Edentulism as part of the general health problems of elderly adults

International Dental Journal

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 143-155

  Polzer, Ines ^a   Schimmel, Martin ^b   Müller, Frauke ^b   Biffar, Reiner ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Complete denture; Edentulism; Function; Implant supported denture; Nutrition; Psychological aspects; Quality of life; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; DENTURE; HEALTH; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MOUTH DISEASE; NUTRITION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; STATISTICS; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED; DENTURES; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MOUTH, EDENTULOUS; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ORAL HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 77954804697     PISSN: 00206539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1922/IDJ-2184Polzer13     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. World Health Organisation (WHO). Oral health in the African region: A regional strategy 1999-2008. Harare: WHO Regional Office for Africa 2000.
2. Hugoson A, Koch G, Gothberg C et al. Oral health of individuals aged 3-80 years in Jonkoping, Sweden during 30 years (1973-2003). II. Review of clinical and radiographic findings. Swed Dent J 2005 29: 139-155.
3. Marcus SE, Drury TF, Brown LJ et al. Tooth retention and tooth loss in the permanent dentition of adults: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res 1996 75 Spec No: 684-695.
4. Douglass CW, Shih A, Ostry L. Will there be a need for complete dentures in die United States in 2020? J Prosthet Dent 2002 87: 5-8.
5. Kerschbaum T. Zahnverlust und prothetische Versorgung (65-74 Jahre). In: Micheelis W, Schiffner U, eds. Vierte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS IV). Köln: Deutscher Zahnärzte-Verlag 2006:354-373.
6. Lenz E. Zahnprothetischer Status bei Senioren. In: Micheelis W, Reich E, eds. Dritte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie DMS III. Cologne: Deutscher Ärzteverlag 1999:385-411.
7. Esan TA, Olusile AO, Akeredolu PA et al. Socio-demographic factors and edentulism: the Nigerian experience. BMC Oral Health 2004 4: 3.
8. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003 31 Suppl 1: 3-23.
9. Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM. Caries prevention. A continued need worldwide. Int Dent J 1996 46: 119-125.
10. Mojon P. The world without teeth: demographic trends. In: Feine JS, Carlsson GE, eds. Implant overdentures: the standard of care for edentulous patients. Chicago: Quintessence 2003:3-14.
11. World Health Organisation (WHO). The World Health Report 2006: Working together for health. Geneva 2006.
12. Müller F, Naharro M, Carlsson GE. What are the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in the adult and elderly population in Europe? Clin Oral Implants Res 2007 18 Suppl 3: 2-14.
13. Bourgeois DM, DouryJ, Hescot P. Periodontal conditions in 65-74 year old adults in France, 1995. Int Dent J 1999 49: 182-186.
14. Taiwo JO, Omokhodion F. Pattern of tooth loss in an elderly population from Ibadan, Nigeria. Gerodontology 2006 23:117-122.
15. Zitzmann NU, Staehelin K, Walls AW et al. Changes in oral health over a 10-yr period in Switzerland. Eur J Oral Sci 2008 116: 52-59.
16. Suominen-Taipale AL, Alanen P, Helenius H et al. Edentulism among Finnish adults of working age, 1978-1997. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999 27: 353-365.
17. Council of Europe. Population ageing. Recent demographic developments in Europe 2004. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing 2005:13-17.
18. MacEntee MI. The impact of edentulism on ruction and quality of life. Im Feine JS, Carlsson GE, eds. Implant overdentures: the standard of care for edentulous patients. Chicago: Quintessence 2003:23-28.
19. Montai S, Tramini P, TriayJA et al. Oral hygiene and the need for treatment of the dependent institutionalised elderly. Gerodontology 2006 23: 67-72.
20. Mollaoglu N, Alpar R. The effect of dental profile on daily functions of the elderly. Clin Oral Investig 2005 9: 137-140.
21. Newton AV. The psychosomatic component in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 1984 52: 871-874.
22. Thomson JC. Diagnosis in full denture intolerance. Br Dent J 1968 124: 388-391.
23. Taji T, Yoshida M, Hiasa K et al. Influence of mental status on removable prosthesis compliance in institutionalized elderly persons. Int J Prosthodont 2005 18: 146-149.
