End-of-life communication in the intensive care unit

General Hospital Psychiatry

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 433-442

  Levin, Tomer T ^a   Moreno, Beatriz ^b   Silvester, William ^c   Kissane, David W ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b Servicio Madrileño de Salud   (Spain)

^c AUSTIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Communication skills training; Death and dying; End of life communication; Family communication; Intensive care unit; Palliative care

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EMPATHY; FAMILY CENTERED CARE; FAMILY DECISION MAKING; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LENGTH OF STAY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PSYCHOTRAUMA; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; TERMINAL CARE; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; COMMUNICATION DISORDER; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; ETHICS; FAMILY; HUMAN; PSYCHOLOGY; RESUSCITATION;

CLINICAL COMPETENCE; COMMUNICATION; COMMUNICATION BARRIERS; FAMILY; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; PALLIATIVE CARE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; RESUSCITATION ORDERS; TERMINAL CARE;

EID: 77954624858     PISSN: 01638343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.04.007     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Angus D.C., Barnato A.E., Linde-Zwirble W.T., Weissfeld L.A., Watson R.S., Rickert T., et al. Use of intensive care at the end of life in the United States: an epidemiologic study. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:638-643.
2. Prendergast T.J., Luce J.M. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:15-20.
3. Prendergast T.J., Puntillo K.A. Withdrawal of life support: intensive caring at the end of life. JAMA 2002, 288:2732-2740.
4. Faber-Langendoen K., Lanken P.N. Dying patients in the intensive care unit: forgoing treatment, maintaining care. Ann Intern Med 2000, 133:886-893.
5. Vincent J.L. Forgoing life support in Western European intensive care units: the results of an ethical questionnaire. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1626-1633.
6. Smedira N.G., Evans B.H., Grais L.S., Cohen N.H., Lo B., Cooke M., et al. Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:309-315.
7. Shanawani H., Wenrich M.D., Tonelli M.R., Curtis J.R. Meeting physicians' responsibilities in providing end-of-life care. Chest 2008, 133:775-786.
8. Gerstel E., Engelberg R.A., Koepsell T., Curtis J.R. Duration of withdrawal of life support in the intensive care unit and association with family satisfaction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:798-804.
9. Treece P.D. Communication in the intensive care unit about the end of life. AACN Adv Crit Care 2007, 18:406-414.
10. Azoulay E., Chevret S., Leleu G., Pochard F., Barboteu M., Adrie C., et al. Half the families of intensive care unit patients experience inadequate communication with physicians. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:3044-3049.
11. Deep K., Griffith C., Wilson J. Communication and decision making about life-sustaining treatment: examining the experiences of resident physicians and seriously-ill hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med 2008, 23:1877-1882.
12. Abbott K.H., Sago J.G., Breen C.M., Abernethy A.P., Tulsky J.A. Families looking back: one year after discussion of withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining support. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:197-201.
13. Curtis J.R., Engelberg R., Wenrich M., Shannon S., Treece P., Rubenfeld G. Missed opportunities during family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:844-849.
14. Tulsky J. Beyond advance directives: importance of communication skills at the end of life. JAMA 2005, 294:359-365.
15. Weiner J., Roth J. Avoiding iatrogenic harm to patient and family while discussing goals of care near the end of life. J Palliat Med 2006, 9:451-463.
16. Nelson J.E. Identifying and overcoming the barriers to high-quality palliative care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:S324-S331.
17. Curtis J.R., White D.B. Practical guidance for evidence-based ICU family conferences. Chest 2008, 134:835-843.
18. Fan E. Informed consent in the critically ill: a two-step approach incorporating delirium screening. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:94-99.
19. Davis N. Improving the process of informed consent in the critically ill. JAMA 2003, 289:1963-1968.
20. Davidson J., Powers K., Hedayat K., Tieszen M., Kon A., Shepard E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American College of Critical Care Medicine Task Force 2004-2005. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:605-622.
