plate
7. Bellairs Ad'A, Kamal AM. The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles. Biology of the Reptilia Volume 11: Morphology F 1981, 1-262. Gans C, Parsons TS. eds., London, Academic Press
8. Bernstein P. Morphology of the nasal capsule of Heloderma suspectum with comments on the systematic position of helodermatids (Squamata: Helodermatidae). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 1999, 80:219-230.
9. Bhullar B-AS. Postnatal ontogenetic changes in the cranium of Varanus exanthematicus with comparisons to other varanoids and applications to the fossil record. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2006, 26:42A.
10. Bhullar B-AS. The enigmatic fossils Exostinus and Restes: resolving the stem and the crown of Xenosaurus, the knob-scaled lizards. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2007, 27:48A.
11. Bhullar B-AS. Anatomy and phylogeny of Xenosaurus and its extinct relatives. 2008, Unpublished M.S. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin
12. Bhullar B-AS, Smith KT. Helodermatid lizard from the Miocene of Florida, the evolution of the dentary in Helodermatidae, and comments on dentary morphology in Varanoidea. Journal of Herpetology 2008, 42:286-302.
13. Bruner HL. On the cephalic veins and sinuses of reptiles, with description of a mechanism for raising the venous blood-pressure in the head. American Journal of Anatomy 1907, 7:1-117.
14. Conrad JL. Skull, mandible, and hyoid of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl (Squamata, Anguimorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2004, 141:399-434.
15. Conrad JL. Shinisaur osteology and the evolution of Squamata. 2005, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago
16. Conrad JL. An Eocene shinisaurid (Reptilia, Squamata) from Wyoming, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2006, 26:113-126.
17. Conrad JL. Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2008, 310:1-182.
18. Cope ED. Synopses of new Vertebrata from the Tertiary of Colorado, obtained during the summer of 1873 1873, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office
19. Cope ED. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Annual Report of the United States National Museum 1900, 1898:153-1270. + 36 plates
20. Edmund AG. Dentition. Biology of the Reptilia 1969, 117-200. Gans CBellairs AdAParsons TS. eds., Vol. 1, London and New York, Academic Press
21. Estes R. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 1964, 49:1-180. + 5 plates
22. Estes R. Notes on some Paleocene lizards. Copeia 1965, 1965:104-106.
23. Estes R. Lower vertebrates from the Fort Union Formation, Late Paleocene, Big Horn BasWyoming. Herpetologica 1975, 31:365-385.
24. Estes R. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia 1983, Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag
25. Estes R, de Queiroz K, Gauthier J. Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lizard Families: essays commemorating Charles L. Camp 1988, 119-281. Estes R, Pregill G, eds., Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press
26. Gao K, Fox RC. Taxonomy and evolution of Late Cretaceous lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from western Canada. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 1996, 33:1-107.
27. Gao K, Norell MA. Taxonomic revision of Carusia (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and phylogenetic relationships of anguimorphan lizards. American Museum Novitates 1998, 3230:1-51.
28. Gauthier J, Kluge AG, Rowe T. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 1988, 4:105-209.
29. Gauthier JA. Fossil xenosaurid and anguid lizards from the Early Eocene Wasatch Formation, southeast Wyoming, and a revision of the Anguioidea. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 1982, 21:7-54.
30. Gilmore CW. Fossil lizards of North America. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1928, 22:1-169. + 27 plates
31. Gilmore CW. Some little known fossil lizards from the Oligocene of Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1941, 91:71-76.
32. Haas G. On the trigeminus muscles of the lizards Xenosaurus grandis and Shinisaurus crocodilurus. American Museum Novitates 1960, 2017:1-54.
33. Herrel A, de Grauw E, Lemos-Espinal JA. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. Journal of Experimental Zoology 2001, 290:101-107.
34. Kearney M, Maisano JA, Rowe T. Cranial anatomy of the extinct amphisbaenian Rhineura hatcherii (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) based on high-resolution x-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 2005, 264:1-33.
35. Klembara J. A new anguimorph lizard from the Lower Miocene of north-west Bohemia, Czech Republic. Palaeontology 2008, 51:81-94.
36. Kochva E. Oral glands of the Reptilia. Biology of the Reptilia, volume 8: physiology B 1978, 43-161. Gans CGans KA. eds., London, New York, Academic Press
37. Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Ballinger RE. Natural history of Xenosaurus playceps, a crevice-dwelling lizard from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Herpetological Natural History 1997, 5:181-186.
38. Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Ballinger RE. Variation in growth and demography of a knob-scaled lizard (Xenosaurus newmanorum: Xenosauridae) from a seasonal tropical environment in Mexico. Biotropica 2003, 35:240-249.
39. McDowell SB, Bogert CM. The systematic position of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguimorphan lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1954, 105:1-142. + 16 plates
40. Macey JR, Schulte JA, Larson A, Tuniyev BS, Orlov N, Papenfuss TJ. Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in anguid lizards and related taxonomic families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1999, 12:250-272.
41. Mahler DL, Kearney M. The palatal dentition in squamate reptiles: morphology, development, attachment, and replacement. Zoology 2006, 108:1-61.
42. O'Donoghue CH. The blood vascular system of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. Philosophial Trasactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 1921, 210:175-252.
43. Oelrich TM. The anatomy of the head of Ctenosaura pectinata (Iguanidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan 1956, 94:1-122. + 45 plates
44. Rieppel O. The phylogeny of anguinomorph lizards. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1980, 94:1-86.
45. Smith KT. A diverse new assemblage of Late Eocene squamates (Reptilia) from the Chadron Formation of North Dakota, U.S.A. Palaeontologia Electronica 2006a, 9:1-44.
46. Smith KT. Horizontal and vertical aspects of species diversity in the fossil record: alpha, beta, and the temporal nature of the richness-temperature relation. 2006b, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University
47. Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa0) of the Bighorn BasWyoming, U.S.A.: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. In press
48. Sullivan RM. Parophisaurus pawneensis (Gilmore, 1928) new genus of anguid lizard from the Middle Oligocene of North America. Journal of Herpetology 1987, 21:115-133.
49. Townsend T, Larson A, Louis E, Macey J. Molecular phylogenetics of Squamata: the position of snakes, amphisbaenians, and dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree. Systematic Biology 2004, 53:735-757.
50. Wible JR. On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 2003, 72:137-202.
51. Wiens JJ, Slingluff JL. How lizards turn into snakes: a phylogenetic analysis of body-form evolution in anguid lizards. Evolution 2001, 55:2303-2318.
52. Willard WA. The cranial nerves of Anolis carolinensis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 1915, 59:1-116. + 7 plates
53. Zuniga-Vega JJ, Rojas-Gonzalez RI, Lemos-Espinal JA, Perez-Trejo ME. Growth ecology of the lizard Xenosaurus grandis in Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 2005, 39:433-443.