24. Schimmel M, Schoeni P, Zulian GB et al. Utilisation of dental services in a university hospital palliative and long-term care unit in Geneva. Gerodontology 2008 25: 107-112.
25. Wright SM. Denture treatment for the stroke patient. Br Dent] 1997 183: 179-184.
26. Araujo MG, Sukekava F, Wennstrom JL et al. Ridge alterations following implant placement in fresh extraction sockets: an experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2005 32: 645-652.
27. Monaco F, Reaume CE, Mallon HL. Edentulism and jaw fractures. Minn Med 1966 49: 113-119.
28. Tallgren A. The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers: a mixed-longitudinal study covering 25 years. J Prosthet Dent 1972 27: 120-132.
29. Zmyslowska E, Ledzion S, Jedrzejewski K. Factors affecting mandibular residual ridge resorption in edentulous patients: a preliminary report. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2007 66: 346-352.
30. Carlsson GE. Clinical morbidity and sequelae of treatment with complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998 79: 17-23.
31. Eiseman B, Johnson LR, Coll JR. Ultrasound measurement of mandibular arterial blood supply: techniques for defining ischemia in the pathogenesis of alveolar ridge atrophy and tooth loss in the elderly? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 63: 28-35.
32. Fontijn-Tekamp FA, Slagter AP, Van Der Bilt A et al. Biting and chewing in overdentures, full dentures, and natural dentitions. J Dent Res 2000 79: 1519-1524.
33. Piancino MG, Farina D, Talpone F et al. Surface EMG of jaw-elevator muscles and chewing pattern in complete denture wearers. J Oral Rebabil 2005 32: 863-870.
34. Raustia AM, Salonen MA, Pyhtinen J. Evaluation of masticatory muscles of edentulous patients by computed tomography and electromyography. J Oral Rebabil 1996 23: 11-16.
35. Newton J, Yemm R, Abel R et al. Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology 1993 10: 16-22.
36. Newton JP, Abel EW, Robertson EM et al. Changes in human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles with age: a study by computed tomography. Gerodontics 1987 3: 151-154.
37. Müller F, Heath MR, Ott R. Maximum bite force after the replacement of complete dentures. Gerodontology 2001 18: 58-62.
38. Millwood J, Heath MR. Food choice by older people: the use of semi-structured interviews with open and closed questions. Gerodontology 2000 17: 25-32.
39. Sheiham A, Steele JG, Marcenes W et al. The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people. J Dent Res 2001 80: 408-413.
40. Müller F. Orale Mechanosensorik - Tastempfindlichkeit und Stereognosie. In: Hugger A, Türp C, Kerschbaum T, eds. Curriculum Orale Physiologie. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH 2006:35-51.
41. Schindler HJ, Türp C. Kausmuskulatur. Im Hugger A, Türp C, Kerschbaum T, eds. Curriculum Orale Physiologie. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH 2006:85-112.
42. Abarca M, Van Steenberghe D, Malevez C et al. The neurophysiology of osseointegrated oral implants. A clinically underestimated aspect. J Oral Rehabil 2006 33: 161-169.
43. Greewen W Untersuchungen über die taktile Feinsensibilität bei mit Totalprothesen versorgten Probanden [Dissertation]. Bonn; 1987.
44. Utz KH. [The interocclusal tactile fine sensitivity of the natural teeth as studied by aluminum oxide particles]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1986 41: 313-315.
45. Utz KH, Wegmann U. [Interocclusal tactile sensitivity in complete denture wearers]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1986 41: 1174-1177.
46. Bryant SR, Zarb GA. Crestal bone loss proximal to oral implants in older and younger adults. J Prosthet Dent 2003 89: 589-597.
47. Engfors I, Ortorp A, Jemt T. Fixed implant-supported prostheses in elderly patients: a 5-year retrospective study of 133 edentulous patients older than 79 years. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004 6: 190-198.
48. Kondell PA, Nordenram A, Landt H. Titanium implants in the treatment of edentulousness: influence of patient's age on prognosis. Gerodontics 1988 4: 280-284.
49. Meijer HJ, Batenburg RH, Raghoebar GM. Influence of patient age on the success rate of dental implants supporting an overdenture in an edentulous mandible: a 3-year prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001 16: 522-526.
50. Meijer HJ, Batenburg RH, Raghoebar GM et al. Mandibular overdentures supported by two Branemark, IMZ or ITI implants: a 5-year prospective study. J Clin Periodontal 2004 31: 522-526.
