EPISCOPALIAN POLEMIC, THE LONDON PRINTING PRESS AND ANGLO-SCOTTISH DIVERGENCE IN THE 1690s

Journal of Scottish Historical Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 23-41

  Raffe, Alasdair ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77954640565     PISSN: 1748538X     EISSN: 17551749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3366/jshs.2006.26.1-2.23     Document Type: Note

References (100)

1. Gloucestershire Record Office (hereafter G.R.O.), D3549/6/2/2 (M15), Alexander George to John Sharp, 15 Feb. 1695, fo. 1r.
2. G.R.O., D3549/6/2/2 (M14), Account of the rabbling of Alexander George; [G. Rule], A [Second] Vindication of the Church of Scotland (London, 1691), second part, pp. 9, 16.
3. The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland ed.T.Thomson and C. Innes, 12 vols (Edinburgh, 1814–75) (hereafter APS), ix, pp. 40–1, 40 (quotation), 104, 133–4, 43; L. K. J. Glassey, ‘William II and the settlement of religion in Scotland, 1688–90’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 23:3 (1989), pp. 317–29;T. N. Clarke, ‘The Scottish Episcopalians, 1688–1720’ (University of Edinburgh Ph.D. thesis, 1987), pp. 1–72, 578–85.
4. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 3rd series, ed. P. Brown, H. Paton and E. Balfour-Melville, 16 vols (Edinburgh, 1908–70) (hereafter RPC), xiv, pp. 294–6.
5. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 5 Mar. 1691, in ‘Letters to John Mackenzie of Delvine … from the Revd.Alexander Monro’, ed.W. K. Dickson, in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society Volume V (Scottish History Society, 1933), pp. 195–290, at p. 213.
6. T.N. Clarke,‘The Williamite episcopalians and the glorious revolution in Scotland’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 24:1 (1990), pp. 33–51, at p. 47;T.Maxwell,‘The church union attempt at the general assembly of 1692’, in D. Shaw (ed.), Reformation and Revolution: Essays presented to the Very Reverend Principal Emeritus Hugh Watt (Edinburgh, Saint Andrew, 1967).
7. RPC, xiv, pp. 17, 127–8, xv, p. 424;T.N. Clarke,‘Cockburn, John (1652–1729)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter ODNB).
8. [ J. Cockburn], An Historical Relation of Late Presbyterian General Assembly (London, 1691); [ J. Cockburn], A Continuation of the Historical Relation of Late General Assembly in Scotland (London, 1691); [ J. Cockburn], A Short History of the Revolution in Scotland (London, 1712), pp. 8–11, 15–16.
9. H.Armet (ed.), Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1689 to 1701 (Edinburgh, 1962), p. 5; [A. Monro], Presbyterian Inquisition; As it was Lately Practised against the Professors of the Colledge of Edinburgh (London, 1691), pp. 46–7.
10. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 13 Nov. 1690, in ‘Letters’, ed. Dickson, pp. 211–12; same to same, 16 March 1693, ibid., p. 246.
11. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 5 March 1691, ibid., pp. 213–14; same to same, 29 Dec. 1691, ibid., p. 222.
12. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 10 March 1692, ibid., p. 228.
13. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 24 Sep. 1691, ibid., p. 219; same to same, 31 March 1691, ibid., p. 216.
14. [T.Morer, J. Sage,A. Monro], An Account of the Present Persecution of the Church of Scotland in several letters (London, 1690); J.Foster, Alumni Oxonienses:The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714, 4 vols (London, 1891–2), iii, p. 1027.
15. T.N. Clarke,‘Sage, John (1652–1711)’,ODNB.
16. Alexander Monro to John Mackenzie, 31 March 1691, in ‘Letters’, ed. Dickson, p. 216; same to same, 23 Dec. 1691, ibid., p. 221; same to same, 16 Jan. 1692, ibid., p. 225; [Monro], Presbyterian Inquisition.
17. A. Raffe, ‘Propaganda, religious controversy and the Williamite revolution in Scotland’, Dutch Crossing, 29 (2005), pp. 21–42, at p. 36.
18. J. Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 2003), pp. 327–8;A. Johns,‘Printing, publishing and reading in London, 1660–1720’, in P. O’Brien et al. (eds), Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London (Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 2001), p. 265.
19. N.A.S., GD26/13/396,Alexander Monro to Marion Collace, 20 Nov. 1690.
20. H. R. Plomer, A Dictionary of the Printers and Booksellers who were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1668 to 1725 (London, 1922), pp. 156–7; R. L. Greaves, Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688–1689 (Stanford,CA, Stanford U.P., 1992), p. 367; M. Goldie,‘The revolution of 1689 and the structure of political argument: an essay and an annotated bibliography of pamphlets on the allegiance controversy’, Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 83 (1980), pp. 473–564, at pp. 493–4, 545, 561, 562.
