메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1027-1035

A systematic review of radiographic definitions of foot osteoarthritis in population-based studies

Author keywords

Foot; Osteoarthritis; Prevalence; Radiography; Review; Systematic search

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FOOT DISEASE; FOOT OSTEOARTHRITIS; FOOT RADIOGRAPHY; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT; METHODOLOGY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; SCORING SYSTEM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 77954658372     PISSN: 10634584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (60)
  • 3
    • 0023784221 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthritis and obesity in the general population. A relationship calling for an explanation
    • van Saase J.L., Vanderbroucke J.P., van Romunde L.K.J., Valkenburg H.A. Osteoarthritis and obesity in the general population. A relationship calling for an explanation. J Rheumatol 1988, 15(1):1152-1158.
    • (1988) J Rheumatol , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 1152-1158
    • van Saase, J.L.1    Vanderbroucke, J.P.2    van Romunde, L.K.J.3    Valkenburg, H.A.4
  • 4
    • 33750338678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of multiple joint problems on daily living tasks in people in the community over age fifty-five
    • Keenan A.M., Tennant A., Fear J., Emery P., Conaghan P.G. Impact of multiple joint problems on daily living tasks in people in the community over age fifty-five. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 55(5):757-764.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 757-764
    • Keenan, A.M.1    Tennant, A.2    Fear, J.3    Emery, P.4    Conaghan, P.G.5
  • 5
    • 23444460578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foot musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and foot-limited functional limitation in older persons
    • Badlissi F., Dunn J.E., Link C.L., Keysor J.J., McKinlay J.B., Felson D.T. Foot musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and foot-limited functional limitation in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005, 53:1029-1033.
    • (2005) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.53 , pp. 1029-1033
    • Badlissi, F.1    Dunn, J.E.2    Link, C.L.3    Keysor, J.J.4    McKinlay, J.B.5    Felson, D.T.6
  • 8
    • 0035345068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people
    • Menz H.B., Lord S.R. Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001, 91(5):222-229.
    • (2001) J Am Podiatr Med Assoc , vol.91 , Issue.5 , pp. 222-229
    • Menz, H.B.1    Lord, S.R.2
  • 9
    • 0347479257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of lower extremity pain and its association with functionality and quality of life in elderly women in Australia
    • Chen J., Devine A., Dick I.M., Dhaliwal S.S., Prince R.L. Prevalence of lower extremity pain and its association with functionality and quality of life in elderly women in Australia. J Rheumatol 2003, 30(12):2689-2693.
    • (2003) J Rheumatol , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 2689-2693
    • Chen, J.1    Devine, A.2    Dick, I.M.3    Dhaliwal, S.S.4    Prince, R.L.5
  • 10
    • 3242680672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cheshire Foot Pain and Disability Survey: a population survey assessing prevalence and associations
    • Garrow A.P., Silman A.J., Macfarlane G.J. The Cheshire Foot Pain and Disability Survey: a population survey assessing prevalence and associations. Pain 2004, 110(1-2):378-384.
    • (2004) Pain , vol.110 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 378-384
    • Garrow, A.P.1    Silman, A.J.2    Macfarlane, G.J.3
  • 11
    • 28044468653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are foot disorders associated with functional limitation and disability among community-dwelling older adults?
    • Keysor J.J., Dunn J.E., Link C.L., Badlissi F., Felson D.T. Are foot disorders associated with functional limitation and disability among community-dwelling older adults?. J Aging Health 2005, 17(6):734-752.
    • (2005) J Aging Health , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 734-752
    • Keysor, J.J.1    Dunn, J.E.2    Link, C.L.3    Badlissi, F.4    Felson, D.T.5
  • 12
    • 33845708391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple joint pain and lower extremity disability in middle and old age
    • Peat G., Thomas E., Wilkie R., Croft P. Multiple joint pain and lower extremity disability in middle and old age. Disabil Rehabil 2006, 28(24):1543-1549.
