Recent research on impulsivity in individuals with drug use and mental health disorders: Implications for alcoholism

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1319-1333

  Rogers, Robert D ^a,b   Moeller, Frederick G ^c   Swann, Alan C ^c   Clark, Luke ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^d UK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Impulsivity; Pathological Gambling; Substance Misuse

Indexed keywords

ATOMOXETINE; CATECHOLAMINE; CITALOPRAM; DESIPRAMINE; MONOAMINE; YOHIMBINE;

ALCOHOLISM; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; CINGULATE GYRUS; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; CORPUS CALLOSUM; DECISION MAKING; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG USE; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER; IMPULSIVENESS; LOCOMOTION; MENTAL DISEASE; MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; MOTOR CONTROL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; ORBITAL CORTEX; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY; PSYCHOPATHY; REACTION TIME; REVIEW; REWARD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; UNCERTAINTY;

ALCOHOLISM; ANIMALS; DIAGNOSIS, DUAL (PSYCHIATRY); HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; MENTAL DISORDERS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 77954907395     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: 15300277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01216.x     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Adinoff B, Rilling LM, Williams MJ, Schreffler E, Schepis TS, Rosvall T, Rao U (2007) Impulsivity, neural deficits, and the addictions: the "oops" factor in relapse. J Addict Dis 26 (Suppl 1 25 39.
2. Allen TJ, Moeller FG, Rhoades HM, Cherek DR (1998) Impulsivity and history of drug dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 50 : 137 145.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association
4. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., Text Revision. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
5. Arnsten AF, Mathew R, Ubriani R, Taylor JR, Li BM (1999) Alpha-1 noradrenergic receptor stimulation impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry 45 : 26 31.
6. Aron AR (2007) The neural basis of inhibition in cognitive control. Neuroscientist 13 : 214 228.
7. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD (2005) An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu Rev Neurosci 28 : 403 450.
8. Bari A, Eagle DM, Mar AC, Robinson ES, Robbins TW (2009) Dissociable effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin uptake blockade on stop task performance in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 205 : 273 283.
9. Barratt ES (1965) Factor analysis of some psychometric measures of impulsivity and anxiety. Psychol Rep 16 : 547 554.
10. Barratt E (1993) Impulsivity: integrating cognitive, behavioral, biological, and environmental data, in The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment (McCown WG, Johnson JL, Shure MB eds). American Psychological Association
11. Baunez C, Robbins TW (1997) Bilateral lesions of the subthalamic nucleus induce multiple deficits in an attentional task in rats. Eur J Neurosci 9 : 2086 2099.
12. Bechara A, Damasio H (2002) Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia 40 : 1675 1689.
13. Bechara A, Damasio AR (2005) The somatic marker hypothesis: a neural theory of economic decision. Games Econ Behav 52 : 336 372.
14. Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (1994) Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50 : 7 15.
15. Bechara A, Dolan S, Denburg N, Hindes A, Anderson SW, Nathan PE (2001) Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia 39 : 376 389.
16. Bechara A, Dolan S, Hindes A (2002) Decision-making and addiction (part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward? Neuropsychologia 40 : 1690 1705.
17. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H (2000) Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 123 (Pt 11 2189 2202.
18. Benazzi F (2007) Impulsivity in bipolar-II disorder: trait, state, or both? Eur Psychiatry 22 : 472 478.
19. Bickel WK, Marsch LA (2001) Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes. Addiction 96 : 73 86.
20. Bickel WK, Odum AL, Madden GJ (1999) Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology 146 : 447 454.
21. Bjork JM, Hommer DW, Grant SJ, Danube C (2004) Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2-like traits. Alcohol 34 : 133 150.
22. Bjork JM, Momenan R, Smith AR, Hommer DW (2008) Reduced posterior mesofrontal cortex activation by risky rewards in substance-dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 95 : 115 128.