51. Feine JS, Carlsson GE, Awad MA et al. The McGill consensus statement on overdentures. Mandibular two-implant overdentures as first choice standard of care for edentulous patients. Gerodontology 2002 19: 3-4.
52. Feine JS, Carlsson GE, Awad MA et al. The McGill Consensus Statement on Overdentures. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. May 24-25, 2002. Int J Prosthodont 2002 15: 413-414.
53. Behneke A, Behneke N, d'Hoedt B. A 5-year longitudinal study of the clinical effectiveness of ITI solid-screw implants in the treatment of mandibular edentulism. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002 17: 799-810.
54. Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J et al. A 5-year prospective multicenter follow-up report on overdentures supported by osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996 11: 291-298.
55. Lindquist LW, Rockler B, Carlsson GE. Bone resorption around fixtures in edentulous patients treated with mandibular fixed tissue-integrated prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1988 59: 59-63.
56. Naert I, Quirynen M, Theuniers G et al. Prosthetic aspects of osseointegrated fixtures supporting overdentures. A 4-year report J Prosthet Dent 1991 65: 671-680.
57. Behneke N. Klinische Erfahrungen mit enossalen Implantaten im zahnlosen Unterkiefer [Habilitationsschrift]. Mainz: Universitätskliniken Mainz; 1994.
58. Pjetursson BE. Implant supported dentures and masticatory performance. Evid Based Dent 2008 9: 22.
59. Bakke M, HoIn B, Gotfredsen K. Masticatory function and patient satisfaction with implant-supported mandibular overdentures: a prospective 5-year study. Int J Prosthodont 2002 15: 575-581.
60. Benzing U, Weber H, Simonis A et al. Changes in chewing patterns after implantation in the edentulous mandible. Int J Oral and Maxillofac Implants 1994 9: 207-213.
61. Pera P, Bassi F, Schierano G et al. Implant anchored complete mandibular denture: evaluation of masticatory efficiency, oral function and degree of satisfaction. J Oral Rebabil 1998 25.
62. Allen F, McMillan A. Food selection and perceptions of chewing ability following provision of implant and conventional prostheses in complete denture wearers. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002 13: 320-326.
63. van der Bilt A, van Kampen FM, Cune MS. Masticatory function with mandibular implant-supported overdentures fitted with different attachment types. Eur J Oral Sci 2006 114: 191-196.
64. van Kampen FM, van der Bilt A, Cune MS et al. Masticatory function with implant-supported overdentures. J Dent Res 2004 83: 708-711.
65. Morais JA, Heydecke G, Pawliuk J et al. The effects of mandibular two-implant overdentures on nutrition in elderly edentulous individuals. J Dent Res 2003 82: 53-58.
66. Moynihan PJ, Buder TJ, Thomason JM et al. Nutrient intake in partially dentate patients: the effect of prosthetic rehabilitation. J Dent 2000 28: 557-563.
67. Jacobs R. Neurological versus psychophysical assessement of osseoperception. In: Jakobs R, ed. Osseoperception. Leuven: KU Leuven, Department of Periodontology 1998:75-88.
68. Van Loven K, Jacobs R, Swinnen A et al. Sensations and trigeminal somatosensory-evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of endosseous oral implants in humans. Arch Oral Biol 2000 45: 1083-1090.
69. Lobbezoo F, Trulsson M, Jacobs R et al. Topical review: modulation of trigeminal sensory input in humans: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Orofac Pain 2002 16: 9-21.
70. Fiske J, Davis DM, Frances C et al. The emotional effects of tooth loss in edentulous people. Br Dent J 1998 184: 90-93; discussion 79.
71. Friedman N, Landesman HM, Wexler M. The influences of fear, anxiety, and depression on the patient's adaptive responses to complete dentures. Part I. J Prosthet Dent 1987 58: 687-689.
72. Allen PF, McMillan AS. A review of the functional and psychosocial outcomes of edentulousness treated with complete replacement dentures. J Can Dent Assoc 2003 69: 662.
73. Nitschke I, Hopfenmüller W Die Zahnmedizinische Versorgung älterer Menschen. Berlin: Akademie Verlag 1996.
74. Carlsson GE. Facts and fallacies: an evidence base for complete dentures. Dent Update 2006 33: 134-136, 138-140, 142.