21. Plomer, Dictionary, pp. 178–9; Books Printed for Walter Kettilby at the Bishop’s-Head in St Paul’s Church-yard ([London], [1688?]); [ J. Sage], The Principles of the Cyprianic Age, with Regard to Episcopal Power and Jurisdiction (London, 1695).
22. [ J. Sage], The Fundamental Charter of Presbytery,As it Hath Been lately Established in the Kingdom of Scotland, Examin’d and Disprov’d (London, 1695), sigs. g5v., g6r.
23. The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence: or, the Foolishness of their Teaching Discovered from their Books, Sermons, and Prayers (London, 1692), pp. 87–8.
24. A. J. Mann, The Scottish Book Trade 1500–1720: Print Commerce and Print Control in Early Modern Scotland (East Linton,Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 142–3, 146–7.
25. N.A.S., CH1/1/12,‘Register of the Actings and proceedings of the General Assembly’, 1690–2, pp. 26–8, 74; [Rule], [Second] Vindication, first part, pp. 3–4.
26. [ J. Sage], The Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy in Scotland Truly Represented (London, 1690), sigs. A2r., [A4]v.
27. [Monro], Presbyterian Inquisition, pp. 32–3; Clarke, ‘Scottish Episcopalians’, pp. 3–4;T. Maxwell, ‘The Presbyterian-Episcopalian Controversy in Scotland from the Revolution till the Accession of George I’ (University of Edinburgh Ph.D. thesis, 1954), pp. 32, 87–102.
28. Clarke,‘Scottish Episcopalians’, pp. 186–253.
29. G.R.O., D3549/6/2/2 (M9), John Paterson to John Sharp, 18 Aug. 1709.
30. [G.Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland (London, 1691), sig.A2v.; [ J. Clark], Master Clark Defended: or, a Vindication of two particular Passages in the Historical Relation of the late Presbyterian General Assembly ([Edinburgh], [1691]), p. 4.
31. [G. Rule], A Just and Modest Reproof of a Pamphlet, Called, The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence (Edinburgh, 1693), pp. 22, 24, 36; [G. Ridpath], A Continuation of the Answer to the Scots Presbyterian Eloquence (London, 1693), p. 21.
32. [Rule], Just and Modest Reproof, p. 7.
33. T. Maxwell,‘The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence: a post-revolution pamphlet’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 8:3 (1944), pp. 225–53; [G. Ridpath], An Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence (London, 1693), pp. 70–1; N.L.S.,Wodrow MSS. Fol. XXVI, James Canaries to Robert Wylie, 20 Aug. 1692, fo. 331r.;N.A.S., PC1/48, Privy council acta, 2 Feb. 1692–31 March 1693, pp. 618–19.
34. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, title-page, pp. 19, 20, 22.
35. Ibid., p. 22; [Cockburn], Historical Relation, p. 12.
36. J. Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646–1689 (New Haven and London,Yale U.P., 1991), pp. 282–4; I. Rivers, Reason, Grace, and Sentiment:A Study of the Language of Religion and Ethics in England, 1660–1780:Volume 1 Whichcote to Wesley (Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1991), pp. 12, 18–19, 22–3.
37. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence,pp. 49, 48; [A. Shields], A Hind Let Loose, or an Historical Representation of the Testimonies, of the Church of Scotland ([Edinburgh?], 1687), p. 96.
38. N.A.S., CH1/1/12,‘Register of the General Assembly’, pp. 32–5; [Cockburn], Historical Relation, pp. 36–7.
39. G.R.O., D3549/6/2/2 (M14),Account of the rabbling of Alexander George, fo. 1v.
40. [A. Cunningham], Some Questions Resolved Concerning Episcopal and Presbyterian Government in Scotland (London, 1690), p. 25.
41. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, pp. 1, 7, 3.
42. [Rule], Just and Modest Reproof, pp. 15–16.
43. A. Gray, Directions and Instigations to the Duty of Prayer (Edinburgh, 1679 edn.), pp. 23–4; A.Peden, The Lords Trumpet Sounding an Alarm against Scotland, and Waining off a Bloody Sword ([Glasgow?], [1720?]), p. 7.
44. [Rule], Just and Modest Reproof, p. 17.
45. Ibid., p. 15.
46. K. Collace,‘Memoirs or spiritual exercises’, in D. G. Mullan (ed.),Women’s Life Writing in EarlyModern Scotland:Writing the Evangelical Self, c.1670–c.1730 (Aldershot,Ashgate, 2003), p. 48.