23. Blanco C, Potenza MN, Kim SW, Ibanez A, Zaninelli R, Saiz-Ruiz J, Grant JE (2009) A pilot study of impulsivity and compulsivity in pathological gambling. Psychiatry Res 167 : 161 168.
24. Blaszczynski A (1999) Pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Psychol Rep 84 : 107 113.
25. Blaszczynski A, Nower L (2002) A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction 97 : 487 499.
26. Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C (2009) Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Affect Disord 113 : 1 20.
27. Boyer M, Dickerson M (2003) Attentional bias and addictive behaviour: automaticity in a gambling-specific modified Stroop task. Addiction 98 : 61 70.
28. Bush G, Vogt BA, Holmes J, Dale AM, Greve D, Jenike MA, Rosen BR (2002) Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 : 523 528.
29. Campbell-Meiklejohn DK, Woolrich MW, Passingham RE, Rogers RD (2008) Knowing when to stop: the brain mechanisms of chasing losses. Biol Psychiatry 63 : 293 300.
30. Cardinal RN (2006) Neural systems implicated in delayed and probabilistic reinforcement. Neural Netw 19 : 1277 1301.
31. Cardinal RN, Winstanley CA, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2004) Limbic corticostriatal systems and delayed reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 : 33 50.
32. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Bryant KJ (1993) Alcoholism in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: clinical and prognostic significance. J Stud Alcohol 54 : 199 208.
33. Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280 : 747 749.
34. Castellani B, Rugle L (1995) A comparison of pathological gamblers to alcoholics and cocaine misusers on impulsivity, sensation seeking, and craving. Int J Addict 30 : 275 289.
35. Cavedini P, Riboldia G, Kellera R, D'Annuccia A, Bellodia L (2002) Frontal lobe dysfunction in pathological gambling patients. Biol Psychiatry 51 : 334 341.
36. Chamberlain SR, Del Campo N, Dowson J, Muller U, Clark L, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2007) Atomoxetine improved response inhibition in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 62 : 977 984.
37. Chamberlain SR, Hampshire A, Muller U, Rubia K, Del Campo N, Craig K, Regenthal R, Suckling J, Roiser JP, Grant JE, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2009) Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 65 : 550 555.
38. Chamberlain SR, Muller U, Blackwell AD, Clark L, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2006) Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans. Science 311 : 861 863.
39. Chen AC, Porjesz B, Rangaswamy M, Kamarajan C, Tang Y, Jones KA, Chorlian DB, Stimus AT, Begleiter H (2007) Reduced frontal lobe activity in subjects with high impulsivity and alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 : 156 165.
40. Chudasama Y, Passetti F, Rhodes SE, Lopian D, Desai A, Robbins TW (2003) Dissociable aspects of performance on the 5-choice serial reaction time task following lesions of the dorsal anterior cingulate, infralimbic and orbitofrontal cortex in the rat: differential effects on selectivity, impulsivity and compulsivity. Behav Brain Res 146 : 105 119.
41. Clark L (2009) Decision-making during gambling: an integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365 : 319 330.
42. Clark L, Bechara A, Damasio H, Aitken MR, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2008) Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain 131 (Pt 5 1311 1322.
43. Clark L, Cools R, Robbins TW (2004) The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex: decision-making and reversal learning. Brain Cogn 55 : 41 53.
44. Clark L, Iversen SD, Goodwin GM (2002) Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 180 : 313 319.
45. Clark L, Lawrence AJ, Astley-Jones F, Gray N (2009) Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron 61 : 481 490.
46. Clark L, Robbins TW, Ersche KD, Sahakian BJ (2006) Reflection impulsivity in current and former substance users. Biol Psychiatry 60 : 515 522.
47. Cloninger CR (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44 : 573 588.
48. Corless T, Dickerson M (1989a) Gamblers' self-perceptions of the determinants of impaired control. Br J Addict 84 : 1527 1537.
49. Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3 : 655 666.
50. Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (2004) Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 7 : 189 195.
51. Cunningham-Williams RM, Grucza RA, Cottler LB, Womack SB, Books SJ, Przybeck TR, Spitznagel EL, Cloninger CR (2005) Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: results from the St. Louis personality, health and lifestyle (SLPHL) study. J Psychiatr Res 39 : 377 390.
52. Dalley JW, Fryer TD, Brichard L, Robinson ES, Theobald DE, Laane K, Pena Y, Murphy ER, Shah Y, Probst K, Abakumova I, Aigbirhio FI, Richards HK, Hong Y, Baron JC, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2007a) Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315 : 1267 1270.
53. Dalley JW, Laane K, Theobald DE, Pena Y, Bruce CC, Huszar AC, Wojcieszek M, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2007b) Enduring deficits in sustained visual attention during withdrawal of intravenous methylenedioxymethamphetamine self-administration in rats: results from a comparative study with d-amphetamine and methamphetamine. Neuropsycho-pharmacology 32 : 1195 1206.
54. Dalley JW, Mar AC, Economidou D, Robbins TW (2008) Neurobehavioral mechanisms of impulsivity: fronto-striatal systems and functional neurochemistry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 90 : 250 260.
55. Dickerson M, Hinchy J, Fabre J (1987) Chasing, arousal and sensation seeking in off-course gamblers. Br J Addict 82 : 673 680.
56. Dickman S (1993) Impulsivity and information processing, in The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment (McCown WG, Johnson JL, Shure MB eds). American Psychological Association
57. Dienes KA, Hammen C, Henry RM, Cohen AN, Daley SE (2006) The stress sensitization hypothesis: understanding the course of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 95 : 43 49.
58. Dixon MR, Marley J, Jacobs EA (2003) Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. J Appl Behav Anal 36 : 449 458.
59. Dom G, De Wilde B, Hulstijn W, van den Brink W, Sabbe B (2006) Behavioural aspects of impulsivity in alcoholics with and without a cluster-B personality disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 41 : 412 420.
60. Drevets WC (2000) Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48 : 813 829.
61. Drouin C, Blanc G, Villegier AS, Glowinski J, Tassin JP (2002) Critical role of alpha1-adrenergic receptors in acute and sensitized locomotor effects of D-amphetamine, cocaine, and GBR 12783: influence of preexposure conditions and pharmacological characteristics. Synapse 43 : 51 61.
62. Eagle DM, Bari A, Robbins TW (2008) The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199 : 439 456.
63. Easton CJ, Sacco KA, Neavins TM, Wupperman P, George TP (2008) Neurocognitive performance among alcohol dependent men with and without physical violence toward their partners: a preliminary report. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 34 : 29 37.
64. Economidou D, Pelloux Y, Robbins TW, Dalley JW, Everitt BJ (2009) High impulsivity predicts relapse to cocaine-seeking after punishment-induced abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 65 : 851 856.
65. Ersche KD, Fletcher PC, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Stocks-Gee G, London M, Deakin JB, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2005) Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180 : 612 623.
66. Evenden JL (1998a) The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats II: the effects of amphetamine, haloperidol, imipramine, chlordiazepoxide and other drugs on fixed consecutive number schedules (FCN 8 and FCN 32). Psychopharmacology 138 : 283 294.
67. Evenden JL (1998b) The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats IV: the effects of selective serotonergic agents on a paced fixed consecutive number schedule. Psychopharmacology 140 : 319 330.
68. Evenden JL (1999a) The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats VII: the effects of serotonergic agonists and antagonists on responding under a discrimination task using unreliable visual stimuli. Psychopharmacology 146 : 422 431.
69. Evenden JL (1999b) Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology 146 : 348 361.
70. Finn PR, Mazas CA, Justus AN, Steinmetz J (2002) Early-onset alcoholism with conduct disorder: go/no go learning deficits, working memory capacity, and personality. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 : 186 206.
