Three-dimensional culture of human embryonic stem cell derived hepatic endodermand its role in bioartificial liver construction

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

Volumn 2010, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Sharma, Ruchi ^a   Greenhough, Sebastian ^a   Medine, Claire N ^a   Hay, David C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; POLYMER;

BIOARTIFICIAL LIVER; CELL THERAPY; CULTURE MEDIUM; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENDODERM; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL CULTURE; LIVER CELL; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; TISSUE ENGINEERING; ARTIFICIAL LIVER; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; CYTOLOGY; LIVER; METHODOLOGY;

CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; ENDODERM; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER, ARTIFICIAL; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 77954603085     PISSN: 11107243     EISSN: 11107251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2010/236147     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. G. Ramadori, F. Moriconi, I. Malik, and J. Dudas, "Physiology and pathophysiology of liver inflammation, damage and repair," Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 59, supplement 1, pp. 107-117, 2008.
2. T. E. Starzl and F. G. Lakkis, "The unfinished legacy of liver transplantation: emphasis on immunology," Hepatology, vol. 43, no. 2, supplement 1, pp. S151-S163, 2006.
3. F. G. Court, S. A. Wemyss-Holden, A. R. Dennison, and G. J. Maddern, "Bioartificial liver support devices: historical perspectives," ANZ Journal of Surgery, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 739-748, 2003. (Pubitemid 37267123)
4. S. Raia, J. R. Nery, and S. Mies, "Liver transplantation from live donors," The Lancet, vol. 2, no. 8661, p. 497, 1989. (Pubitemid 19209155)
5. D. S. Seaman, "Adult living donor liver transplantation: current status," Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 97-106, 2001. (Pubitemid 32685917)
6. R. A. F. M. Chamuleau, T. Deurholt, and R. Hoekstra, "Which are the right cells to be used in a bioartificial liver?" Metabolic Brain Disease, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 327-335, 2005. (Pubitemid 43029806)
7. R. K. Verbeeck, "Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction," European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 1147-1161, 2008.
8. E. F. A. Brandon, C. D. Raap, I. Meijerman, J. H. Beijnen, and J. H. M. Schellens, "An update on in vitro test methods in human hepatic drug biotransformation research: pros and cons," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 189, no. 3, pp. 233-246, 2003. (Pubitemid 36677534)
9. R. Gebhardt, J. G. Hengstler, D. Müller, et al., "New hep-atocyte in vitro systems for drug metabolismml: metabolic capacity and recommendations for application in basic research and drug development, standard operation procedures," Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol. 35, no. 2-3, pp. 145-213, 2003. (Pubitemid 37048295)
10. D.-H. Park, C. V. Borlongan, D. J. Eve, and P. R. Sanberg, "The emerging field of cell and tissue engineering," Medical Science Monitor, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. RA206-RA220, 2008.
11. G. F. Muschler, C. Nakamoto, and L. G. Griffith, "Engineering principles of clinical cell-based tissue engineering," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American, vol. 86, no. 7, pp. 1541-1558, 2004. (Pubitemid 38886548)
12. C. Mason and P. Dunnill, "The strong financial case for regenerative medicine and the regen industry," Regenerative Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 351-363, 2008.
13. D. Gotthardt, C. Riediger, K. H. Weiss, et al., "Fulminant hepatic failure: etiology and indications for liver transplantation," Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, vol. 22, supplement 8, pp. viii5-viii8, 2007.
14. S. A. Khan, N. Shah, R. Williams, and R. Jalan, "Acute liver failure: a review," Clinics in Liver Disease, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-258, 2006. (Pubitemid 46110781)
15. S. Sen, R. Williams, and R. Jalan, "The pathophysiological basis of acute-on-chronic liver failure," Liver, vol. 22, supplement 2, pp. 5-13, 2002.
