Impact of medicare part D on independent and chain community pharmacies in rural Illinois-A qualitative study

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 110-120

  Bono, James D ^a   Crawford, Stephanie Yvonne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Part D; Reform; Rural

Indexed keywords

GENERIC DRUG; PRESCRIPTION DRUG;

ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COST CONTROL; DRUG COST; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; INSURANCE; MALE; MEDICARE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PHARMACY; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RURAL HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES; VERBAL COMMUNICATION;

COMMERCE; COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES; COST CONTROL; DRUG COSTS; DRUGS, GENERIC; ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; ILLINOIS; INSURANCE COVERAGE; INSURANCE, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES; MALE; MEDICARE PART D; NARRATION; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RURAL HEALTH SERVICES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77954838215     PISSN: 15517411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2009.11.007     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Medicare program; Medicare prescription drug benefit; Final rule. Federal Register Part II-42 CFR, Parts 400, 403, 411, 417 and 423. Department of Health and Human Services-Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2005, pp. 4193-4742. Available at: Accessed 27.01.06. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/.
2. Rosenblatt R.A., Moscovice I.S. Rural Health Care 1982, Wiley, New York, NY.
3. Doucette W.R., Kreling D.H., Schommer J.C., Gaither C.A., Mott D.A., Pederson C.A. Evaluation of community pharmacy service mix: evidence from the 2004 national pharmacist workforce study. J Am Pharm Assoc 2006, 46(3):348-355.
4. Mott D.A., Doucette W.R., Gaither C.A., Kreling D.H., Pederson C.A., Schommer J.C. Pharmacist participation in the workforce: 1990, 2000, and 2004," J Am Pharm Assoc 2006, 46(3):322-330.
5. Rural Populations and Migrations Available at:, Accessed 07.06.09. http://www.ers.usda.gov.
6. Xu K.T., Borders T.F. Characteristics of rural elderly people who bypass local pharmacies. J Rural Health 2003, 19(2):156-164.
7. Rural Income, Poverty and Welfare: Rural Poverty Available at:, Accessed 07.06.09. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/IncomePovertyWelfare/ruralpoverty/.
8. Ziller E. Rural Residents More Likely to be Uninsured. University of Maine, Research & Policy Brief (2003). Available at: Accessed 08.04.07. http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/Publications/rural/wp33.pdf.
9. Mayer M., Slifkin R., Skinner A. The effects of rural residence and other social vulnerabilities on subjective measures of unmet need. Med Care Res Rev 2005, 62(5):617-628.
10. Walton S.M., Knapp K.K., Miller L., Schumock G.T. Examination of state-level changes in the pharmacist labor market using census data. J Am Pharm Assoc 2007, 47(3):348-357.
11. Kreling D.H., Doucette W.R., Mott D.A., Gaither C.A., Pedersen C.A., Schommer J.C. Community pharmacists' work environments: evidence from the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce study. J Am Pharm Assoc 2006, 46(3):331-339.
12. Gadkari A.S., Mott D.A., Kreling D.H., Bonnarens J.K. Characteristics of unmet demand for pharmacists: a survey of rural community pharmacies in Wisconsin. J Am Pharm Assoc 2008, 48:598-609.
13. Radford A., Mason M., Richardson I., et al. Continuing effects of Medicare Part D on rural independent pharmacies who are the sole retail provider in their community. Res Social Adm Pharm 2009, 5(1):17-30.
14. Force R.W., Culbertson V.L., Cady P.S. Impact of isolated rural pharmacy closure on Medicaid patients' healthcare utilization. Pharmacotherapy 2005, 25(3):471.
15. Xu L., Ullrich F., Mueller K. Loss of community pharmacies since 2006: state experiences. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Available at:, Accessed 20.05.09. http://www.unmc.edu/ruprihealth/Pubs/b2009-3%20Loss%20of%20Comm%20Pharms.pdf.
16. Shambaugh-Miller M.D., Vanosdel N., Mueller K.J. Reliance on independently owned pharmacies in rural America. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis. Rural Policy Brief 2007, 6:1-4.
17. Klepser D., Xu L., Ullrich F., Mueller K.J. Independently owned pharmacy closures in rural America. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis. Rural Policy Brief 2008, 2:1-4. Available at:, Accessed 20.05.09. http://www.unmc.edu/ruprihealth/Pubs/b2008-2%20Independently%20Owned%20Pharmacy%20Closures.pdf.
18. Traynor A.P., Sorensen T.D., Larson T. The main street pharmacy: becoming an endangered species. Rural Minn J 2007, 2(1):83-100.
19. Fraher E.P., Slifkin R.T., Smith L., Randolph R., Rudolf M., Holmes G.M. How might the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 affect the financial viability of rural pharmacies? An analysis of pre-implementation prescription volume and payment sources in rural and urban areas. J Rural Health 2005, 21(2):114-121.
20. Carroll N.V. Estimating the impact of Medicare Part D on the profitability of independent community pharmacies. J Manag Care Pharm 2008, 14:768-770.
21. Spooner J.J. A bleak future for independent community pharmacy under Medicare Part D. J Manag Care Pharm 2008, 14:878-881.
22. Radford A., Slifkin R., Fraser R., Mason M., Mueller K. The experience of rural independent pharmacies with Medicare Part D: reports from the field. J Rural Health 2007, 23:286-293.
23. Patton M.Q. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods 2002, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 104-107. 3rd ed.
24. Illinois Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Available at:, Accessed 14.09.06. http://app.idph.state.il.us/brfss/stratamap.asp.
25. Pickler R.H. Evaluating qualitative research studies. J Pediatr Health Care 2007, 21:195-197.
26. Parker A., Tritter J. Focus group method and methodology: current practice and recent debate. Int J Res Meth Educ 2006, 29(2):23-37.
27. Huston S.A., Hobson E.H. Using focus groups to inform pharmacy research. Res Social Adm Pharm 2008, 4:186-205.
28. Smithson J. Using and analyzing focus groups: limitations and possibilities. Int J Soc Res Meth 2000, 3(2):103-119.
29. Morgan D.L. Focus groups. Annu Rev Sociol 1996, 22:129-152.
30. Brown J.B. The use of focus groups in clinical research. Doing Qualitative Research 1999, 109-124. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed. B.F. Crabtree, W.L. Miller (Eds.).
31. Radford A, Slifkin R, Fraser R, Mason M, Mueller K. The experience of sole community rural independent pharmacies with Medicare Part D: reports from the field. North Carolina Rural Health Research Policy Analysis Center working paper #87, RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis policy paper P2006-3. Published November 2006: 1-22.
32. Shepherd M.D., Richards K.M., Winegar A.L. Time from Medicare Part D claim adjudication to community pharmacy payment. J Am Pharm Assoc 2007, 47(6):695-701.