75. Celebic A, Valentic-Peruzovic M, Stipetic J et al. The patient's and the therapist's evaluation of complete denture therapy. Coll Antropol 2000 24 Suppl 1: 71-77.
76. de Baat C, van Aken AA, Mulder J et al. "Prosthetic condition" and patients' judgment of complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1997 78: 472-478.
77. Smith JM, Sheiham A. How dental conditions handicap the elderly. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1979 7: 305-310.
78. Allen PF, McMillan AS. A longitudinal study of quality of life outcomes in older adults requesting implant prostheses and complete removable dentures. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003 14: 173-179.
79. Davis DM, Fiske J, Scott B et al. The emotional effects of tooth loss: a preliminary quantitative study. Br Dent J 2000188: 503-506.
80. Klages U, Esch M, Wehrbein H. Oral health impact in patients wearing removable prostheses: relations to somatization, pain sensitivity, and body consciousness. Int J Prosthodont 2005 18: 106-111.
81. Quran F, Clifford T, Cooper C et al. Influence of psychological factors on the acceptance of complete dentures. Gerodontology 2001 18: 35-40.
82. Scott BJ, Leung KC, McMillan AS et al. A transcultural perspective on the emotional effect of tooth loss in complete denture wearers. Int J Prosthodont 2001 14: 461-465.
83. Brunello DL, Mandikos MN. Construction faults, age, gender, and relative medical health: factors associated with complaints in complete denture patients. J Prosthet Dent 1998 79: 545-554.
84. Celebic A, Knezovic-Zlataric D, Papic M et al. Factors related to patient satisfaction with complete denture therapy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003 58: M948-953.
85. Müller F, Link I, Fuhr K et al. Studies on adaptation to complete dentures. Part II: Oral stereognosis and tactile sensibility. J Oral Rehabil 1995 22: 759-767.
86. Awad MA, Shapiro SH, Lund JP et al. Determinants of patients' treatment preferences in a clinical trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 28: 119-125.
87. Levi A, Psoter WJ, Agar JR et al. Patient self-reported satisfaction with maxillary anterior dental implant treatment Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003 18: 113-120.
88. Berg E. Acceptance of full dentures. Int Dent J 1993 43: 299-306.
89. Steinbüchel Nv, Lischetzke T, Gurny M et al. Lebensqualität im Alter - gemessen mit unterschiedlichen generischen Instrumenten. Z Med Psychol 2005 35: 15-23.
90. Slade GD. Assessement of Oral Health Related Quality of Life. Im Inglehart MR, Bagramian RA, eds. Oral Health Related Quality of Ufe. Chicago 2002:29-45.
91. Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Health 1994 11: 3-11.
92. Atchison KA, Dolan TA. Development of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. J Dent Educ 1990 54: 680-687.
93. Steele JG, Sanders AE, Slade GD et al. How do age and tooth loss affect oral health impacts and quality of life? A study comparing two national samples. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004 32: 107-114.
94. Koshino H, Hirai T, Ishijima T et al. Quality of life and masticatory function in denture wearers. J Oral Rehabil 2006 33: 323-329.
95. Locker D, Jokovic A. Using subjective oral health status indicators to screen for dental care needs in older adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996 24: 398-402.
96. Raghoebar GM, Meijer HJ, Stegenga B et al. Effectiveness of three treatment modalities for the edentulous mandible. A five-year randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 200011: 195-201.
97. Heydecke G, Locker D, Awad MA et al. Oral and general health-related quality of life with conventional and implant dentures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003 31: 161-168.
98. Thomason JM, Heydecke G, Feine JS et al. How do patients perceive the benefit of reconstructive dentistry with regard to oral health-related quality of life and patient satisfaction? A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007 18 Suppl 3: 168-188.
99. Wismeijer D, Van Waas MA, Vermeeren JI et al. Patient satisfaction with implant-supported mandibular overdentures. A comparison of three treatment strategies with ITI-dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997 26: 263-267.
100. Cibirka RM, Razzoog M, Lang BR. Critical evaluation of patient responses to dental implant therapy. J Prosthet Dent 1997 78: 574-581.
101. Melas F, Marcenes W, Wright PS. Oral health impact on daily performance in patients with implant-stabilized overdentures and patients with conventional complete dentures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001 16: 700-712.
