메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 85-93

Opioid rotation in the management of chronic pain: Where is the evidence?

Author keywords

Chronic pain; Equianalgesic potency; Opioid; Opioid rotation; Opioid switch

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE; FENTANYL; HYDROMORPHONE; METHADONE; MORPHINE; OPIATE; OPIATE AGONIST; OXYCODONE; ANALGESIC AGENT; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

EID: 77954738315     PISSN: 15307085     EISSN: 15332500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00335.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (82)

References (68)
  • 2
    • 0041847417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological implications of chronic pain
    • Raj P. ed., 3rd, ed., St. Louis, MO, Mosby Inc
    • Wilson KE. Psychological implications of chronic pain. Practical Management of Pain 2000, 316-332. Raj P. ed., 3rd, ed., St. Louis, MO, Mosby Inc
    • (2000) Practical Management of Pain , pp. 316-332
    • Wilson, K.E.1
  • 3
    • 0033056087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low back pain. Evaluation and management in the primary care setting
    • Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Low back pain. Evaluation and management in the primary care setting. Med Clin North Am 1999, 83:643-662.
    • (1999) Med Clin North Am , vol.83 , pp. 643-662
    • Rosomoff, H.L.1    Rosomoff, R.S.2
  • 4
    • 0026090560 scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain in primary care. Identification and management of psychosocial factors
    • Sullivan MD, Turner JA, Romano J. Chronic pain in primary care. Identification and management of psychosocial factors. J Fam Pract 1991, 32:193-199.
    • (1991) J Fam Pract , vol.32 , pp. 193-199
    • Sullivan, M.D.1    Turner, J.A.2    Romano, J.3
  • 5
    • 0029166461 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain
    • Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, Fortin J, Kine G, Bogduk N. The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995, 20:1878-1883.
    • (1995) Spine , vol.20 , pp. 1878-1883
    • Schwarzer, A.C.1    Aprill, C.N.2    Derby, R.3    Fortin, J.4    Kine, G.5    Bogduk, N.6
  • 7
    • 0030961097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physician judgments of chronic pain patients
    • Tait RC, Chibnall JT. Physician judgments of chronic pain patients. Soc Sci Med 1997, 45:1199-1205.
    • (1997) Soc Sci Med , vol.45 , pp. 1199-1205
    • Tait, R.C.1    Chibnall, J.T.2
  • 8
    • 0036276730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain beliefs and perceived physical disability of patients with chronic low back pain
    • Walsh DA, Radcliffe JC. Pain beliefs and perceived physical disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Pain 2002, 97:23-31.
    • (2002) Pain , vol.97 , pp. 23-31
    • Walsh, D.A.1    Radcliffe, J.C.2
  • 9
    • 0023754165 scopus 로고
    • The disability determination dilemma: toward a multiaxial solution
    • Turk DC, Rudy TE, Stieg RL. The disability determination dilemma: toward a multiaxial solution. Pain 1988, 34:217-229.
    • (1988) Pain , vol.34 , pp. 217-229
    • Turk, D.C.1    Rudy, T.E.2    Stieg, R.L.3
  • 10
    • 0023402569 scopus 로고
    • 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain
    • Waddell G. 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine 1987, 12:632-644.
    • (1987) Spine , vol.12 , pp. 632-644
    • Waddell, G.1
  • 11
    • 0017576627 scopus 로고
    • The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine
    • Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977, 196:129-136.
    • (1977) Science , vol.196 , pp. 129-136
    • Engel, G.L.1
  • 13
    • 85031342965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO, WHO Guideline, 2nd, ed., Geneva, Switzerland, WHO
    • Cancer Relief, with a Guide to Opioïd Availability 1996, 13-15. WHO, WHO Guideline, 2nd, ed., Geneva, Switzerland, WHO
    • (1996) Cancer Relief, with a Guide to Opioïd Availability , pp. 13-15
  • 14
    • 0041909442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for using opioids in chronic non-cancer pain
    • Kalso E, Allan L, Dellemijn PL. Recommendations for using opioids in chronic non-cancer pain. Eur J Pain 2003, 7:381-386.