71. Frost RO, Meagher BM, Riskind JH (2001) Obsessive-compulsive features in pathological lottery and scratch-ticket gamblers. J Gambl Stud 17 : 5 19.
72. Galvan A, Hare TA, Davidson M, Spicer J, Glover G, Casey BJ (2005) The role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in reward-based learning in humans. J Neurosci 25 : 8650 8656.
73. Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Tomasi D, Zhang L, Cottone LA, Maloney T, Telang F, Caparelli EC, Chang L, Ernst T, Samaras D, Squires NK, Volkow ND (2007a) Is decreased prefrontal cortical sensitivity to monetary reward associated with impaired motivation and self-control in cocaine addiction? Am J Psychiatry 164 : 43 51.
74. Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Alia-Klein N, Cottone LA, Zhang L, Telang F, Volkow ND (2007b) Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 87 : 233 240.
75. Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, van den Brink W (2005) Decision making in pathological gambling: a comparison between pathological gamblers, alcohol dependents, persons with Tourette syndrome, and normal controls. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 23 : 137 151.
76. Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, van den Brink W (2006) Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls. Addiction 101 : 534 547.
77. Green CE, Moeller FG, Schmitz JM, Lucke JF, Lane SD, Swann AC, Lasky RE, Carbonari JP (2009a) Evaluation of heterogeneity in pharmacotherapy trials for drug dependence: a Bayesian approach. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 35 : 95 102.
78. Green CE, Moeller FG, Schmitz JM, Lucke JF, Lane SD, Swann AC, Lasky RE, Carbonari JP, Tyson JE (2009b) Evaluation of heterogeneity in pharmacotherapy trials for drug dependence: a Bayesian approach. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 35 : 7.
79. Hampton AN, Bossaerts P, O'Doherty JP (2006) The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in abstract state-based inference during decision making in humans. J Neurosci 26 : 8360 8367.
80. Hester R, Garavan H (2004) Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci 24 : 11017 11022.
81. Hinslie L, Shatzky J (1940) Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press
82. Holmes KM, Bearden CE, Barguil M, Fonseca M, Serap Monkul E, Nery FG, Soares JC, Mintz J, Glahn DC (2009) Conceptualizing impulsivity and risk taking in bipolar disorder: importance of history of alcohol abuse. Bipolar Disord 11 : 33 40.
83. Jentsch JD, Taylor JR (1999) Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology 146 : 373 390.
84. Kaufman JN, Ross TJ, Stein EA, Garavan H (2003) Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 23 : 7839 7843.
85. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW 3rd., Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS (2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303 : 1023 1026.
86. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE (2005) The World Health Organization Adult ADHDSelf-Report Scale (ASRS). Psych Med 35 : 245 256.
87. Khaneman D, Tversky A (2000) Choices Values and Frames. Cambridge University Press
88. Kim SW, Grant JE (2001) Personality dimensions in pathological gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 104 : 205 212.
89. Knutson B, Taylor J, Kaufman M, Peterson R, Glover G (2005) Distributed neural representation of expected value. J Neurosci 25 : 4806 4812.
90. Krueger TH, Schedlowski M, Meyer G (2005) Cortisol and heart rate measures during casino gambling in relation to impulsivity. Neuropsychobiology 52 : 206 211.
91. Kuhnen CM, Knutson B (2005) The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron 47 : 763 770.
92. Kuo PH, Aggen SH, Prescott CA, Kendler KS, Neale MC (2008) Using a factor mixture modeling approach in alcohol dependence in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 98 : 105 114.
93. Ladouceur R, Paquet C, Dube D (1996) Erroneous perceptions in generating sequences of random events. J Appl Soc Psychol 26 : 2157 2166.
94. Ladouceur R, Walker M (1996) A cognitive perspective on gambling, in Trends in Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies (Salkovskis PM ed Wiley
95. Lane SD, Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Buzby M, Kosten TR (2007) Performance of cocaine dependent individuals and controls on a response inhibition task with varying levels of difficulty. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 33 : 717 726.
