Magmatic differentiation processes in saucer-shaped sills: Evidence from the Golden Valley Sill in the Karoo Basin, South Africa

Geosphere

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 163-188

  Galerne, Christophe Y ^a,b   Neumann, Else Ragnhild ^a   Aarnes, Ingrid ^a   Planke, Sverre ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^c Forskningsparken   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMPLACEMENT; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; FRACTIONATION; MAGMATISM; SILL; THOLEIITE;

KAROO; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 77955041684     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00500.1     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Aarnes, I., Podladchikov, Y.Y., and Neumann, E.R., 2008, Post-emplacement melt fl ow induced by thermal stresses: Implications for differentiation in sills: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 276, p. 152-166, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.016.
2. Barriere, M., 1976, Flowage differentiation-Limitation of Bagnold effect to narrow intrusions: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 55, no. 2, p. 139- 145, doi: 10.1007/BF00372223.
3. Bowen, N.L., 1915, The later stages of the evolution of the igneous rocks: The Journal of Geology, v. 23, p. 1-89, doi: 10.1086/622298.
4. Bowen, N.L., 1928, The evolution of igneous rocks: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 332 p.
5. Brandeis, G., and Jaupart, C., 1986, On the interaction between convection and crystallization in cooling magma chambers: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 345-361, doi: 10.1016/0012 -821X(86)90145-7.
6. Cashman, K.V., 1993, Relationship between Plagioclase crystallization and cooling rate in basaltic melts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 113, no. 1, p. 126-142, doi: 10.1007/BF00320836.
7. Cox, K.G., Macdonal, R., and Hornung, G., 1967, Geochemical and petrographic provinces in Karroo basalts of Southern Africa: The American Mineralogist, v. 52, no. 9-10, p. 1451-1474.
8. Duncan, R.A., Hooper, P.R., Rehacek, J., Marsh, J.S., and Duncan, A.R., 1997, The timing and duration of the Karoo igneous event, southern Gondwana: Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 18127-18138, doi: 10.1029/97JB00972.
9. Erlank, A.J., Duncan, A.R., Marsh, J.S., Sweeney, R.J., Hawkesworth, C.J., Milner, S.C., Miller, R., and Rogers, N.W., 1988, A laterally extensive geochemical discontinuity in the subcontinental Gondwana lithosphere, in Geochemical Evolution of the Continental Crust Conference Abstracts, Pocos de Caldas, Brazil, p. 1-10.
10. Frenkel, M.Y., Yaroshevsky, A.A., Ariskin, A.A., Barmina, G.S., Koptev-Dvornikov, E.V., and Kireev, B.S., 1988, Dynamics of in situ differentiation of Mafi c Magmas: Moscow, Nauka, 216 p. (in Russian).
11. Frenkel, M.Y., Yaroshevsky, A.A., Ariskin, A.A., Barmina, G.S., Koptev-Dvornikov, E.V., and Kireev, B.S., 1989, Convective cumulate model simulating the formation process of strifi ed intrusions, in Bonin, B., Didier, J., Le Fort, P., Propach, G., Puga, E., and Vistelius, A. B., eds., Magma-Crust Interactions and Evolution: Athens, Theophrastus, p. 3-88.
12. Fujii, T., 1974, Crystal settling in a sill: Lithos, v. 7, no. 3, p. 133-137, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(74)90026-7.
13. Galerne, C.Y., Neumann, E.-R., and Planke, S., 2008, Emplacement mechanisms of sill complexes: Information from the geochemical architecture of the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 177, no. 2, p. 425-440, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.004.
14. Galland, O., Planke, S., Neumann, E.R., and Malthe-Sørenssen, A., 2009, Experimental modelling of shallow magma emplacement: Application to saucer-shaped intrusions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, no. 3-4, p. 373-383, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.003.
15. Gibb, F.G.F., and Henderson, C.M.B., 1992, Convection and crystal settling in sills: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, no. 4, p. 538-545, doi: 10.1007/BF00306555.
16. Gorring, M.L., and Naslund, H.R., 1995, Geochemical reversals within the lower 100M of the Palisades Sill, New Jersey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 119, no. 2-3, p. 263-276, doi: 10.1007/BF00307286.
17. Gray, N.H., and Crain, I.K., 1969, Crystal settling in sills: A model for suspension settling: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, no. 5, p. 1211-1216.
18. Hansen, D.M., and Cartwright, J.A., 2006, Saucer-shaped sill with lobate morphology revealed by 3D seismic data: Implications for resolving a shallow-level sill emplacement mechanism: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 163, p. 509-523, doi: 10.1144/0016 -764905-073.
19. Hansen, D.M., Cartwright, J.A., and Thomas, D., 2004, 3D seismic analysis of the geometry of igneous sills and sill junctions relationships, in Davies, R. J., Cartwright, J. A., Stewart, S. A., Lappin, M., and Underhill, J. R., eds., 3D Seismic Technology: Application to the Exploration of Sedimentary Basins: Geological Society [London] Memoir, p. 199-208.
20. Hansen, D.M., Redfern, J., Federici, F., di Biase, D., and Bertozzi, G., 2008, Miocene igneous activity in the Northern Subbasin, offshore Senegal, NW Africa: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 1-15, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.04.007.