16. R. Jalan and R. Williams, "Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options," Blood Purification, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 252-261, 2002. (Pubitemid 34195668)
17. R. Jalan, "Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects," Journal of Hepatology, vol. 42, supplement 1, pp. S115-S123, 2005. (Pubitemid 40364611)
18. R. Jalan and R. Williams, "Bio-artificial liver support for acute liver failure: should we be using it to treat patients?" Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 165-166, 2002. (Pubitemid 34112834)
19. R. Jalan and J. Bernuau, "Induction of cerebral hyperemia by ammonia plus endotoxin: does hyperammonemia unlock the blood-brain barrier?" Journal of Hepatology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 168-171, 2007. (Pubitemid 47033883)
20. C. H. C. Dejong, M. C. G. van de Poll, P. B. Soeters, R. Jalan, and S. W. M. Olde Damink, "Aromatic amino acid metabolism during liver failure," Journal of Nutrition, vol. 137, no. 6, pp. 1579S-1585S, 2007. (Pubitemid 46855512)
21. J. P. Liu, L. L. Gluud, B. Als-Nielsen, and C. Gluud, "Artificial and bioartificial support systems for liver failure," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1, Article ID CD003628, 2004.
22. L. L. Kjaergard, J. Liu, B. Als-Nielsen, and C. Gluud, "Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 217-222, 2003. (Pubitemid 36068710)
23. R. Jalan, S. Sen, C. Steiner, D. Kapoor, A. Alisa, and R. Williams, "Extracorporeal liver support with molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis," Journal of Hepatology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 24-31, 2003. (Pubitemid 36078520)
24. W. Laleman, A. Wilmer, P. Evenepoel, et al., "Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure," Critical Care, vol. 10, no. 4, article R108, 2006.
25. V. Stadlbauer, P. Krisper, R. Aigner, et al., "Effect of extra-corporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure," Critical Care, vol. 10, article R169, 2006.
26. A. Sgroi, V. Serre-Beinier, P. Morel, and L. Bühler, "What clinical alternatives to whole liver transplantation? Current status of artificial devices and hepatocyte transplantation," Transplantation, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 457-466, 2009.
27. N. Kobayashi, "Life support of artificial liver: development of a bioartificial liver to treat liver failure," Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 113-117, 2009.
28. M. P. van de Kerkhove, R. Hoekstra, R. A. F. M. Chamuleau, and T. M. van Gulik, "Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems," Annals of Surgery, vol. 240, no. 2, pp. 216-230, 2004. (Pubitemid 38963011)
29. K. Naruse, "Artificial liver support: future aspects," Journal of Artificial Organs, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 71-76, 2005. (Pubitemid 41139585)
30. I. J. Fox, A. N. Langnas, L. W. Fristoe, et al., "Successful application of extracorporeal liver perfusion: a technology whose time has come," American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 1876-1881, 1993. (Pubitemid 23324403)
31. A. Xiong, T. W. Austin, E. Lagasse, et al., "Isolation of human fetal liver progenitors and their enhanced proliferation by three-dimensional coculture with endothelial cells," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 995-1006, 2008. (Pubitemid 351862216)
32. C.-B. Yu, X.-P. Pan, and L.-J. Li, "Progress in bioreactors of bioartificial livers," Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 134-140, 2009.
33. M. P. van de Kerkhove, P. P. C. Poyck, T. Deurholt, R. Hoekstra, R. A. F. M. Chamuleau, and T. M. van Gulik, "Liver support therapy: an overview of the AMC-bioartificial liver research," Digestive Surgery, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 254-264, 2005. (Pubitemid 41433903)
34. J.-H. Frühauf, H. Mertsching, S. Giri, N. R. Frühauf, and A. Bader, "Porcine endogenous retrovirus released bya bioarti-ficial liver infects primary human cells," Liver International, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1553-1561, 2009.
35. R. A. F. M. Chamuleau, P. P. C. Poyck, and M.-P. van de Kerkhove, "Bioartificial liver: its pros and cons," Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 168-174, 2006.
36. A. J. Ellis, R. D. Hughes, J. A. Wendon, et al., "Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure," Hepatology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1446-1451, 1996. (Pubitemid 26399048)
37. V. Racanelli and B. Rehermann, "The liver as an immuno-logical organ," Hepatology, vol. 43, no. 2, supplement 1, pp. S54-S62, 2006.