47. See e.g. [L. Beaulieu], Claustrum Animae:The Reformed Monastery; or, the Love of Jesus (London, 1677 edn), p. 114; Spurr, Restoration Church of England, p. 293.
48. S. Pincus, ‘’Coffee Politicians Does Create’: coffeehouses and Restoration political culture’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995),pp.807–34,at pp.826–7,829–30;R.D.Lund,‘Guilt by association: the atheist cabal and the rise of the public sphere in Augustan England’, Albion, 34 (2002),pp.391–421.
49. [G. Ridpath], An Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence (London, 1693), p. 1.
50. [Rule], Just and Modest Reproof, p. 3.
51. N.A.S., CH12/16/259,‘A Sermon Preached to the Clergy of Aberdeen,Apryll 12,Anno 1692’,SDp. 15.
52. N.L.S.,Wod. Fol. XXVI, James Canaries to Robert Wylie, 20 Aug. 1692, fo. 331r.
53. [A. Monro], A Letter to a Friend, Giving an Account of all the Treatises that have been Publish’d With Relation to the Present Persecution Against the Church of Scotland (London, 1692), p. 9.
54. [A. Monro], The History of Scotch-Presbytery: Being an Epitome of The Hind Let Loose by Mr Shields (London, 1692), sigs. A2r., [A4]v.The excerpts were selected by Canaries: N.L.S.,Wod. Fol. XXVI, James Canaries to Robert Wylie, 1 Apr. 1692, fo. 329r.
55. [A. Shields?], The Scotish Inquisition, or, a Short Account of the Proceedings of the Scotish Privy Council ([Edinburgh?], 1689), p. 7.
56. [G. Hickes], The Spirit of Popery Speaking out of the Mouths of Phanatical-Protestants, or the Last Speeches of Mr John Kid and Mr John King (London, 1680), pp. 24–7; [Cunningham], Some Questions Resolved, pp. 12–21; Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, pp. 32–4. For more on this, see Raffe, ‘Propaganda, religious controversy and the Williamite revolution’.
57. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, p. 7; [Rule], Just and Modest Reproof, p. 7.
58. J. Cleveland, The Works of Mr John Cleveland Containing his Poems, Orations, Epistles (London, 1687), p. 98.
59. K. Poole, Radical Religion from Shakespeare to Milton: Figures of Nonconformity in Early Modern England (Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 2000), p. 112.
60. S. Butler, Hudibras, I, iii, ll. 1153–8, in Hudibras Parts I and II and Selected other Writings ed. J.Wilders and H. de Quehen (Oxford, Clarendon, 1973), p. 96.
61. The Character of a Fanatick in General (London, 1681), pp. 2, 3;A. Cowley et al., Wit and Loyalty Reviv’d, in a Collection of some Smart Satyrs (London, 1682), p. 33.
62. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, p. 7.
63. Ibid., pp. 2, 105; Character of a Fanatick, p. 3.
64. D. Cressy,‘The Adamites exposed: naked radicals in the English revolution’, in his Agnes Bowker’s Cat:Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, Oxford U.P., 2000),pp. 260–3, 279; Poole, Radical Religion from Shakespeare to Milton, pp. 74–92.
65. Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, pp. 5–6.
66. Ibid., p. 5; Alexander Pitcairn to Lord Melville, 19 Aug. 1689, in Letters and State Papers Chiefly Addressed to George, Earl of Melville, Secretary of State for Scotland ed.W. L. Melville (Bannatyne Club, 1843), p. 258.
67. Presbytery Truly Display’d: Or an Impartial Character of the Presbyterian (London, 1681), p. 2.
68. Butler, Hudibras, II, ii, ll. 291–8 (p. 139).
69. C. Rose, England in the 1690s: Revolution, Religion and War (Oxford, Blackwell, 1999), pp. 167–8; T. Harris, Revolution:The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 (London,Allen Lane, 2006), p. 351.
70. Goldie,‘Revolution of 1689’;G.V. Bennett,‘Conflict in the church’, in G. Holmes (ed.), Britain after the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1714 (London, Macmillan, 1969).
71. [D. Defoe], Presbyterian Persecution Examined With an Essay on the Nature and Necessity of Toleration in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1707), pp. 7, 6.
72. [C. Leslie], The New Association of those called Moderate-Church-man, with the Modern-Whigs and Fanaticks (London, 3rd edn, 1702), pp. 3, 2.
73. [ J. Sharp], An Appeal of the Clergy of the Church of England to my Lords the Bishops (London, 1706), title-page.
74. [C. Leslie], The New Association Part II with farther Improvements (London, 1703), p. 16.
75. [T. Lewis], English Presbyterian Eloquence: or, Dissenters Sayings Ancient and Modern (London, 1720).