    • (2003) Eur J Pain , vol.7 , pp. 381-386
    • Kalso, E.1    Allan, L.2    Dellemijn, P.L.3    et al4
  • 17
    • 0021839202 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of cancer pain
    • Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:84-95.
    • (1985) N Engl J Med , vol.313 , pp. 84-95
    • Foley, K.M.1
  • 18
    • 0033562594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of cancer pain
    • Portenoy RK, Lesage P. Management of cancer pain. Lancet 1999, 353:1695-1700.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1695-1700
    • Portenoy, R.K.1    Lesage, P.2
  • 19
    • 0028246011 scopus 로고
    • Management of common opioid side effects during long-term therapy of cancer pain
    • Portenoy RK. Management of common opioid side effects during long-term therapy of cancer pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23:160-170.
    • (1994) Ann Acad Med Singapore , vol.23 , pp. 160-170
    • Portenoy, R.K.1
  • 20
    • 0034805695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioids in non-cancer pain: a life-time sentence?
    • Dellemijn PLI. Opioids in non-cancer pain: a life-time sentence? Eur J Pain 2001, 5:333-339.
    • (2001) Eur J Pain , vol.5 , pp. 333-339
    • Dellemijn, P.L.I.1
  • 21
    • 0142247297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review
    • Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003, 26:1026-1048.
    • (2003) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.26 , pp. 1026-1048
    • Chou, R.1    Clark, E.2    Helfand, M.3
  • 22
    • 58949087497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain
    • Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain 2009, 10:113-130.
    • (2009) J Pain , vol.10 , pp. 113-130
    • Chou, R.1    Fanciullo, G.J.2    Fine, P.G.3    et al4
  • 23
    • 0142181013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain, substance abuse and addiction
    • Compton P, Athanasos P. Chronic pain, substance abuse and addiction. Nurs Clin North Am 2003, 38:525-537.
    • (2003) Nurs Clin North Am , vol.38 , pp. 525-537
    • Compton, P.1    Athanasos, P.2
  • 25
    • 37549019374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence
    • Martini L, Whistler JL. The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2007, 17:556-564.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.17 , pp. 556-564
    • Martini, L.1    Whistler, J.L.2
  • 27
    • 0242352647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approaches to study the development of morphine tolerance and dependence
    • Ueda H, Inoue M, Mizuno K. New approaches to study the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. Life Sci 2003, 74:313-320.
    • (2003) Life Sci , vol.74 , pp. 313-320
    • Ueda, H.1    Inoue, M.2    Mizuno, K.3
  • 28
    • 48449086397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: pathophysiology and clinical implications
    • Mitra S. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: pathophysiology and clinical implications. J Opioid Manag 2008, 4:123-130.
    • (2008) J Opioid Manag , vol.4 , pp. 123-130
    • Mitra, S.1
  • 29
    • 49649099082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence
    • Ballantyne JC, Shin NS. Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. Clin J Pain 2008, 24:469-478.
    • (2008) Clin J Pain , vol.24 , pp. 469-478
    • Ballantyne, J.C.1    Shin, N.S.2
  • 30
    • 42249086592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in opioid responsiveness
    • Smith HS. Variations in opioid responsiveness. Pain Physician 2008, 11:237-248.
    • (2008) Pain Physician , vol.11 , pp. 237-248
    • Smith, H.S.1
  • 31
    • 0242658912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid therapy for chronic pain
    • Ballantyne JC, Mao J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1943-1953.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 1943-1953
    • Ballantyne, J.C.1    Mao, J.2
  • 32
    • 34548218332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid titration in cancer pain: a critical review
    • Mercadante S. Opioid titration in cancer pain: a critical review. Eur J Pain 2007, 11:823-830.
    • (2007) Eur J Pain , vol.11 , pp. 823-830
    • Mercadante, S.1
  • 33
    • 0024842440 scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled analgesia for chronic cancer pain in the ambulatory setting: a report of 117 patients
    • Swanson G, Smith J, Bulich R, New P, Shiffman R. Patient-controlled analgesia for chronic cancer pain in the ambulatory setting: a report of 117 patients. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:1903-1908.
