Citizen perceptions of the legitimacy of traffic stops

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 589-594

  Allen, John ^a   Monk Turner, Elizabeth ^a  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954757548     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.030     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aguirre A., Baker D. Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in American Criminal Justice 1994, West Publishing Company, New York.
2. Anderson E. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner-City 1999, W.W. Norton, New York.
3. Apple N., O'Brien D. Neighborhood Racial Composition and Residents' Evaluation of Police Performance. Journal of Police Science and Administration 1983, 11:76-83.
4. Barker J. Danger, Duty, and Disillusion 1999, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Ill.
5. Barlow D., Barlow M. Police in a Multicultural Society: An American Story 2000, Waveland Press, Inc., Prospect Heights, Illinois.
6. Baskerville K., Johnson K., Monk-Turner E., Slone Q., Stansburg S., Standley H., et al. Reactions to Random Acts of Kindness. Social Science Journal 2000, 2:23-32.
7. Benedict W., Brown B., Bower D. Perceptions of the police and fear of crime in a rural setting. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2000, 1:275-298.
8. Buerger M., Farrell A. The Evidence of Racial Profiling: Interpreting Documented and Unofficial Sources. Police Quarterly 2002, 5:272-305.
9. Cao L., Frank J., Cullen F. Race, Community Context, and Confidence in the Police. American Journal of Police 1996, 15:3-22.
10. Durose, M., E. Schmitt, and P. Langan. Bureau of Justice Statistics (April 2005). Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey. 11. Retrieved on November 11, 2006, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cpp.
11. Durose, M., E. Schmitt, and P. Langan. (April 2007). Contacts between police and the public. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved on April 18, 2009 from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cpp.
12. Engel R., Calnon J. Examining the Influence of Driver's Characteristics During Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey. Justice Quarterly 2004, 21:49-90.
13. Entman R., Rojecki A. The Black Image in the White Mind 2000, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
14. Fridell L. By the Numbers: A Guide for Analyzing Race Data from Vehicle Stops 2004, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington DC.
15. Gabbidon S. Racial Profiling by Store Clerks and Security Personnel in Retail Establishments. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 2003, 19:345-364.
16. Georgakopoulos N. Self-fulfilling impressions of criminality. International Review of Law and Economics 2004, 24:169-190.
17. Greenfeld L., Langan P., Smith S., Kaminski R. Police Use of Force: Collection of National Data 1997, Bureau of Justice Statistics/National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.
18. Hagan J., Albonetti C. Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America. American Journal of Sociology 1982, 88:329-355.
19. Harris D. The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why "Driving While Black" Matters. Minnesota Law Review 1999, 84:265.
20. Harris D. Profiles of Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work 2002, The New Press, New York.
21. Henderson M., Cullen F., Cao L., Browning S., Kopache R. The Impact of Race on Perceptions of Police Use of Force. Journal of Criminal Justice 1997, 25:447-462.
22. Hirschfield A., Bowers K., Johnson S. Inter-relationships between perceptions of safety, anti-social behavior, and security measures in disadvantaged areas. Security Journal 2004, 17:9-19.
23. Lamberth, J. (1998). Driving While Black: A Statistician Proves that Prejudice Still Rules the Road. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/192.html.
24. Leiber M., Nalla M., Farnworth M. Explaining Juveniles' Attitudes Toward the Police. Justice Quarterly 1998, 15:151-173.
25. Leinfelt F. Predicting Use of Non-Lethal Force in a Mid-Size Police Department: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Subject and Situational Variables. The Police Journal 2005, 78:4.
26. Lundman R., Kaufman R. Driving While Black: Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Citizen Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions. Criminology 2003, 41:195-219.
27. Mastrofski S. Controlling Street-level Police Discretion. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2004, 593:100-118.
28. Meyer E., Post L. Alone at night. Feminist Criminology 2006, 1:207-227.
29. National Research Council. (2004). Measuring Racial Discrimination. Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination. Committee on National Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press.
30. Novak K. Disparity and Racial Profiling in Traffic Enforcement. Police Quarterly 2004, 7:65-96.
31. Parker K., Onyekwuluje A., Murty K. African-Americans' Attitudes Toward the Police: A Multivariate Study. Journal of Black Studies 1995, 25:396-409.
32. Pate A., Fridell L. Police Use of Force: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints, and Legal Consequences 1993, Police Foundation, Washington DC.
33. Ramirez D., McDevitt J., Farrell A. A Resource Guide on Racial Profiling Data Collection Systems: Promising Practices and Lessons Learned 2000, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
34. Ridgeway G. Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2006, 22:1-29.
35. Robinson M. Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 2nd ed.
36. Russell K. The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment, and Other Macroaggressions 1998, New York University Press, New York.
37. Russell K. Racial Profiling: A Status Report of the Legal, Legislative, and Empirical Literature. Rutgers Race & The Law Review 2001, 3:61.
38. Sampson R., Bariusch D. Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences. Law and Society Review 1998, 32:777-804.
39. Schuck A. The Masking of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Police Use of Physical Force: The Effects of Gender and Custody Status. Journal of Criminal Justice 2004, 32:557-564.
40. Skogan W. Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters. Police Quarterly 2005, 8:298-321.
41. Sykes R., Clark J. A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Citizen Encounters. The American Journal of Sociology 1975, 81:584-600.
42. Tuch S., Weitzer R. The Polls-Trends: Racial Differences in Attitudes Towards the Police. Public Opinion Quarterly 1997, 61:642-663.
43. Tyler T. Why People Obey the Law 1990, Yale University Press, New Haven.
44. U.S.Department of Transportation Traffic Facts 1999: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates Systems 2001, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
45. Walker S., Spohn C., DeLone M. The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America 2007, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, California. 4th ed.
46. Weitzer R., Tuch S. Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police. Crime and Delinquency 1999, 45:494-507.
47. Weitzer R., Tuch S. Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Experience. Criminology 2002, 40:435-456.
48. Weitzer R., Tuch S. Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct. Social Problems 2004, 51:305-325.
49. Weitzer R., Tuch S. Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions. Social Forces 2005, 83:1009-1030.
50. Welnaik, E. & K. Posey. (2005). Household Income: 1999. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/c2kbr-36.pdf.
51. Withrow B. Racial Profiling: From Rhetoric to Reason 2006, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.
52. Zingraff, M., W. Smith, & D. Tomaskovic-Devey. (2003) NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY TRAFFIC STUDY, 2000-2001 [Computer file]. ICPSR04078-v1. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University [producer], 2003. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social research [distributor], 2005-04-07.