21. Truog R., Campbell M., Curtis J.R., Haas C., Luce J., Rubenfeld G., et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College [corrected] of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:953-963.
22. Breitbart W. What can we learn from the death of Terri Schiavo?. Palliat Supportive Care 2005, 3:1-3.
23. Quill T.E. Terri Schiavo-a tragedy compounded. N Engl J Med, The 2005, 352:1630-1633.
24. Mayo T.W. Living and dying in a post-Schiavo world. J Health Law 2005, 38:587-608.
25. Fins J.J., Schiff N.D. The afterlife of Terri Schiavo. Hastings Cent Rep 2005, 35:8.
26. Curtis J.R. Communicating about end-of-life care with patients and families in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2004, 20:363-380. viii.
27. Goold S.D., Williams B., Arnold R.M. Conflicts regarding decisions to limit treatment: a differential diagnosis. JAMA 2000, 283:909-914.
28. Pochard F., Abroug F. End-of-life decisions in ICU and cultural specificities. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31:506-507.
29. Schneiderman L.J., Manning S. The case of baby K: a search for the elusive standard of medical care. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 1997, 6:9-18.
30. White D.B., Curtis J.R. Establishing an evidence base for physician-family communication and shared decision making in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:2500-2501.
31. Sprung C.L., Maia P., Bulow H.H., Ricou B., Armaganidis A., Baras M., et al. The importance of religious affiliation and culture on end-of-life decisions in European intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1732-1739.
32. Pochard F. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients before discharge or death. A prospective multicenter study. J Crit Care 2005, 20:90-96.
33. Selph R.B. Empathy and life support decisions in intensive care units. J Gen Intern Med 2008, 23:1311-1317.
34. Bensing J. Doctor-patient communication and the quality of care. Soc Sci Med 1991, 32:1301-1310.
35. Beckman H.B., Markakis K.M., Suchman A.L., Frankel R.M. The doctor-patient relationship and malpractice. Lessons from plaintiff depositions. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:1365-1370.
36. Schofield P.E., Butow P.N., Thompson J.F., Tattersall M.H.N., Beeney L.J., Dunn S.M. Psychological responses of patients receiving a diagnosis of cancer. Ann Oncol 2003, 14:48-56.
37. Bonvicini K., Perlin M., Bylund C., Carroll G., Rouse R., Goldstein M. Impact of communication training on physician expression of empathy in patient encounters. Patient Educ Couns 2009, 75:3-10.
38. Brown R.F., Bylund C.L. Communication skills training: describing a new conceptual model. Acad Med 2008, 83:37-44.
39. Bylund C.L., Brown R.F., di Ciccone B.L., Levin T.T., Gueguen J.A., Hill C., et al. Training faculty to facilitate communication skills training: development and evaluation of a workshop. Patient Educ Couns 2008, 70:430-436.
40. Back A.L., Arnold R.M., Baile W.F., Fryer-Edwards K.A., Alexander S.C., Barley G.E., et al. Efficacy of communication skills training for giving bad news and discussing transitions to palliative care. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:453-460.
41. Larson E., Yao X. Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA 2005, 293:1100-1106.
42. Levin T.T., Weiner J.S. End of life communication training. Handbook of communication in oncology and palliative care 2010, Oxford University Press, New York. D. Kissane, B. Bultz, P. Butow, I. Finlay (Eds.).
43. DiMatteo M.R., Taranta A., Friedman H.S., Prince L.M. Predicting patient satisfaction from physicians' nonverbal communication skills. Med Care 1980, 18:376-387.
44. Breitbart W. Thoughts on the goals of psychosocial palliative care. Palliat Support Care 2008, 6:211-212.
45. Chochinov H.M. Dignity and the essence of medicine: the A, B, C, and D of dignity conserving care. BMJ 2007, 335:184-187.
46. Roter D.L., Hall J.A., Merisca R., Nordstrom B., Cretin D., Svarstad B. Effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance: a meta-analysis. Med Care 1998, 36:1138-1161.