    • (2006) Disabil Rehabil , vol.28 , Issue.24 , pp. 1543-1549
    • Peat, G.1    Thomas, E.2    Wilkie, R.3    Croft, P.4
  • 14
    • 38949214633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic search and narrative review of radiographic definitions of hand osteoarthritis in population-based studies
    • Marshall M., Dziedzic K.S., van der Windt D.A., Hay E.M. A systematic search and narrative review of radiographic definitions of hand osteoarthritis in population-based studies. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008, 16(2):219-226.
    • (2008) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-226
    • Marshall, M.1    Dziedzic, K.S.2    van der Windt, D.A.3    Hay, E.M.4
  • 15
    • 46849103207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in descriptions of Kellgren and Lawrence grades of knee osteoarthritis
    • Schiphof D., Boers M., Bierma-Zeinstra S.M.A. Differences in descriptions of Kellgren and Lawrence grades of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008, 67(7):1034-1036.
    • (2008) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 1034-1036
    • Schiphof, D.1    Boers, M.2    Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M.A.3
  • 16
    • 17644370063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study)
    • Dahaghin S., Bierma-Zeinstra S.M., Ginai A.Z., Pols H.A.P., Hazes J.M.W., Koes B.W. Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64(5):682-687.
    • (2005) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.64 , Issue.5 , pp. 682-687
    • Dahaghin, S.1    Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M.2    Ginai, A.Z.3    Pols, H.A.P.4    Hazes, J.M.W.5    Koes, B.W.6
  • 17
    • 62949246527 scopus 로고
    • Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis
    • Kellgren J.H., Lawrence J.S. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957, 16(4):494-502.
    • (1957) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 494-502
    • Kellgren, J.H.1    Lawrence, J.S.2
  • 20
    • 0002357815 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthritis of the knee: a radiographic investigation
    • Ahlback S. Osteoarthritis of the knee: a radiographic investigation. Acta Radiol Diagn 1968, 277(Suppl):7-72.
    • (1968) Acta Radiol Diagn , vol.277 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 7-72
    • Ahlback, S.1
  • 22
    • 0030041071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical scoring systems for the anatomic evolution of osteoarthritis of the finger joints
    • Verbruggen G., Veys E.M. Numerical scoring systems for the anatomic evolution of osteoarthritis of the finger joints. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39(2):308-320.
    • (1996) Arthritis Rheum , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 308-320
    • Verbruggen, G.1    Veys, E.M.2
  • 23
    • 0024846177 scopus 로고
    • New radiographic grading scales for osteoarthritis of the hand. Reliability for determining prevalence and progression
    • Kallman D.A., Wigley F.M., Scott W.W., Hochberg M.C., Tobin J.D. New radiographic grading scales for osteoarthritis of the hand. Reliability for determining prevalence and progression. Arthritis Rheum 1989, 32(12):1584-1591.
    • (1989) Arthritis Rheum , vol.32 , Issue.12 , pp. 1584-1591
    • Kallman, D.A.1    Wigley, F.M.2    Scott, W.W.3    Hochberg, M.C.4    Tobin, J.D.5
  • 24
    • 0034030546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the prevalence of hand osteoarthritis in epidemiological studies. The reliability of a radiological hand scale
    • Kessler S., Dieppe P., Fuchs J., Sturmer T., Gunther K.P. Assessing the prevalence of hand osteoarthritis in epidemiological studies. The reliability of a radiological hand scale. Ann Rheum Dis 2000, 59(4):289-292.
    • (2000) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-292
    • Kessler, S.1    Dieppe, P.2    Fuchs, J.3    Sturmer, T.4    Gunther, K.P.5
  • 25
    • 35648931563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief report: radiographic classification of osteoarthritis in commonly affected joints of the foot
    • Menz H.B., Munteanu S.E., Landorf K.B., Zammit G.V., Cicuttini F.M. Brief report: radiographic classification of osteoarthritis in commonly affected joints of the foot. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007, 15(11):1333-1338.