96. Lawrence AJ, Luty J, Bogdan NA, Sahakian BJ, Clark L (2009a) Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals. Addiction 104 : 1006 1015.
97. Lawrence AJ, Luty J, Bogdan NA, Sahakian BJ, Clark L (2009b) Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 207 : 163 172.
98. Leblond J, Ladouceur R, Blaszczynski A (2003) Which pathological gamblers will complete treatment? Br J Clin Psychol 42 (Pt 2 205 209.
99. Lejuez CW, Aklin WM, Jones HA, Richards JB, Strong DR, Kahler CW, Read JP (2003) The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) differentiates smokers and nonsmokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 11 : 26 33.
100. LeMarquand DG, Benkelfat C, Pihl RO, Palmour RM, Young SN (1999) Behavioral disinhibition induced by tryptophan depletion in nonalcoholic young men with multigenerational family histories of paternal alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 156 : 1771 1779.
101. Lesieur H (1977) The Chase: Career of the Compuslive Gambler. 1st ed. Anchor Press/Doubleday
102. Lesieur HR (1979) The compulsive gambler's spiral of options and involvement. Psychiatry 42 : 79 87.
103. Lesieur HR (1984) The Chase: Career of the Compulsive Gambler. Schenkman
104. Lim KO, Choi SJ, Pomara N, Wolkin A, Rotrosen JP (2002) Reduced frontal white matter integrity in cocaine dependence: a controlled diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 51 : 890 895.
105. Lim KO, Wozniak JR, Mueller BA, Franc DT, Specker SM, Rodriguez CP, Silverman AB, Rotrosen JP (2008) Brain macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 92 : 164 172.
106. Ma L, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Narayana PA, Lane SD, Zuniga EA, Kramer LA, Moeller FG (2009) Diffusion tensor imaging in cocaine dependence: regional effects of cocaine on corpus callosum and effect of cocaine administration route. Drug Alcohol Depend 104 : 262 267.
107. McCormick RA, Taber J, Kruedelbach N, Russo A (1987) Personality profiles of hospitalized pathological gamblers: the California Personality Inventory. J Clin Psychol 43 : 521 527.
108. McCoy AN, Platt ML (2005) Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. Nat Neurosci 8 : 1220 1227.
109. McCusker CG, Gettings B (1997) Automaticity of cognitive biases in addictive behaviours: further evidence with gamblers. Br J Clin Psychol 36 (Pt 4 543 554.
110. McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr., Keck PE Jr., Hudson JI, Phillips KA, Strakowski SM (1996) Are impulse-control disorders related to bipolar disorder? Compr Psychiatry 37 : 229 240.
111. McIntyre RS, Keck PE Jr. (2006) Comorbidity in bipolar disorder: clinical and research opportunities. Bipolar Disord 8 : 645 647.
112. Miller L (1991) Predicting relapse and recovery in alcoholism and addiction: neuropsychology, personality, and cognitive style. J Subst Abuse Treat 8 : 277 291.
113. Mitchell JM, Fields HL, D'Esposito M, Boettiger CA (2005) Impulsive responding in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 : 2158 2169.
114. Mobini S, Body S, Ho MY, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E, Deakin JF, Anderson IM (2002) Effects of lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160 : 290 298.
115. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC (2001a) Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry 158 : 1783 1793.
116. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Fischer CJ, Dougherty DM, Reilly EL, Mathias CW, Swann AC (2004) P300 event-related potential amplitude and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychobiology 50 : 167 173.
117. Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Barratt ES, Oderinde V, Mathias CW, Harper RA, Swann AC (2002) Increased impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects independent of antisocial personality disorder and aggression. Drug Alcohol Depend 68 : 105 111.
118. Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Barratt ES, Schmitz JM, Swann AC, Grabowski J (2001b) The impact of impulsivity on cocaine use and retention in treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 21 : 193 198.