38. D. M. Cross and M. K. Bayliss, "A commentary on the use of hepatocytes in drug metabolism studies during drug discovery and development," Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 219-240, 2000. (Pubitemid 30198560)
39. N. Cheng, E. Wauthier, and L. M. Reid, "Mature human hep-atocytes from ex vivo differentiation of alginate-encapsulated hepatoblasts," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2008. (Pubitemid 351520443)
40. I. J. Fox and S. C. Strom, "To be or not to be: generation of hepatocytes from cells outside the liver," Gastroenterology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 878-881, 2008. (Pubitemid 351312761)
41. P. A. Clavien and R. Graf, "Liver regeneration and platelets," British Journal of Surgery, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 965-966, 2009.
42. J. P. Miranda, S. B. Leite, U. Muller-Vieira, A. Rodrigues, M. J. T. Carrondo, and P. M. Alves, "Towards an extended functional hepatocyte in vitro culture," Tissue Engineering Part C, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 157-167, 2009.
43. E. A. M. Gale, "Lessons from the glitazones: a story of drug development," The Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9271, pp. 1870-1875, 2001. (Pubitemid 32539124)
44. J. A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S. S. Shapiro, et al., "Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts," Science, vol. 282, no. 5391, pp. 1145-1147, 1998. (Pubitemid 28516247)
45. B. E. Reubinoff, M. F. Pera, C.-Y. Fong, A. Trounson, and A. Bongso, "Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro," Nature Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 399-404, 2000. (Pubitemid 30217526)
46. H. J. Rippon and A. E. Bishop, "Embryonic stem cells," Cell Proliferation, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 23-34, 2004. (Pubitemid 38250583)
47. N. Lavon and N. Benvenisty, "Study of hepatocyte differentiation using embryonic stem cells," Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 1193-1202, 2005. (Pubitemid 41681862)
48. J. Itskovitz-Eldor, M. Schuldiner, D. Karsenti, et al., "Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies compromising the three embryonic germ layers," Molecular Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 88-95, 2000.
49. H. Baharvand, S. M. Hashemi, S. K. Ashtiani, and A. Farrokhi, "Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in 2D and 3D culture systems in vitro," International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 645-652, 2006. (Pubitemid 44544754)
50. T. Imamura, L. Cui, R. Teng, et al., "Embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies in three-dimensional culture system form hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo," Tissue Engineering, vol. 10, no. 11-12, pp. 1716-1724, 2004. (Pubitemid 40054213)
51. H. Basma, A. Soto-Gutiérrez, G. R. Yannam, et al., "Differentiation and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes," Gastroenterology, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 990-999, 2009.
52. D. C. Hay, D. Zhao, A. Ross, R. Mandalam, J. Lebkowski, and W. Cui, "Direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells exhibiting functional activities," Cloning and Stem Cells, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 51-62, 2007. (Pubitemid 46642071)
53. D. C. Hay, D. Zhao, J. Fletcher, et al., "Efficient differentiation of hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells exhibiting markers recapitulating liver development in vivo," Stem Cells, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 894-902, 2008.
54. D. C. Hay, J. Fletcher, C. Payne, et al., "Highly efficient differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatic endoderm requires ActivinA and Wnt3a signaling," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 34, pp. 12301-12306, 2008.
55. J. Fletcher, W. Cui, K. Samuel, et al., "The inhibitory role of stromal cell mesenchyme on human embryonic stem cell hepatocyte differentiation is overcome by Wnt3a treatment," Cloning and Stem Cells, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 331-339, 2008.
56. S. Agarwal, K. L. Holton, and R. Lanza, "Efficient differentiation of functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells," Stem Cells, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1117-1127, 2008.
57. Y. Duan, A. Catana, Y. Meng, et al., "Differentiation and enrichment of hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro and in vivo," Stem Cells, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3058-3068, 2007. (Pubitemid 350294431)
58. D. M. Dalgetty, C. N. Medine, J. P. Iredale, and D. C. Hay, "Progress and future challenges in stem cell-derived liver technologies," American Journal of Physiology, vol. 297, no. 2, pp. G241-G248, 2009.