    • (2007) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.15 , Issue.11 , pp. 1333-1338
    • Menz, H.B.1    Munteanu, S.E.2    Landorf, K.B.3    Zammit, G.V.4    Cicuttini, F.M.5
  • 28
    • 0032425353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premature osteoarthrosis in professional dancers
    • Teitz C.C., Kilcoyne R.F. Premature osteoarthrosis in professional dancers. Clin J Sport Med 1998, 8(4):255-259.
    • (1998) Clin J Sport Med , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 255-259
    • Teitz, C.C.1    Kilcoyne, R.F.2
  • 30
    • 0028878290 scopus 로고
    • Decreased survival with increasing prevalence of full-body, radiographically defined osteoarthritis in women
    • Cerhan J.R., Wallace R.B., El-Khoury G.Y., Moore T.E., Long C.R. Decreased survival with increasing prevalence of full-body, radiographically defined osteoarthritis in women. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 141(3):225-234.
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol , vol.141 , Issue.3 , pp. 225-234
    • Cerhan, J.R.1    Wallace, R.B.2    El-Khoury, G.Y.3    Moore, T.E.4    Long, C.R.5
  • 31
    • 33845440260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive hindfoot valgus and osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
    • Mahiquez M.Y., Wilder F.V., Stephens H.M. Positive hindfoot valgus and osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot Ankle Int 2006, 27(12):1055-1059.
    • (2006) Foot Ankle Int , vol.27 , Issue.12 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Mahiquez, M.Y.1    Wilder, F.V.2    Stephens, H.M.3
  • 32
    • 0037261306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and osteoarthritis: is there an association? The Clearwater Osteoarthritis Study
    • Wilder F.V., Hall B.J., Barrett J.P. Smoking and osteoarthritis: is there an association? The Clearwater Osteoarthritis Study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003, 11(1):29-35.
    • (2003) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-35
    • Wilder, F.V.1    Hall, B.J.2    Barrett, J.P.3
  • 33
    • 23844550018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of regular exercise on the radiographic progression of foot osteoarthritis
    • Wilder F.V., Barrett J.P., Farina E.J. Effect of regular exercise on the radiographic progression of foot osteoarthritis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2005, 95(4):342-346.
    • (2005) J Am Podiatr Med Assoc , vol.95 , Issue.4 , pp. 342-346
    • Wilder, F.V.1    Barrett, J.P.2    Farina, E.J.3
  • 34
    • 14044272235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of radiographic foot osteoarthritis and radiographic osteoarthritis at other sites
    • Wilder F.V., Barrett J.P., Farina E.J. The association of radiographic foot osteoarthritis and radiographic osteoarthritis at other sites. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005, 13(3):211-215.
    • (2005) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-215
    • Wilder, F.V.1    Barrett, J.P.2    Farina, E.J.3
  • 35
    • 60949095650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Height and radiographic osteoarthritis: an epidemiologic assessment-short communication
    • Wilder F.V., Leaverton P.E., Rogers M.W. Height and radiographic osteoarthritis: an epidemiologic assessment-short communication. J Musculoskelet Res 2008, 11(4):185-189.
    • (2008) J Musculoskelet Res , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 185-189
    • Wilder, F.V.1    Leaverton, P.E.2    Rogers, M.W.3
  • 36
    • 60249090321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiographic evaluation of foot osteoarthritis: sensitivity of radiographic variables and relationship to symptoms
    • Menz H.B., Munteanu S.E., Landorf K.B., Zammit G.V., Cicuttini F.M. Radiographic evaluation of foot osteoarthritis: sensitivity of radiographic variables and relationship to symptoms. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009, 17(3):298-303.