21. Jerram, D.A., Cheadle, M.J., and Philpotts, A.R., 2003, Quantifying the building blocks of igneous rocks: Are clustered crystal frameworks the foundation?: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 11, p. 2033-2051, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egg069.
22. Latypov, R.M., 2003a, The origin of basic-ultrabasic sills with S-, D-, and I-shaped compositional profi les by in situ crystallization of a single input of phenocryst-poor parental magma: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1619-1656, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egg051.
23. Latypov, R.M., 2003b, The origin of marginal compositional reversals in basic-ultrabasic sills and layered intrusions by Soret fractionation: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1579-1618, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egg050.
24. Latypov, R.M., Chistyakova, S., and Alapieti, T., 2007, Revisiting problem of chilled margins associated with marginal reversals in mafi c-ultramafi c intrusive bodies: Lithos, v. 99, p. 178-206, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.05.008.
25. Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Planke, S., Svensen, H., and Jamtveit, B., 2004, Formation of saucer-shaped sills, in Breitkreuz, C., and Petford, N., eds., Physical geology of high-level magmatic systems: Geological Society [London] Special Publication, p. 215-227.
26. Mangan, M.T., and Marsh, B.D., 1992, Solidifi cation front fractionation in phenocryst-free sheet-like magma bodies: The Journal of Geology, v. 100, no. 5, p. 605-620, doi: 10.1086/629611.
27. Marsh, B.D., 1989, On convective style and vigor in sheetlike magma chambers: Journal of Petrology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 479-530.
28. Marsh, B.D., 1996, Solidifi cation fronts and magmatic evolution: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 60, no. 398, p. 5-40, doi: 10.1180/minmag.1996.060.398.03.
29. Marsh, B.D., 2002, On bimodal differentiation by solidifi -cation front instability in basaltic magmas, part 1: Basic mechanics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 12, p. 2211-2229, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00905-5.
30. Marsh, J.S., Hooper, P.R., Rehacek, J., Duncan, R.A., and Duncan, A.R., 1997, Stratigraphy in age of Karoo Basalts of Lesotho and implications for correlations within the Karoo Igneous Province: Geophysical Monograph, v. 100, p. 247-272.
31. Marsh, J.S., and Mndaweni, M.J., 1998, Geochemical variations in a long Karoo dyke, Eastern Cape: South African Journal of Geology, v. 101, no. 2, p. 119-122.
32. Naslund, H.R., 1984, Petrology of the Upper Border Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 185-212.
33. Philpotts, A.R., and Carroll, M., 1996, Physical properties of partly melted tholeiitic basalt: Geology, v. 24, no. 11, p. 1029-1032, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1029:PPOPMT> 2.3.CO;2.
34. Polteau, S., Ferré, E.C., Planke, S., Neumann, E.R., and Chevallier, L., 2008a, How are saucer-shaped sills emplaced? Constraints from the Golden Valley Sill, South Africa: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, no. B12104, p. 1-13, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005620.
35. Polteau, S., Mazzini, A., Galland, O., Planke, S., and Malthe-Sorenssen, A., 2008b, Saucer-shaped intrusions: Occurrences, emplacement and implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 266, no. 1-2, p. 195-204, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.015.
36. Rice, A., 1981, Convective fractionation-A mechanism to provide cryptic zoning (macrosegregation), layering, crescumulates, banded tuffs and explosive volcanism in igneous processes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 405-417, doi: 10.1029/JB086iB01p00405.
37. Richardson, S.H., 1979, Chemical variation induced by flow differentiation in an extensive Karroo dolerite sheet, southern Namibia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 9, p. 1433-1441, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90137-6.
38. Sparks, R.S.J., Huppert, H.E., and Turner, J.S., 1984, The fl uid-dynamics of evolving magma chambers: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 310, no. 1514, p. 511, doi: 10.1098/rsta.1984.0006.
39. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sorenssen, A., Corfu, F., and Jamtveit, B., 2007, Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, no. 3-4, p. 554-566, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.013.
40. Sweeney, R.J., Duncan, R.R., and Erlank, A.J., 1994, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Central Lebombo basalts of the Karoo Igreous Province: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 95-125.
41. Tait, S.R., and Jaupart, C., 1996, The production of chemically stratifi ed and adcumulate plutonic igneous rocks: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 60, no. 398, p. 99-114, doi: 10.1180/minmag.1996.060.398.07.
42. Tantserev, E., Galerne, C.Y., and Podladchikov, Y.Y., 2009, Multi-phase in multi-component porous viscoelastic media, in Ling, H. I., Smyth, A., and Betti, R., eds., The Fourth Biot Conference on Poromechanics: New York, DEStech Publications, Inc., p. 1179.
43. Thomson, K., and Hutton, D., 2004, Geometry and growth of sill complexes: Insights using 3D seismic from the North Rockall Trough: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 364-375, doi: 10.1007/s00445-003 -0320-z.
44. Wager, L.R., and Brown, G.M., 1968, Layered igneous rocks: San Francisco, WH Freeman.
45. Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M., and Wadsworth, W.J., 1960, Types of igneous cumulates: Journal of Petrology, v. 1, no. 1, p. 73-85.