    • (1989) J Clin Oncol , vol.7 , pp. 1903-1908
    • Swanson, G.1    Smith, J.2    Bulich, R.3    New, P.4    Shiffman, R.5
  • 34
    • 0024575863 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of severe cancer pain by low-dose continuous subcutaneous morphine
    • Drexel H, Dzien A, Spiegel RW. Treatment of severe cancer pain by low-dose continuous subcutaneous morphine. Pain 1989, 36:169-176.
    • (1989) Pain , vol.36 , pp. 169-176
    • Drexel, H.1    Dzien, A.2    Spiegel, R.W.3    et al4
  • 37
    • 34748814292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyanalgesic consensus conference 2007: recomendations for the management of pain by intrathecal (intraspinal) drug delivery: report of an interdisciplinary expert panel
    • Deer T, Krames ES, Hassenbusch SJ. Polyanalgesic consensus conference 2007: recomendations for the management of pain by intrathecal (intraspinal) drug delivery: report of an interdisciplinary expert panel. Neuromodulation 2007, 10:300-328.
    • (2007) Neuromodulation , vol.10 , pp. 300-328
    • Deer, T.1    Krames, E.S.2    Hassenbusch, S.J.3    et al4
  • 39
    • 0037707295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of opioid side effects in cancer-related and chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review
    • McNicol E, Horowicz-Mehler N, Fisk RA. Management of opioid side effects in cancer-related and chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain 2003, 4:231-256.
    • (2003) J Pain , vol.4 , pp. 231-256
    • McNicol, E.1    Horowicz-Mehler, N.2    Fisk, R.A.3    et al4
  • 40
    • 0029040497 scopus 로고
    • The effect of intrinsic efficacy on opioid tolerance
    • Duttaroy A, Yoburn BC. The effect of intrinsic efficacy on opioid tolerance. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:1226-1236.
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.82 , pp. 1226-1236
    • Duttaroy, A.1    Yoburn, B.C.2
  • 41
    • 84921704680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability
    • Quigley C. Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 3:CD004847.
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Quigley, C.1
  • 43
    • 0035413153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid equianalgesic conversion: the right dose
    • Brant JM. Opioid equianalgesic conversion: the right dose. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001, 5:163-165.
    • (2001) Clin J Oncol Nurs , vol.5 , pp. 163-165
    • Brant, J.M.1
  • 44
    • 0026603033 scopus 로고
    • Individual variability in the response to different opioids: report of five cases
    • Galer BS, Coyle N, Pasternak GW, Portenoy RK. Individual variability in the response to different opioids: report of five cases. Pain 1992, 49:87-91.
    • (1992) Pain , vol.49 , pp. 87-91
    • Galer, B.S.1    Coyle, N.2    Pasternak, G.W.3    Portenoy, R.K.4
  • 45
    • 0037758126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations
    • Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations. Br J Cancer 2001, 84:587-593.
    • (2001) Br J Cancer , vol.84 , pp. 587-593
    • Hanks, G.W.1    Conno, F.2    Cherny, N.3    et al4
  • 46
    • 48249112969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an international expert panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone)
    • Pergolizzi J, Boger RH, Budd K. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an international expert panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract 2008, 8:287-313.
    • (2008) Pain Pract , vol.8 , pp. 287-313
    • Pergolizzi, J.1    Boger, R.H.2    Budd, K.3    et al4
  • 47
    • 24744434949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-thinking opioid equivalence
    • Lipowski A, Carr D. Re-thinking opioid equivalence. IASP Newsletter 2002, 10:1-10.
    • (2002) IASP Newsletter , vol.10 , pp. 1-10
    • Lipowski, A.1    Carr, D.2
  • 48
    • 0033229732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid rotation for cancer pain: rationale and clinical aspects
    • Mercadante S. Opioid rotation for cancer pain: rationale and clinical aspects. Cancer 1999, 86:1856-1866.