    • (2009) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 298-303
    • Menz, H.B.1    Munteanu, S.E.2    Landorf, K.B.3    Zammit, G.V.4    Cicuttini, F.M.5
  • 37
    • 56749170801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plantar pressure distribution in older people with osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux limitus/rigidus)
    • Zammit G.V., Menz H.B., Munteanu S.E., Landorf K.B. Plantar pressure distribution in older people with osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux limitus/rigidus). J Orthop Res 2008, 26(12):1665-1669.
    • (2008) J Orthop Res , vol.26 , Issue.12 , pp. 1665-1669
    • Zammit, G.V.1    Menz, H.B.2    Munteanu, S.E.3    Landorf, K.B.4
  • 41
    • 0013874373 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthrosis prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and X-ray changes
    • Lawrence J.S., Bremner J.M., Bier F. Osteoarthrosis prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and X-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis 1966, 25(1):1-24.
    • (1966) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-24
    • Lawrence, J.S.1    Bremner, J.M.2    Bier, F.3
  • 42
    • 0016561730 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in relation to musculoskeletal disorders
    • Lawrence J.S. Hypertension in relation to musculoskeletal disorders. Ann Rheum Dis 1975, 34(5):451-456.
    • (1975) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 451-456
    • Lawrence, J.S.1
  • 43
    • 0014306193 scopus 로고
    • Degenerative joint disease in a Jamaican rural population
    • Bremner J.M., Lawrence J.S., Miall W.E. Degenerative joint disease in a Jamaican rural population. Ann Rheum Dis 1968, 27(4):326-332.
    • (1968) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 326-332
    • Bremner, J.M.1    Lawrence, J.S.2    Miall, W.E.3
  • 44
    • 0017124921 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthrosis in a rural South African Negro population
    • Solomon L., Beighton P., Lawrence J.S. Osteoarthrosis in a rural South African Negro population. Ann Rheum Dis 1976, 35(3):274-278.
    • (1976) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 274-278
    • Solomon, L.1    Beighton, P.2    Lawrence, J.S.3
  • 45
    • 0016758898 scopus 로고
    • New Haven survey of joint diseases. XVII. Relationship between some systemic characteristics and osteoarthritis in a general population
    • Achesson R.M., Collart A.B. New Haven survey of joint diseases. XVII. Relationship between some systemic characteristics and osteoarthritis in a general population. Ann Rheum Dis 1975, 34(5):379-387.
    • (1975) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 379-387
    • Achesson, R.M.1    Collart, A.B.2
  • 46
    • 0346569205 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthrosis in the Blackfeet and Pima Indians
    • Excerpta Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, P.H. Bennet, P.H.N. Wood (Eds.)
    • Bennet P.H., Burch T.A. Osteoarthrosis in the Blackfeet and Pima Indians. Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases 1968, 407-412. Excerpta Medical Foundation, Amsterdam. P.H. Bennet, P.H.N. Wood (Eds.).
    • (1968) Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases , pp. 407-412
    • Bennet, P.H.1    Burch, T.A.2
  • 47
    • 0022242663 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of osteoarthrosis in a rural African Community
    • Brighton S.W., de la Harpe A.L., van Staden D.A. The prevalence of osteoarthrosis in a rural African Community. Br J Rheumatol 1985, 24(4):321-325.
    • (1985) Br J Rheumatol , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 321-325
    • Brighton, S.W.1    de la Harpe, A.L.2    van Staden, D.A.3
  • 48
    • 0042269357 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of osteoarthrosis in Bulgaria
    • Excerpta Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, P.H. Bennet, P.H.N. Wood (Eds.)
    • Tzonchev V.T., Pilossoff T., Kanev K. Prevalence of osteoarthrosis in Bulgaria. Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases 1968, 413-416. Excerpta Medical Foundation, Amsterdam. P.H. Bennet, P.H.N. Wood (Eds.).