47. Beck R.S., Daughtridge R., Sloane P.D. Physician-patient communication in the primary care office: a systematic review. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002, 15:25-38.
48. Squier R.W. A model of empathic understanding and adherence to treatment regimens in practitioner-patient relationships. Soc Sci Med 1990, 30:325-339.
49. Burns J.P., Truog R.D. Futility: a concept in evolution. Chest 2007, 132:1987-1993.
50. Quill T.E. Perspectives on care at the close of life. Initiating end-of-life discussions with seriously ill patients: addressing the "elephant in the room". JAMA 2000, 284:2502-2507.
51. Lilly C.M., Daly B.J. The healing power of listening in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:513-515.
52. Heyland D.K., Tranmer J.E. Measuring family satisfaction with care in the intensive care unit: the development of a questionnaire and preliminary results. J Crit Care 2001, 16:142-149.
53. Wall R.J., Engelberg R.A., Downey L., Heyland D.K., Curtis J.R. Refinement, scoring, and validation of the Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU) survey. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:271-279.
54. Curtis J.R., Patrick D.L., Engelberg R.A., Norris K., Asp C., Byock I. A measure of the quality of dying and death. Initial validation using after-death interviews with family members. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002, 24:17-31.
55. Levy C.R., Ely E.W., Payne K., Engelberg R.A., Patrick D.L., Curtis J.R. Quality of dying and death in two medical ICUs: perceptions of family and clinicians. Chest 2005, 127:1775-1783.
56. Mularski R.A., Heine C.E., Osborne M.L., Ganzini L., Curtis J.R. Quality of dying in the ICU: ratings by family members. Chest 2005, 128:280-287.
57. Mularski R., Curtis J.R., Osborne M., Engelberg R.A., Ganzini L. Agreement among family members in their assessment of the quality of dying and death. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004, 28:306-315.
58. Sprung C.L., Ledoux D., Bulow H.H., Lippert A., Wennberg E., Baras M., et al. Relieving suffering or intentionally hastening death: where do you draw the line?. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:8-13.
59. Curtis J.R., Treece P.D., Nielsen E.L., Downey L., Shannon S.E., Braungardt T., et al. Integrating palliative and critical care: evaluation of a quality-improvement intervention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:269-275.
60. Nelson J.E., Walker A.S., Luhrs C.A., Cortez T.B., Pronovost P.J. Family meetings made simpler: a toolkit for the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2009, 24(4):626.e7-626.e14.
61. Harrison D., Brady A., Parry G., Carpenter J., Rowan K. Recalibration of risk prediction models in a large multicenter cohort of admissions to adult, general critical care units in the United Kingdom. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1378-1388.
62. Kramer A. Predictive mortality models are not like fine wine. Crit Care 2005, 9:636-637.
63. Trevena L., Davey H., Barratt A., Butow P., Caldwell P. A systematic review on communicating with patients about evidence. J Eval Clin Pract 2006, 12:13-23.
64. Lilly C.M., Sonna L.A., Haley K.J., Massaro A.F. Intensive communication: four-year follow-up from a clinical practice study. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:S394-S399.
65. Nelson J.E. Saving lives and saving deaths. Ann Intern Med 1999, 130:776-777.
66. Lautrette A., Peigne V., Watts J., Souweine B., Azoulay E. Surrogate decision makers for incompetent ICU patients: a European perspective. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008, 14:714-719.
67. Lederberg M.S., Levin T.T. Consultation liaison psychiatry. Psychiatric ethics 2009, 495-510. Oxford University Press, New York. 4th ed. S. Bloch, S. Greene (Eds.).
68. White D.B., Braddock C.H., Bereknyei S., Curtis J.R. Toward shared decision making at the end of life in intensive care units: opportunities for improvement. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:461-467.
69. Thompson B.T., Cox P.N., Antonelli M., Carlet J.M., Cassell J., Hill N.S., et al. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU: statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003: executive summary. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1781-1784.