    • (1999) Cancer , vol.86 , pp. 1856-1866
    • Mercadante, S.1
  • 50
    • 85031332648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pijn bij kanker. Landelijke richtlijn
    • Landelijke richtlijnwerkgroep Pijn bij kanker, In: Landelijke richtlijnwerkgroep Pijn bij kanker, ed., URL
    • Pijn bij kanker. Landelijke richtlijn. 2008, 1-168. http://www.oncoline.nl, Landelijke richtlijnwerkgroep Pijn bij kanker, In: Landelijke richtlijnwerkgroep Pijn bij kanker, ed., URL
    • (2008) , pp. 1-168
  • 51
    • 16244396762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equipotent doses of transdermal fentanyl and transdermal buprenorphine in patients with cancer and noncancer pain: results of a retrospective cohort study
    • Sittl R, Likar R, Nautrup BP. Equipotent doses of transdermal fentanyl and transdermal buprenorphine in patients with cancer and noncancer pain: results of a retrospective cohort study. Clin Ther 2005, 27:225-237.
    • (2005) Clin Ther , vol.27 , pp. 225-237
    • Sittl, R.1    Likar, R.2    Nautrup, B.P.3
  • 53
    • 0029062380 scopus 로고
    • Changing pattern of agitated impaired mental status in patients with advanced cancer: association with cognitive monitoring, hydration, and opioid rotation
    • Bruera E, Franco JJ, Maltoni M, Watanabe S, Suarez-Almazor M. Changing pattern of agitated impaired mental status in patients with advanced cancer: association with cognitive monitoring, hydration, and opioid rotation. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995, 10:287-291.
    • (1995) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.10 , pp. 287-291
    • Bruera, E.1    Franco, J.J.2    Maltoni, M.3    Watanabe, S.4    Suarez-Almazor, M.5
  • 54
    • 0029146394 scopus 로고
    • Opioid pharmacotherapy in the management of cancer pain: a survey of strategies used by pain physicians for the selection of analgesic drugs and routes of administration
    • Cherny NJ, Chang V, Frager G. Opioid pharmacotherapy in the management of cancer pain: a survey of strategies used by pain physicians for the selection of analgesic drugs and routes of administration. Cancer 1995, 76:1283-1293.
    • (1995) Cancer , vol.76 , pp. 1283-1293
    • Cherny, N.J.1    Chang, V.2    Frager, G.3    et al4
  • 55
    • 0029020857 scopus 로고
    • Opioid rotation for toxicity reduction in terminal cancer patients
    • de Stoutz ND, Bruera E, Suarez-Almazor M. Opioid rotation for toxicity reduction in terminal cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995, 10:378-384.
    • (1995) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.10 , pp. 378-384
    • de Stoutz, N.D.1    Bruera, E.2    Suarez-Almazor, M.3
  • 56
    • 0033764842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity and/or insufficient analgesia by opioid therapy: risk factors and the impact of changing the opioid. A retrospective analysis of 273 patients observed at a single center
    • Kloke M, Rapp M, Bosse B, Kloke O. Toxicity and/or insufficient analgesia by opioid therapy: risk factors and the impact of changing the opioid. A retrospective analysis of 273 patients observed at a single center. Support Care Cancer 2000, 8:479-486.
    • (2000) Support Care Cancer , vol.8 , pp. 479-486
    • Kloke, M.1    Rapp, M.2    Bosse, B.3    Kloke, O.4
  • 57
    • 24044518765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid switch in palliative care, opioid choice by clinical need and opioid availability
    • Muller-Busch HC, Lindena G, Tietze K, Woskanjan S. Opioid switch in palliative care, opioid choice by clinical need and opioid availability. Eur J Pain 2005, 9:571-579.
    • (2005) Eur J Pain , vol.9 , pp. 571-579
    • Muller-Busch, H.C.1    Lindena, G.2    Tietze, K.3    Woskanjan, S.4
  • 58
    • 31044445939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No pain relief from morphine? Individual variation in sensitivity to morphine and the need to switch to an alternative opioid in cancer patients
    • Riley J, Ross JR, Rutter D. No pain relief from morphine? Individual variation in sensitivity to morphine and the need to switch to an alternative opioid in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2006, 14:56-64.