102. Att W, Stappert C. Implant therapy to improve quality of life. Quintessence Int 2003 34: 573-581.
103. World Health Organisation (WHO). Oral health in ageing societies: integration of oral health and general health: report of a meeting convened at the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan, 1-3 June 2005. Geneva 2006.
104. Janket SJ, Baird AE, Chuang SK et al. Meta-analysis of periodontal disease and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003 95: 559-569.
105. Khader YS, Dauod AS, El-Qaderi SS et al. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2006 20: 59-68.
106. Jette AM, Feldman HA, Douglass C. Oral disease and physical disability in community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993 41: 1102-1108.
107. Avlund K, Holm-Pedersen P, Schroll M. Functional ability and oral health among older people: a longitudinal study from age 75 to 80. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 49: 954-962.
108. Holm-Pedersen P, Schultz-Larsen K, Christiansen N et al. Tooth loss and subsequent disability and mortality in old age. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008 56: 429-435.
109. Hamasha AA, Hand JS, Levy SM. Medical conditions associated with missing teeth and edentulism in the institutionalized elderly. Spec Care Dent 1998 18: 123-127.
110. Ragnarsson E, Eliasson ST, Gudnason V. Loss of teeth and coronary heart disease. Int J Prosthodont 2004 17: 441-446.
111. Dietrich T, Jimenez M, Krall Kaye EA et al. Age-dependent associations between chronic periodontitis/edentulism and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2008 117: 1668-1674.
112. Elter JR, Offenbacher S, Toole JF et al. Relationship of periodontal disease and edentulism to stroke/TIA. J Dent Res 2003 82: 998-1001.
113. Ajwani S, Mattila KJ, Narhi TO et al. Oral health status, C-reactive protein and mortality-a 10 year follow-up study. Gerodontology 2003 20: 32-40.
114. Slade GD, Offenbacher S, Beck JD et al. Acute-phase inflammatory response to periodontal disease in the US population. J Dent Res 2000 79: 49-57.
115. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T et al. Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Stroke 2003 34: 2120-2125.
116. Bucca C, Carossa S, Pivetti S et al. Edentulism and worsening of obstructive sleep apnoea. Lancet 1999 353: 121-122.
117. Bucca C, Cicolin A, Brussino L et al. Tooth loss and obstructive sleep apnoea. Respir Res 2006 7: 8.
118. Endeshaw YW, Katz S, Ouslander JG et al. Association of denture use with sleep-disordered breathing among older adults. J Public Health Dent 2004 64: 181-183.
119. Erovigni F, Graziano A, Ceruti P et al. Cephalometric evaluation of the upper airway in patients with complete dentures. Minerva Stomatol 2005 54: 293-301.
120. Kondo K, Niino M, Shido K. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Japan-significance of life-styles. Dementia 1994 5: 314-326.
121. Lund JP, Mojon P, Pho M et al. Alzheimer's disease and edentulism. Age Ageing 2003 32: 228-229.
122. Nordenram G, Ryd-Kjellen E, Johansson G et al. Alzheimer's disease, oral function and nutritional status. Gerodontology 1996 13: 9-16.
123. Shimazaki Y, Soh I, Saito T et al. Influence of dentition status on physical disability, mental impairment, and mortality in institutionalized elderly people. J Dent Res 2001 80: 340-345.
124. Mattson JS, Cerutis DR, Parrish LC. Osteoporosis: a review and its dental implications. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002 23: 1001-1004, 1006, 1008 passim; quiz 1014.
125. Tramini P, Montal S, Valcarcel J. Tooth loss and associated factors in long-term institutionalised elderly patients. Gerodontology 2007 24: 196-203.
126. Cleary TJ, Hutton JE. An assessment of the association between functional edentulism, obesity, and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995 18: 1007-1009.
127. Moore PA, Weyant RJ, Mongelluzzo MB et al. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and oral health: assessment of tooth loss and edentulism. J Public Health Dent 1998 58: 135-142.
128. Hämäläinen P, Meurman JH, Keskinen M et al. Relationship between dental health and 10-year mortality in a cohort of community-dwelling elderly people. Eur J Oral Sci 2003 111: 291-296.
129. Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Tooth mortality in an adult rural population in Kenya. J Dent Res 1988 67: 496-500.