70. Statement on withholding and withdrawing treatment. Version 1 2003, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. http://www.anzics.com.au.
71. Nolan M., Hughes M., Narendra D., Sood J., Terry P., Astrow A., et al. When patients lack capacity: the roles that patients with terminal diagnoses would choose for their physicians and loved ones in making medical decisions. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005, 30:342-353.
72. Gracia D. Moral deliberation: the role of methodologies in clinical ethics. Med Health Care Philos 2001, 4:223-232.
73. Azoulay E., Pochard F., Chevret S., Adrie C., Annane D., Bleichner G., et al. Half the family members of intensive care unit patients do not want to share in the decision-making process: a study in 78 French intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1832-1838.
74. Azoulay E.E., Pochard F.F., Kentish-Barnes N.N., Chevret S.S., Aboab J.J., Adrie C.C., et al. Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:987-994.
75. Bylund C.L., Brown R., Gueguen J.A., Diamond C., Bianculli J., Kissane D.W., et al. The implementation and assessment of a comprehensive communication skills training curriculum for oncologists. Psychooncology 2009, [Epub ahead of print].
76. Lautrette A., Darmon M., Megarbane B., Joly L.M., Chevret S., Adrie C., et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:469-478.
77. Curtis J.R., Patrick D.L. How to discuss dying and death in the ICU. Managing Death in the Intensive Care Unit: The Transition From Cure to Comfort 2001, 85-102. Oxford University Press, New York. J.R. Curtis, G.D. Rubenfeld (Eds.).
78. Department of Health NY Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (MOLST) Accessed Sept 24th 2009. http://www.health.state.ny.us/professionals/patients/patient_rights/molst/.
79. Levin T.T., Li Y., Weiner J.S., Lewis F., Bartell A., Piercy J., et al. How do-not-resuscitate orders are utilized in cancer patients: timing relative to death and communication-training implications. Palliat Support Care 2008, 6:341-348.
80. Volandes A.E., Paasche-Orlow M., Gillick M.R., Cook E.F., Shaykevich S., Abbo E.D., et al. Health literacy not race predicts end-of-life care preferences. J Palliat Med 2008, 11:754-762.
81. Gordon E.J., Daugherty C.K. 'Hitting you over the head': oncologists' disclosure of prognosis to advanced cancer patients. Bioethics 2003, 17:142-168.
82. Sullivan A.M., Lakoma M.D., Matsuyama R.K., Rosenblatt L., Arnold R.M., Block S.D. Diagnosing and discussing imminent death in the hospital: a secondary analysis of physician interviews. J Palliat Med 2007, 10:882-893.
83. Kelly B., Varghese F., Pelusi D. Countertransference and ethics: a perspective on clinical dilemmas in end-of-life decisions. Palliat Support Care 2003, 1:367-375.
84. Kelly B., Burnett P., Pelusi D., Badger S., Varghese F., Robertson M. Association between clinician factors and a patient's wish to hasten death: terminally ill cancer patients and their doctors. Psychosomatics 2004, 45:311-318.
85. Kissane D.W., Wein S., Love A., Lee X.Q., Kee P.L., Clarke D.M. The Demoralization Scale: a report of its development and preliminary validation. J Palliat Care 2004, 20:269-276.
86. Geller G., Bernhardt B.A., Carrese J., Rushton C.H., Kolodner K. What do clinicians derive from partnering with their patients? A reliable and valid measure of "personal meaning in patient care". Patient Educ Couns 2008, 72:293-300.
87. Taubman-Ben-Ari O., Weintroub A. Meaning in life and personal growth among pediatric physicians and nurses. Death Stud 2008, 32:621-645.
88. Reignier J., Dumont R., Katsahian S., Martin-Lefevre L., Renard B., Fiancette M., et al. Patient-related factors and circumstances surrounding decisions to forego life-sustaining treatment, including intensive care unit admission refusal. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2076-2083.
