The development of memory maintenance: Children's use of phonological rehearsal and attentional refreshment in working memory tasks

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 107, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 306-324

  Tam, Helen ^a   Jarrold, Christopher ^a   Baddeley, Alan D ^b   Sabatos DeVito, Maura ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^c University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Attentional refreshment; Children; Phonological similarity; Rehearsal; Verbal and nonverbal distraction; Working memory

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PHONETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RECALL; SHORT TERM MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE;

AGE FACTORS; ATTENTION; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MENTAL RECALL; PHONETICS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 77954759850     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.05.006     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Al-Namlah A.S., Fernyhough C., Meins E. Sociocultural influences on the development of verbal mediation: Private speech and phonological recoding in Saudi Arabian and British samples. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:117-131.
2. Baddeley A.D. Working memory 1986, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
3. Baddeley A.D., Thomson N., Buchanan M. Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 1975, 14:575-589.
4. Bakeman R., McArthur D. Picturing repeated measures: Comments on Loftus, Morrison, and others. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1996, 28:584-589.
5. Barrouillet P., Bernardin S., Camos V. Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2004, 133:83-100.
6. Barrouillet P., Bernardin S., Portrat S., Vergauwe E., Camos V. Time and cognitive load in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2007, 33:570-585.
7. Barrouillet P., Gavens N., Vergauwe E., Gaillard V., Camos V. Working memory span development: A time-based resource-sharing model account. Developmental Psychology 2009, 45:477-490.
8. Bayliss D.M., Jarrold C., Baddeley A.D., Gunn D.M., Leigh E. Mapping the developmental constraints on working memory span performance. Developmental Psychology 2005, 41:579-597.
9. Bayliss D.M., Jarrold C., Gunn D.M., Baddeley A.D. The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132:71-92.
10. Beaman C.P., Neath I., Surprenant A.M. Modeling distributions of immediate memory effects: No strategies needed?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, 34:219-229.
11. Bird H., Franklin S., Howard D. Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 2001, 33:73-79.
12. Brown J. Some tests of the decay theories of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1958, 10:12-21.
13. Brown G.D.A., Hulme C. Modeling item length effects in memory span: No rehearsal needed?. Journal of Memory and Language 1995, 34:594-621.
14. Brown G.D.A., Neath I., Chater N. A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological Review 2007, 114:539-576.
15. Bull R., Espy K.A., Wiebe S.A. Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Developmental Neuropsychology 2008, 33:205-228.
16. Camos V., Lagner P., Barrouillet P. Two maintenance mechanisms of verbal information in working memory. Journal of Memory and Language 2009, 61:457-469.
17. Campoy G. The effect of word length on short-term memory: Is rehearsal necessary?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2008, 61:724-734.
18. Conrad R. Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 1964, 55:75-84.
19. Conrad R., Hull A.J. Information, acoustic confusion, and memory span. British Journal of Psychology 1964, 55:429-432.
20. Conrad R., Hull A.J. The role of the interpolated task in short-term retention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1966, 18:266-269.
21. Conway A.R.A., Cowan N., Bunting M.F., Therriault D.J., Minkoff S.R.B. A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Intelligence 2002, 30:163-183.
22. Conway A.R.A., Kane M.J., Bunting M.F., Hambrick D.Z., Wilhelm O., Engle R.W. Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user's guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2005, 12:769-786.
23. Cowan N., Morey C.C., AuBuchon A.M., Zwilling C.E., Gilchrist A.L. Seven-year-olds allocate attention like adults unless working memory is overloaded. Developmental Science 2010, 13:120-133.
24. Cowan N., Wood N.L., Wood P.K., Keller T.A., Nugent L.D., Keller C.V. Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1998, 127:141-160.
25. Duff S.C., Logie R.H. Processing and storage in working memory span. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 2001, 54:31-48.
26. Engle R.W., Tuholski S.W., Laughlin J.E., Conway A.R.A. Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1999, 128:309-311.
27. Farrell S., Lewandowsky S. An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 2002, 9:59-79.
28. Ferguson A.N., Bowey J.A., Tilley A. The association between auditory memory span and speech rate in children from kindergarten to sixth grade. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2002, 81:141-156.
29. Flavell J.H., Beach D.R., Chinsky J.M. Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Child Development 1966, 37:283-299.
30. Ford S., Silber K.P. Working memory in children: A developmental approach to the phonological coding of pictorial material. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1994, 12:165-175.
31. Gathercole S.E. The development of memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1998, 39:3-27.
32. Gathercole S.E., Adams A. Phonological working memory in very young children. Developmental Psychology 1993, 20:770-778.
33. Gathercole S.E., Adams A., Hitch G.J. Do young children rehearse? An individual-differences analysis. Memory & Cognition 1994, 22:201-207.
34. Gilhooly K.J., Logie R.H. Age of acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words. Behavior Research, Methods, & Instrumentation 1980, 12:395-427.
35. Hale S., Bronik M.D., Fry A.F. Verbal and spatial working memory and school-age children: Developmental differences in susceptibility to interference. Developmental Psychology 1997, 33:364-371.
36. Hale S., Myerson J., Rhee S.H., Weiss C.S., Abrams R.A. Selective interference with the maintenance of location information in working memory. Neuropsychology 1996, 10:228-240.
37. Halliday M.S., Hitch G.J., Lennon B., Pettipher C. Verbal short-term memory in children: The role of the articulatory loop. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1990, 2:23-38.
38. Hayes D.S., Schulze S.A. Visual encoding in preschoolers' serial retention. Child Development 1977, 48:1066-1070.