59. N. Lavon, O. Yanuka, and N. Benvenisty, "Differentiation and isolation of hepatic-like cells from human embryonic stem cells," Differentiation, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 230-238, 2004. (Pubitemid 41702132)
60. L. Rambhatla, C.-P. Chiu, P. Kundu, Y. Peng, and M. K. Carpenter, "Generation of hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells," Cell Transplantation, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2003. (Pubitemid 36397310)
61. D. T. Scadden, "The stem-cell niche as an entity of action," Nature, vol. 441, no. 7097, pp. 1075-1079, 2006. (Pubitemid 43990719)
62. D. E. Discher, D. J. Mooney, and P. W. Zandstra, "Growth factors, matrices, and forces combine and control stem cells," Science, vol. 324, no. 5935, pp. 1673-1677, 2009.
63. A. J. Engler, S. Sen, H. L. Sweeney, and D. E. Discher, "Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification," Cell, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 677-689, 2006. (Pubitemid 44233625)
64. J. Lee, M. J. Cuddihy, and N. A. Kotov, "Three-dimensional cell culture matrices: state of the art," Tissue Engineering Part B, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 61-86, 2008.
65. A. Abbott, "Biology's new dimension," Nature, vol. 424, no. 6951, pp. 870-872, 2003. (Pubitemid 37051657)
66. T. Sun, S. Jackson, J. W. Haycock, and S. MacNeil, "Culture of skin cells in 3D rather than 2D improves their ability to survive exposure to cytotoxic agents," Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 372-381, 2006. (Pubitemid 43327415)
67. P. S. Amenta and D. Harrison, "Expression and potential role of the extracellular matrix in hepatic ontogenesis: a review," Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 372-386, 1997. (Pubitemid 27522972)
68. J. A. Burdick and G. Vunjak-Novakovic, "Engineered microenvironments for controlled stem cell differentiation," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 205-219, 2009.
69. R. McClelland, E. Wauthier, J. Uronis, and L. Reid, "Gradients in the liver's extracellular matrix chemistry from periportal to pericentral zones: influence on human hepatic progenitors," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 59-70, 2008. (Pubitemid 351520435)
70. S. F. Abu-Absi, J. R. Friend, L. K. Hansen, and W.-S. Hu, "Structural polarity and functional bile canaliculi in rat hepatocyte spheroids," Experimental Cell Research, vol. 274, no. 1, pp. 56-67, 2002.
71. M. Ohno, K. Motojima, T. Okano, and A. Taniguchi, "Maturation of the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules in layered co-cultures of HepG2 and endothelial cells," Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 591-597, 2009.
72. S. Ng, Y.-N. Wu, Y. Zhou, et al., "Optimization of 3-D hepatocyte culture by controlling the physical and chemical properties of the extra-cellular matrices," Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 3153-3163, 2005. (Pubitemid 39647250)
73. T. T. Chang and M. Hughes-Fulford, "Monolayer and spheroid culture of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells demonstrate distinct global gene expression patterns and functional phenotypes," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 559-567, 2009.
74. T. Koyama, T. Ehashi, N. Ohshima, and H. Miyoshi, "Efficient proliferation and maturation of fetal liver cells in three-dimensional culture by stimulation of oncostatin m, epidermal growth factor, and dimethyl sulfoxide," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1099-1107, 2009.
75. L. G. Griffith and G. Naughton, "Tissue engineering- current challenges and expanding opportunities," Science, vol. 295, no. 5557, pp. 1009-1010, 2002.
76. M. Sokolsky-Papkov, K. Agashi, A. Olaye, K. Shakesheff, and A. J. Domb, "Polymer carriers for drug delivery in tissue engineering," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 59, no. 4-5, pp. 187-206, 2007. (Pubitemid 46887622)
77. D. Du, K. S. Furukawa, and T. Ushida, "3D culture of osteoblast-like cells by unidirectional or oscillatory flow for bone tissue engineering," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 1670-1678, 2009.
78. H. Liu and K. Roy, "Biomimetic three-dimensional cultures significantly increase hematopoietic differentiation efficacy of embryonic stem cells," Tissue Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 319-330, 2005. (Pubitemid 40515199)
79. D. R. Nisbet, D. Moses, T. R. Gengenbach, J. S. Forsythe, D. I. Finkelstein, and M. K. Horne, "Enhancing neurite outgrowth from primary neurones and neural stem cells using thermoresponsive hydrogel scaffolds for the repair of spinal cord injury," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 24-35, 2009.