119. Moeller FG, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Kramer LA, Dougherty DM, Santos RM, Valdes I, Swann AC, Barratt ES, Narayana PA (2005) Reduced anterior corpus callosum white matter integrity is related to increased impulsivity and reduced discriminability in cocaine-dependent subjects: diffusion tensor imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 : 610 617.
120. Moeller FG, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Kramer LA, Valdes I, Lai LY, Swann AC, Narayana PA (2007) Diffusion tensor imaging eigenvalues: preliminary evidence for altered myelin in cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Res 154 : 253 258.
121. Muir JL, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (1996) The cerebral cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociable effects of mediofrontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesions on a five-choice serial reaction time task. Cereb Cortex 6 : 470 481.
122. Narayana PA, Ahobila-Vajjula P, Ramu J, Herrera J, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2009) Diffusion tensor imaging of cocaine-treated rodents. Psychiatry Res 171 : 242 251.
123. Navarra R, Graf R, Huang Y, Logue S, Comery T, Hughes Z, Day M (2008) Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on attention and impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32 : 34 41.
124. Noel X, Van der Linden M, d'Acremont M, Bechara A, Dan B, Hanak C, Verbanck P (2007) Alcohol cues increase cognitive impulsivity in individuals with alcoholism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 192 : 291 298.
125. O'Brien CP, Volkow N, Li TK (2006) What's in a word? Addiction versus dependence in DSM-V. Am J Psychiatry 163 : 764 765.
126. Overtoom CC, Verbaten MN, Kemner C, Kenemans JL, van Engeland H, Buitelaar JK, van der Molen MW, van der Gugten J, Westenberg H, Maes RA, Koelega HS (2003) Effects of methylphenidate, desipramine, and L-dopa on attention and inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 145 : 7 15.
127. Patkar AA, Murray HW, Mannelli P, Gottheil E, Weinstein SP, Vergare MJ (2004) Pre-treatment measures of impulsivity, aggression and sensation seeking are associated with treatment outcome for African-American cocaine-dependent patients. J Addict Dis 23 : 109 122.
128. Pattij T, Vanderschuren LJ (2008) The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 : 192 199.
129. Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51 : 768 774.
130. Paulus MP, Rogalsky C, Simmons A, Feinstein JS, Stein MB (2003) Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. Neuroimage 19 : 1439 1448.
131. Petry NM (2001) Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. J Abnorm Psychol 110 : 482 487.
132. Petry NM, Casarella T (1999a) Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 56 : 25 32.
133. van der Plas EA, Crone EA, van den Wildenberg WP, Tranel D, Bechara A (2008) Executive control deficits in substance-dependent individuals: a comparison of alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine and of men and women. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 31 : 706 719.
134. Platt ML, Glimcher PW (1999) Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Nature 400 : 233 238.
135. Ploghaus A, Tracey I, Gati JS, Clare S, Menon RS, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN (1999) Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science 284 : 1979 1981.
136. Potenza MN (2006) Should addictive disorders include non-substance- related conditions? Addiction 101 (Suppl 1 142 151.
137. Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Lacadie CM, Wilber MK, Rounsaville BJ, Gore JC, Wexler BE (2003) Gambling urges in pathological gambling: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 : 828 836.
138. Reuter J, Raedler T, Rose M, Hand I, Glascher J, Buchel C (2005) Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nat Neurosci 8 : 147 148.
139. Robbins TW (2002) The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163 : 362 380.
140. Robinson ES, Eagle DM, Mar AC, Bari A, Banerjee G, Jiang X, Dalley JW, Robbins TW (2008) Similar effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on three distinct forms of impulsivity in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 : 1028 1037.
141. Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Avila C, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Ponce G, Monasor R, Jimenez M, Aragues M, Hoenicka J, Rubio G, Palomo T (2006) Impulsivity and sustained attention in pathological gamblers: influence of childhood ADHD history. J Gambl Stud 22 : 451 461.