39. Henry L.A. The effects of word length and phonemic similarity in young children's short-term memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 1991, 43:35-52.
40. Hitch G.J., Halliday M.S., Schaafstal A.M., Heffernan T.M. Speech, inner speech, and the development of short-term memory effects of picture-labeling on recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1991, 51:220-234.
41. Hitch G.J., Woodin M.E., Baker S. Visual and phonological components of working memory in children. Memory & Cognition 1989, 17:175-185.
42. Holmes J., Gathercole S.E., Dunning D.L. Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Developmental Science 2009, 12:F9-F15.
43. Howard D., Franklin S. Memory without rehearsal. Neuropsychological impairments in short-term memory 1990, 287-318. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. G. Vallar, T. Shallice (Eds.).
44. Hudjetz A., Oberauer K. The effects of processing time and processing rate on forgetting in working memory: Testing four models of the complex span paradigm. Memory & Cognition 2007, 35:1675-1684.
45. Hulme C., Maughan S., Brown G.D.A. Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: Evidence for a long-term memory contribution to short-term memory span. Journal of Memory and Language 1991, 30:685-701.
46. Hutton U.M.Z., Towse J.N. Short-term memory and working memory as indices of children's cognitive skills. Memory 2001, 9:383-394.
47. Jarrold C., Cowan N., Hewes A.K., Riby D.M. Speech timing and verbal short-term memory: Evidence for contrasting deficits in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome. Journal of Memory and Language 2004, 51:365-380.
48. Jarrold, C., Tam, H., Baddeley, A. D., & Harvey, C. E. (in press). The nature and the position of processing determines why forgetting occurs in working memory tasks. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
49. Jarrold C., Hewes A.K., Baddeley A. Two separate speech measures constrain verbal short-term memory in children. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2000, 26:1626-1637.
50. Kane M.J., Hambrick D.Z., Conway A.R.A. Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin 2005, 131:66-71.
51. La Pointe L.B., Engle R.W. Simple and complex word spans as measures of working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1990, 16:1118-1133.
52. Lépine R., Bernardin S., Barrouillet P. Attention switching and working memory spans. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2005, 17:329-345.
53. Lewandowsky S., Farrell S. Phonological similarity in serial recall: Constraints on theories of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 2008, 58:429-448.
54. Lewandowsky S., Geiger S.M., Oberauer K. Interference-based forgetting in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language 2008, 59:200-222.
55. Lewandowsky S., Oberauer K. The word length effect provides no evidence for decay in short-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2008, 15:875-888.
56. Liefooghe B., Barrouillet P., Vandierendonck A., Camos V. Working memory costs of task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, 34:478-494.
57. Lobley K.J., Baddeley A.D., Gathercole S.E. Phonological similarity effects in verbal complex span. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2005, 58:1462-1478.
58. Logie R.H., Della Sala S., Laiacona M., Chambers P., Wynn V. Group aggregates and individual reliability: The case of verbal short-term memory. Memory & Cognition 1996, 24:305-321.
59. Logie R.H., Zucco G.M., Baddeley A.D. Interference in visual short-term memory. Acta Psychologica 1990, 75:55-74.
60. Manly T., Anderson V., Nimmo-Smith I., Turner A., Watson P., Robertson I.H. The differential assessment of children's attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample, and ADHD performance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001, 42:1065-1081.
61. Mora, G., Camos, V., & Oberauer, K. (2008). How do articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing interact with phonological similarity in the complex span paradigm? In Poster session presented at the fourth European working memory workshop, Bristol, UK.
62. Morrison C.M., Chappell T.D., Ellis A.W. Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 1997, 50:528-559.
63. Murray D.J. The role of speech responses in short-term memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1967, 21:263-276.
64. Nairne J.S. A feature model of immediate memory. Memory & Cognition 1990, 18:251-269.
65. Oberauer K. Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2002, 28:411-421.
66. Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010). Modelling working memory: A computational implementation of the time-based resource-sharing theory, submitted for publication.
67. Oberauer K., Lewandowsky S. Forgetting in immediate serial recall: Decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference?. Psychological Review 2008, 115:544-576.
68. Oberauer K., Schulze R., Wilhelm O., Süß H.-M. Working memory and intelligence-Their correlation and their relation: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin 2005, 131:61-65.
69. Peterson L.R., Peterson M.J. Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1959, 58:193-198.
70. Portrat S., Camos V., Barrouillet P. Working memory in children: A time-constrained functioning similar to adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2009, 102:368-374.
71. Raye C.L., Johnson M.K., Mitchell K.J., Reeder J.A., Greene E.J. Neuroimaging a single thought: Dorsolateral PFC activity associated with refreshing just-activated information. NeuroImage 2002, 15:447-453.
72. Snodgrass J.G., Vanderwart M. A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1980, 6:174-215.
73. Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 1966, 153:652-654.
74. Swanson H.L. Working memory and intelligence in children: What develops?. Journal of Educational Psychology 2008, 100:581-602.
75. Tehan G., Hendry L., Kocinski D. Word length and phonological similarity effects in simple, complex, and delayed serial recall tasks: Implications for working memory. Memory 2001, 9:333-348.
76. Thorn A.S.C., Gathercole S.E. Language differences in verbal short-term memory do not exclusively originate in the process of subvocal rehearsal. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 2001, 8:357-364.
77. Towse J.N., Hitch G.J. Is there a relationship between task demand and storage space in tests of working memory capacity?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 1995, 48:108-124.
78. Vallar G., Papagno C. Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Handbook of memory disorders 1995, 135-165. John Wiley, Chichester, UK. A.D. Baddeley, B.A. Wilson, F. Watts (Eds.).
79. Vergauwe E., Barrouillet P., Camos V. Do mental processes share a domain-general resource?. Psychological Science 2010, 21:384-390.