89. Howard G. A shocking admission: patient exclusion from intensive care therapy. Crit Care Resusc 2005, 7:97-101.
90. Garrouste-Orgeas M., Montuclard L., Timsit J.F., Reignier J., Desmettre T., Karoubi P., et al. Predictors of intensive care unit refusal in French intensive care units: a multiple-center study. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:750-755.
91. Epstein R.M., Street R.L. Patient-centered communication in cancer care: promoting healing and reducing suffering. NIH Publication No 07-6225 2007, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
92. von Gunten C.F. Culture eats strategy for lunch. J Palliat Med 2007, 10:1002.
93. Zhang B., Wright A.A., Huskamp H.A., Nilsson M.E., Maciejewski M.L., Earle C.C., et al. Health care costs in the last week of life: associations with end-of-life conversations. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:480-488.
94. Zolnierek K.B.H., Dimatteo M.R. Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: a meta-analysis. Med Care 2009, 47:826-834.
95. Wright A.A., Zhang B., Ray A., Mack J.W., Trice E., Balboni T., et al. Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA 2008, 300:1665-1673.
96. Roter D.L., Hall J.A., Kern D.E., Barker L.R., Cole K.A., Roca R.P. Improving physicians' interviewing skills and reducing patients' emotional distress. A randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:1877-1884.
97. Levine C. The good doctor: the carer's perspective. Clin Med 2004, 4:244-245.
98. Pochard F., Azoulay E., Chevret S., Lemaire F., Hubert P., Canoui P., et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1893-1897.
99. Curtis J.R., Shannon S.E. Transcending the silos: toward an interdisciplinary approach to end-of-life care in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32:15-17.
100. Curtis J.R. Caring for patients with critical illness and their families: the value of the integrated clinical team. Respir Care 2008, 53:480-487.
101. Ferrand E., Lemaire F., Regnier B., Kuteifan K., Badet M., Asfar P., et al. Discrepancies between perceptions by physicians and nursing staff of intensive care unit end-of-life decisions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:1310-1315.
102. Wall R.J., Engelberg R.A., Gries C.J., Glavan B., Curtis J.R. Spiritual care of families in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1084-1090.
103. Gries C.J., Curtis J.R., Wall R.J., Engelberg R.A. Family member satisfaction with end-of-life decision making in the ICU. Chest 2008, 133:704-712.
104. Chambers N., Curtis J.R. The interface of technology and spirituality in the ICU. Managing Death in the Intensive Care Unit: The Transition From Cure to Comfort 2001, 193-205. Oxford University Press, New York. J.R. Curtis, G.D. Rubenfeld (Eds.).
105. von Gunten C.F., Weissman D.E. Discussing do-not-resuscitate orders in the hospital setting: Part 1. J Palliat Med 2002, 5:415-417.
106. von Gunten C.F., Weissman D.E. Discussing do-not-resuscitate orders in the hospital setting: Part 2. J Palliat Med 2002, 5:417-418.
107. Back A.L., Anderson W.G., Bunch L., Marr L.A., Wallace J.A., Yang H.B., et al. Communication about cancer near the end of life. Cancer 2008, 113:1897-1910.
108. Baile W.F., Buckman R., Lenzi R.R., Glober G., Beale E.A., Kudelka A.P. SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer. Oncologist 2000, 5:302-311.
109. Cohen-Cole S. The Medical Interview: The Three-Function Approach 1991, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis (MO).
110. McDonagh J.R., Elliott T.B., Engelberg R.A., Treece P.D., Shannon S.E., Rubenfeld G.D., et al. Family satisfaction with family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: increased proportion of family speech is associated with increased satisfaction. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1484-1488.
111. Stapleton R.D., Engelberg R.A., Wenrich M.D., Goss C.H., Curtis J.R. Clinician statements and family satisfaction with family conferences in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1679-1685.
112. Hsieh H.F., Shannon S.E., Curtis J.R. Contradictions and communication strategies during end-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2006, 21:294-304.