142. Rogers RD, Baunez C, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2001) Lesions of the medial and lateral striatum in the rat produce differential deficits in attentional performance. Behav Neurosci 115 : 799 811.
143. Rogers RD, Ramnani N, Mackay C, Wilson JL, Jezzard P, Carter CS, Smith SM (2004) Distinct portions of anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated by reward processing in separable phases of decision-making cognition. Biol Psychiatry 55 : 594 602.
144. Rubia K, Russell T, Overmeyer S, Brammer MJ, Bullmore ET, Sharma T, Simmons A, Williams SC, Giampietro V, Andrew CM, Taylor E (2001) Mapping motor inhibition: conjunctive brain activations across different versions of go/no-go and stop tasks. Neuroimage 13 : 250 261.
145. Rubia K, Smith AB, Brammer MJ, Taylor E (2003) Right inferior prefrontal cortex mediates response inhibition while mesial prefrontal cortex is responsible for error detection. Neuroimage 20 : 351 358.
146. Rudebeck PH, Walton ME, Smyth AN, Bannerman DM, Rushworth MF (2006) Separate neural pathways process different decision costs. Nat Neurosci 9 : 1161 1168.
147. Rushworth MF, Behrens TE, Rudebeck PH, Walton ME (2007) Contrasting roles for cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex in decisions and social behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci 11 : 168 176.
148. Rushworth MF, Walton ME, Kennerley SW, Bannerman DM (2004) Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 8 : 410 417.
149. Russell V, Allie S, Wiggins T (2000) Increased noradrenergic activity in prefrontal cortex slices of an animal model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Behav Brain Res 117 : 69 74.
150. Saunders B, Farag N, Vincent AS, Collins FL, Sorocco KH, Lovallo WR (2008) Impulsive errors on a no-nogo reaction time task: disinhibitory traits in relation to a family history of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 : 888 894.
151. Schachar R, Logan GD, Robaey P, Chen S, Ickowicz A, Barr C (2001) Restraint and cancellation: multiple inhibition deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35 : 229 238.
152. Schweighofer N, Tanaka S, Doya K (2007) Serotonin and the evaluation of future rewards: theory, experiments, and possible neural mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1104 : 289 300.
153. Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, LaBrie RA, Kidman RC, Donato AN, Stanton MV (2004) Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology. Harv Rev Psychiatry 12 : 367 374.
154. Simon TR, Swann AC, Powell KE, Potter LB, Kresnow M, O'Carroll PW (2001) Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav 32 (Suppl 1 49 59.
155. Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303 : 1157 1162.
156. Slutske WS, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Poulton R (2005) Personality and problem gambling: a prospective study of a birth cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 : 769 775.
157. Slutske WS, Eisen S, True WR, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M (2000) Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 : 666 673.
158. Soloff PH, Meltzer CC, Becker C, Greer PJ, Kelly TM, Constantine D (2003) Impulsivity and prefrontal hypometabolism in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 123 : 153 163.
159. Stanford MS, Mathias CW, Dougherty DM, Lake SL, Anderson NE, Patton JH (2009) Fifty years of the BarrattImpulsiveness Scale: an update and review. Pers Indiv Diff 47 : 385 395.
160. Steel Z, Blaszczynski A (1998) Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity. Addiction 93 : 895 905.
161. Stout JC, Busemeyer JR, Lin A, Grant SJ, Bonson KR (2004) Cognitive modeling analysis of decision-making processes in cocaine abusers. Psychon Bull Rev 11 : 742 747.
162. Strakowski SM, Fleck DE, DelBello MP, Adler CM, Shear PK, McElroy SL et al. (2009) Characterizing impulsivity in mania. Bipolar Disord 11 : 41 51.
163. Swann AC, Anderson JC, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG (2001) Measurement of inter-episode impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Psych Res 101 : 195 197.