130. Adams C, Slack-Smith LM, Larson A et al. Edentulism and associated factors in people 60 years and over from urban, rural and remote Western Australia. Aust Dent J 2003 48: 10-14.
131. Sanders AE, Slade GD, Carter KD et al. Trends in prevalence of complete tooth loss among Australians, 1979-2002. Aust N Z J Pubic Health 2004 28: 549-554.
132. Chen MS, Hunter P. Oral health and quality of life in New Zealand: a social perspective. Soc Sci Med 1996 43: 1213-1222.
133. Mann J, Mersel A, Gabai E. Dental status and dental needs of an elderly population in Israel. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985 13: 156-158.
134. Petersen PE, Kjoller M, Christensen LB et al. Changing dentate status of adults, use of dental health services, and achievement of national dental health goals in Denmark by the year 2000. J Public Health Dent 2004 64: 127-135.
135. Hiidenkari T, Parvinen T, Helenius H. Edentulousness and its rehabilitation over a 10-year period in a Finnish urban area. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 25: 367-370.
136. Hescot P, Bourgeois D, Doury J. Oral health in 35-44 year old adults in France. Int Dent J 1997 47: 94-99.
137. Kerschbaum T. Zahnverlust und prothetische Versorgung (65-74 Jahre) [Tooth loss and prosthodontic care (65-74 years)]. In: Micheelis W, Schiffner U, eds. Vierte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS IV) [Fourth German Oral Health Survey]. Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag 2006:354-373.
138. Axelsson G, Helgadottir S. Edentulousness in Iceland in 1990. A national questionnaire survey. Acta Odontol Scand 1995 53: 279-282.
139. Musacchio E, Perissinotto E, Binotto P et al. Tooth loss in the elderly and its association with nutritional status, socio-economic and lifestyle factors. Acta Odontol Scand 2001 65: 78-86.
140. Hellden L, Salonen L, Gustafsson I. Oral health status in an adult Swedish population. Prevalence of teeth, removable dentures and occlusal supporting zones. Swed Dent J 1989 13: 45-60.
141. Palmqvist S, Soderfeldt B, Arnbjerg D. Dental conditions in a Swedish population aged 45-69 years. A questionnaire study. Acta Odontol Scand 1991 49: 377-384.
142. Norderyd O, Hugoson A. Tooth loss and periodontal bone level in individuals of Jonkoping County. A comparison between two adult populations living in the city and in the surrounding area. Swed Dent J 1998 22: 165-174.
143. Nalcaci R, Erdemir EO, Baran I. Evaluation of the oral health status of the people aged 65 years and over living in near rural district of Middle Anatolia, Turkey. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006.
144. Kelly M, Walker A, Cooper I. Adult Dental Health Survey: Oral Health in the United Kingdom. London: The Stationery Office (TSO) 2000.
145. Miller Y, Locker D. Correlates of tooth loss in a Canadian adult population. J Can Dent Assoc 1994 60: 549-555.
146. Marcus SE, Kaste LM, Brown LJ. Prevalence and demographic correlates of tooth loss among the elderly in the United States. Spec Care Dent 1994 14: 123-127.
147. Hugo FN, Hilgert JB, de Sousa Mda L et al. Correlates of partial tooth loss and edentulism in the Brazilian elderly. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007 35: 224-232.
148. Silva DD, Sousa Mda L, Wada RS. [Oral health in adults and the elderly in Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica 2004 20: 626-631.
149. Hunter JM, Arbona SI. The tooth as a marker of developing world quality of life: a field study in Guatemala. Soc Sci Med 1995 41: 1217-1240.
150. Medina-Solis CE, Perez-Nunez R, Maupome G et al. Edentulism among Mexican adults aged 35 years and older and associated factors. Am J Public Health 2006 96: 1578-1581.
151. Luan WM, Baelum V, Chen X et al. Tooth mortality and prosthetic treatment patterns in urban and rural Chinese aged 20-80 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1989 17: 221-226.
152. Lin HC, Corbet EF, Lo EC et al. Tooth loss, occluding pairs, and prosthetic status of Chinese adults. J Dent Res 2001 80: 1491-1495.
153. Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K et al. Association of total tooth loss with smoking, drinking alcohol and nutrition in elderly Japanese: analysis of national database. Gerodontology. 2007 24: 87-92.