    • (1968) Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases , pp. 413-416
    • Tzonchev, V.T.1    Pilossoff, T.2    Kanev, K.3
  • 49
    • 0024549888 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer Survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations
    • van Saase J.L., van Romunde L.K., Cats A., Vandenbroucke J.P., Valkenburg H.A. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer Survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis 1989, 48(4):271-280.
    • (1989) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 271-280
    • van Saase, J.L.1    van Romunde, L.K.2    Cats, A.3    Vandenbroucke, J.P.4    Valkenburg, H.A.5
  • 51
    • 0020960761 scopus 로고
    • The development of coxarthrosis: a radiological follow-up of patients operated upon
    • Hermodsson I. The development of coxarthrosis: a radiological follow-up of patients operated upon. Radiologe 1983, 23(8):378-384.
    • (1983) Radiologe , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 378-384
    • Hermodsson, I.1
  • 52
    • 0041876133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
    • Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G., Deeks J.J., Altman D.G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003, 327(7414):557-560.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , Issue.7414 , pp. 557-560
    • Higgins, J.P.1    Thompson, S.G.2    Deeks, J.J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 53
    • 52249116300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee OA: a systematic search and summary of the literature
    • Bedson J., Croft P.R. The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee OA: a systematic search and summary of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008, 9:116-129.
    • (2008) BMC Musculoskelet Disord , vol.9 , pp. 116-129
    • Bedson, J.1    Croft, P.R.2
  • 54
    • 46749142139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint space narrowing and Kellgren-Lawrence progression in knee osteoarthritis: an analytic literature synthesis
    • Emrani P.S., Katz J.N., Kessler C.L., Reichmann W.M., Wright E.A., McAlindon T.E., et al. Joint space narrowing and Kellgren-Lawrence progression in knee osteoarthritis: an analytic literature synthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008, 16(8):873-882.
    • (2008) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 873-882
    • Emrani, P.S.1    Katz, J.N.2    Kessler, C.L.3    Reichmann, W.M.4    Wright, E.A.5    McAlindon, T.E.6
  • 55
    • 0038328276 scopus 로고
    • Osteoarthritis in the community
    • Wood P.H.N. Osteoarthritis in the community. Clin Rheum Dis 1975, 2:495-507.
    • (1975) Clin Rheum Dis , vol.2 , pp. 495-507
    • Wood, P.H.N.1
  • 56
    • 0029011499 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of osteoarthritis of the hand
    • Cicuttini F.M., Spector T.D. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis of the hand. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1995, 62(6 Suppl 1):3S-8S.
    • (1995) Rev Rhum Engl Ed , vol.62 , Issue.6 SUPPL. 1
    • Cicuttini, F.M.1    Spector, T.D.2
  • 57
    • 0005693306 scopus 로고
    • Radiographic assessment of osteoarthritis in population studies: whither Kellgren and Lawrence?
    • Spector T.D., Cooper C. Radiographic assessment of osteoarthritis in population studies: whither Kellgren and Lawrence?. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1993, 1(4):203-206.
    • (1993) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 203-206
    • Spector, T.D.1    Cooper, C.2
  • 58
    • 33745585784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and involvement patterns of radiographic hand osteoarthritis in Japanese women: the Hizen-Oshima Study
    • Toba N., Sakai A., Aoyagi K., Yoshida S., Honda S., Nakamura T. Prevalence and involvement patterns of radiographic hand osteoarthritis in Japanese women: the Hizen-Oshima Study. J Bone Miner Metab 2006, 24(4):344-348.
    • (2006) J Bone Miner Metab , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 344-348
    • Toba, N.1    Sakai, A.2    Aoyagi, K.3    Yoshida, S.4    Honda, S.5    Nakamura, T.6
  • 59
    • 33746558656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hand
    • Wilder F.V., Barrett J.P., Farina E.J. Joint-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hand. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006, 14(9):953-957.
    • (2006) Osteoarthritis Cartilage , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 953-957
    • Wilder, F.V.1    Barrett, J.P.2    Farina, E.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.