76. J. Swift, Memoirs of Captain John Creichton (1731) in Miscellaneous and Autobiographical Pieces: Fragments and Marginalia, ed. H. Davis (Oxford, Blackwell, 1962), p. 130. For doubts of Creichton’s involvement in writing the Memoirs, see R. Stewart,‘Swift and the authorship of Creichton’s Memoirs’, Scottish Historical Review, 72 (1993), pp. 80–6.
77. J. Swift, The Presbyterians Plea of Merit (1733), in Irish Tracts, 1728–1733, ed. H. Davis (Oxford, Blackwell, 1955), p. 276.
78. J. Swift, A Tale of a Tub (1704), ed.A.C. Guthkelch and D.N. Smith (Oxford, Clarendon, 2nd edn, 1958), p. 197.
79. [ J. Graeme], The Famous Tryal of the Late Reverend and Learned Mr James Grame, Episcopal Minister of Dunfermline (London, 1719), pp. iii, ix; Plomer, Dictionary, pp. 33–4.
80. [Graeme], Famous Tryal, pp. xii, iv, xiii; APS, ix, pp. 133–4.
81. N.A.S., CH12/12/210, ‘Mr Graham of Dunfermline his account of presbyterian principles & doctrine’.
82. N.A.S., GD184/11/3, Sermon notebook, 1697–8, p. [41]; E.West, Memoirs, or, Spiritual Exercises of Elizabeth Wast (Edinburgh, 1724), p. 266.
83. R. McW[ard], ‘To the Christian reader’, in J. Brown, Christ, the Way, and the Truth and the Life (Glasgow, 2nd edn, 1678), sig. [B9]r.
84. [Graeme], Famous Tryal, p. ix.
85. The Danger of the Church of England, from a General Assembly of Covenanters in Scotland (London, 1690).
86. N.L.S.,Wod. Qu. LXXXII, ‘The most memorable passages of the life and times of Mr J[ohn] B[ell]’, fos 61v.–63r.;West, Memoirs, pp. 218, 236–8.
87. [Hickes], Spirit of Popery, p. 45; [ J. Scott], Certain Cases of Conscience Resolved concerning the Lawfulness of Joyning with Forms of Prayer in Publick Worship (London, 1683).
88. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, sig. [A3]r.
89. [Graeme], Famous Tryal, p. v. Similar claims were made during the Restoration period:T. Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms (London,Allen Lane, 2005), pp. 243–4.
90. [Graeme], Famous Tryal, p. v; see also A Letter from a Gentleman in Edinburgh to his Friend in London (Edinburgh, 1711); The Church of England still Persecuted, or the Case of Mr Murray, Depos’d by the Presbytery of Perth (n.p., 1712).
91. Strange News from Scotland, or, Scotch Presbyterian Piety Evidently Prov’d (London, 1712), quotation at p. 6.
92. A True State of the Case of the Reverend Mr Greenshields, now Prisoner in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh (London, 1710); Letter from a Gentleman in Edinburgh.
93. A. Glas, A Sermon Preach’d upon Christmas-day 1711, at the Parish Church of Kensington (London, 1712);W. Dugud, Scots Presbyterian Justice Exemplifyed, in the Case of Mr Will Dugud (London, 1714).
94. A.Tindal Hart, The Life and Times of John Sharp, Archbishop of York (London, Macmillan, 1949), p. 282.
95. The Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland, the only sure Foundation for a Lasting Union with England (London, 1705), p. 5; J. Stephen, ‘Scottish Presbyterians and the Anglo-Scottish Union 1707’ (University of Aberdeen Ph.D. thesis, 2004), pp. 65–6.
96. [Leslie], New Association, supplement, p. 7.
97. An Alarm from the North; or, the Covenant the Basis of Presbytery (London, 1713), p. 8.
98. M. Goldie, ‘Divergence and Union: Scotland and England, 1660–1707’, in B. Bradshaw and J. Morrill (eds), The British Problem, c.1534–1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996); B. P. Levack, The Formation of the British State: England, Scotland, and the Union, 1603–1707 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1987), pp. 113, 131–2.
99. Misrepresentation in partisan pamphleteering is discussed in M. Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford, Oxford U.P., 2005), esp. pp. 220–71.
100. C. Kidd,‘North Britishness and the nature of eighteenth-century British patriotisms’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996),pp.361–82,at p. 365;C. Kidd,‘Conditional Britons: the Scots Covenanting tradition and the eighteenth-century British state’, English Historical Review, 117 (2002), pp. 1147–76. For more positive assessments of the unifying potential of protestantism, see L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven and London,Yale U.P., 1992) and D. Allan, ‘Protestantism, presbyterianism and national identity in eighteenth-century Scottish history’, in T. Claydon and I. McBride (eds), Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c.1650–c.1850 (Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1998).