164. Swann AC, Birnbaum D, Jagar AA, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG (2005a) Acute yohimbine increases laboratory-measured impulsivity in normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry 57 : 1209 1211.
165. Swann AC, Dougherty DM, Pazzaglia PJ, Pham M, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2005b) Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162 : 1680 1687.
166. Swann AC, Koslow SH, Katz MM, Maas JW, Javaid J, Secunda SK et al. (1987) Lithium carbonate treatment of mania. Cerebrospinal fluid and urinary monoamine metabolites and treatment outcome. Arch Gen Psych 44 : 345 354.
167. Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2009a) Increased trait-like impulsivity and course of illness inbipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 11 : 280 288.
168. Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2009b) Severity of bipolar disorder is associated with impairment of response inhibition. J Affect Disord 116 : 30 36.
169. Swann AC, Pazzaglia P, Nicholls A, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG (2003) Impulsivity and phase of illness in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 73 : 105 111.
170. Swann AC, Steinberg JL, Lijffijt M, Moeller FG (2008) Impulsivity: differential relationship to depression and mania in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 106 : 241 248.
171. Tataranni PA, Gautier JF, Chen K, Uecker A, Bandy D, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Lawson M, Reiman EM, Ravussin E (1999) Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 : 4569 4574.
172. Uslaner JM, Robinson TE (2006) Subthalamic nucleus lesions increase impulsive action and decrease impulsive choice - mediation by enhanced incentive motivation? Eur J Neurosci 24 : 2345 2354.
173. Verdejo-Garcia A, Bechara A, Recknor EC, Perez-Garcia M (2006) Executive dysfunction in substance dependent individuals during drug use and abstinence: an examination of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional correlates of addiction. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 12 : 405 415.
174. Verdejo-Garcia A, Benbrook A, Funderburk F, David P, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2007) The differential relationship between cocaine use and marijuana use on decision-making performance over repeat testing with the Iowa Gambling Task. Drug Alcohol Depend 90 : 2 11.
175. Verdejo-Garcia A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L (2008) Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32 : 777 810.
176. Vitaro F, Arseneault L, Tremblay RE (1999) Impulsivity predicts problem gambling in low SES adolescent males. Addiction 94 : 565 575.
177. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Swanson JM (2004) Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Mol Psychiatry 9 : 557 569.
178. Weijers HG, Wiesbeck GA, Boning J (2001) Reflection-impulsivity, personality and performance: a psychometric and validity study of the Matching Familiar Figures Test in detoxified alcoholics. Pers Individ Dif 31 : 731 754.
179. Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (2003) Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40 : 655 664.
180. Winstanley CA, Baunez C, Theobald DE, Robbins TW (2005) Lesions to the subthalamic nucleus decrease impulsive choice but impair autoshaping in rats: the importance of the basal ganglia in Pavlovian conditioning and impulse control. Eur J Neurosci 21 : 3107 3116.
181. Winstanley CA, Dalley JW, Theobald DE, Robbins TW (2003) Global 5-HT depletion attenuates the ability of amphetamine to decrease impulsive choice on a delay-discounting task in rats. Psychopharmacology 170 : 320 331.
182. Winstanley CA, Dalley JW, Theobald DE, Robbins TW (2004a) Fractionating impulsivity: contrasting effects of central 5-HT depletion on different measures of impulsive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 : 1331 1343.
183. Winstanley CA, Eagle DM, Robbins TW (2006a) Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clin Psychol Rev 26 : 379 395.
184. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW (2004b) Contrasting roles of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice. J Neurosci 24 : 4718 4722.
185. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW (2006b) Double Dissociation between Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Modulation of Medial Prefrontal and Orbitofrontal Cortex during a Test of Impulsive Choice. Cereb Cortex 16 : 106 114.
186. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW (2006c) Double dissociation between serotonergic and dopaminergic modulation of medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex during a test of impulsive choice. Cereb Cortex 16 : 106 114.