    • (2006) Support Care Cancer , vol.14 , pp. 56-64
    • Riley, J.1    Ross, J.R.2    Rutter, D.3    et al4
  • 59
    • 22544447819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid rotation from morphine to fentanyl in delirious cancer patients: an open-label trial
    • Morita T, Takigawa C, Onishi H. Opioid rotation from morphine to fentanyl in delirious cancer patients: an open-label trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005, 30:96-103.
    • (2005) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.30 , pp. 96-103
    • Morita, T.1    Takigawa, C.2    Onishi, H.3    et al4
  • 60
    • 34250175774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid rotation from high-dose morphine to transdermal buprenorphine (Transtec) in chronic pain patients
    • Freye E, Anderson-Hillemacher A, Ritzdorf I, Levy JV. Opioid rotation from high-dose morphine to transdermal buprenorphine (Transtec) in chronic pain patients. Pain Pract 2007, 7:123-129.
    • (2007) Pain Pract , vol.7 , pp. 123-129
    • Freye, E.1    Anderson-Hillemacher, A.2    Ritzdorf, I.3    Levy, J.V.4
  • 61
    • 42549113996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid rotation from oral morphine to oral oxycodone in cancer patients with intolerable adverse effects: an open-label trial
    • Narabayashi M, Saijo Y, Takenoshita S. Opioid rotation from oral morphine to oral oxycodone in cancer patients with intolerable adverse effects: an open-label trial. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008, 38:296-304.
    • (2008) Jpn J Clin Oncol , vol.38 , pp. 296-304
    • Narabayashi, M.1    Saijo, Y.2    Takenoshita, S.3    et al4
  • 62
    • 33750349004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing cancer pain and symptoms of outpatients by rotation to sustained-release hydromorphone: a prospective clinical trial
    • Wirz S, Wartenberg HC, Elsen C, Wittmann M, Diederichs M, Nadstawek J. Managing cancer pain and symptoms of outpatients by rotation to sustained-release hydromorphone: a prospective clinical trial. Clin J Pain 2006, 22:770-775.
    • (2006) Clin J Pain , vol.22 , pp. 770-775
    • Wirz, S.1    Wartenberg, H.C.2    Elsen, C.3    Wittmann, M.4    Diederichs, M.5    Nadstawek, J.6
  • 63
    • 54449091682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methadone: to ECG or not to ECG. That is still the question
    • Cruciani RA. Methadone: to ECG or not to ECG. That is still the question. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008, 36:545-552.
    • (2008) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.36 , pp. 545-552
    • Cruciani, R.A.1
  • 64
    • 0031726504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switching from morphine to oral methadone in treating cancer pain: what is the equianalgesic dose ratio?
    • Ripamonti C, Groff L, Brunelli C, Polastri D, Stavrakis A, De Conno F. Switching from morphine to oral methadone in treating cancer pain: what is the equianalgesic dose ratio? J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:3216-3221.
    • (1998) J Clin Oncol , vol.16 , pp. 3216-3221
    • Ripamonti, C.1    Groff, L.2    Brunelli, C.3    Polastri, D.4    Stavrakis, A.5    De Conno, F.6
  • 66
    • 0030245652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individualized use of methadone and opioid rotation in the comprehensive management of cancer pain associated with poor prognostic indicators
    • Vigano A, Fan D, Bruera E. Individualized use of methadone and opioid rotation in the comprehensive management of cancer pain associated with poor prognostic indicators. Pain 1996, 67:115-119.
    • (1996) Pain , vol.67 , pp. 115-119
    • Vigano, A.1    Fan, D.2    Bruera, E.3
  • 67
    • 48449090970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of opioid conversion ratios used with methadone for the treatment of pain
    • Weschules DJ, Bain KT. A systematic review of opioid conversion ratios used with methadone for the treatment of pain. Pain Med 2008, 9:595-612.
    • (2008) Pain Med , vol.9 , pp. 595-612
    • Weschules, D.J.1    Bain, K.T.2
  • 68
    • 1242318662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switching to methadone: " ad libitum" or fixed dose ratio?
    • author reply 2
    • Mercadante S. Switching to methadone: " ad libitum" or fixed dose ratio? Palliat Med 2004, 18:71. author reply 2
    • (2004) Palliat Med , vol.18 , pp. 71
    • Mercadante, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.