80. E. Syková, P. Jendelová, L. Urdzíková, P. Lesný, and A. Hejčl, "Bone marrow stem cells and polymer hydrogels- two strategies for spinal cord injury repair," Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 26, no. 7-8, pp. 1113-1129, 2006. (Pubitemid 44924034)
81. N. Cheng, E. Wauthier, and L. M. Reid, "Mature human hep-atocytes from ex vivo differentiation of alginate-encapsulated hepatoblasts," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2008. (Pubitemid 351520443)
82. T. Elkayam, S. Amitay-Shaprut, M. Dvir-Ginzberg, T. Harel, and S. Cohen, "Enhancing the drug metabolism activities of C3A-a human hepatocyte cell line-by tissue engineering within alginate scaffolds," Tissue Engineering, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1357-1368, 2006. (Pubitemid 44024505)
83. P. Roach, D. Eglin, K. Rohde, and C. C. Perry, "Modern biomaterials: a review-bulk properties and implications of surface modifications," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1263-1277, 2007. (Pubitemid 47007599)
84. E. Dawson, G. Mapili, K. Erickson, S. Taqvi, and K. Roy, "Biomaterials for stem cell differentiation," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 215-228, 2008. (Pubitemid 350236400)
85. K. Rezwan, Q. Z. Chen, J. J. Blaker, and A. R. Boccaccini, "Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering," Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 3413-3431, 2006.
86. W. S. Turner, E. Schmelzer, R. McClelland, E. Wauthier, W. Chen, and L. M. Reid, "Human hepatoblast phenotype maintained by hyaluronan hydrogels," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 156-168, 2007. (Pubitemid 47015365)
87. C. J. Bettinger, K. M. Cyr, A. Matsumoto, R. Langer, J. T. Borenstein, and D. L. Kaplan, "Silk fibroin microfluidic devices," Advanced Materials, vol. 19, no. 19, pp. 2847-2850, 2007. (Pubitemid 47597874)
88. Y. M. Elçin, V. Dixit, and G. Gitnick, "Hepatocyte attachment on biodegradable modified chitosan membranes: in vitro evaluation for the development of liver organoids," Artificial Organs, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 837-846, 1998. (Pubitemid 28471274)
89. T. Ishii, K. Fukumitsu, K. Yasuchika, et al., "Effects of extracellular matrixes and growth factors on the hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells," American Journal of Physiology, vol. 295, no. 2, pp. G313-G321, 2008.
90. M. Schug, T. Heise, A. Bauer, et al., "Primary rat hepatocytes as in vitro system for gene expression studies: comparison of sandwich, Matrigel and 2D cultures," Archives of Toxicology, vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 923-931, 2008.
91. M. M. Stevens, H. F. Qanadilo, R. Langer, and V. P. Shastri, "A rapid-curing alginate gel systemml: utility in periosteum-derived cartilage tissue engineering," Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 887-894, 2004. (Pubitemid 37371996)
92. A. D. Augst, H. J. Kong, and D. J. Mooney, "Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials," Macromolecular Bioscience, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 623-633, 2006. (Pubitemid 44329266)
93. S. Fang, Y.-D. Qiu, L. Mao, X.-L. Shi, D.-C. Yu, and Y.-T. Ding, "Differentiation of embryoid-body cells derived from embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in alginate microbeads in vitro," Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1924-1930, 2007. (Pubitemid 350198350)
94. J. J. Marler, J. Upton, R. Langer, and J. P. Vacanti, "Transplantation of cells in matrices for tissue regeneration," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 165-182, 1998. (Pubitemid 28403541)
95. H.-Y. Cheung, K.-T. Lau, T.-P. Lu, and D. Hui, "A critical review on polymer-based bio-engineered materials for scaffold development," Composites Part B, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 291-300, 2007. (Pubitemid 46149453)
96. C. Liu, Z. Xia, and J. T. Czernuszka, "Design and development of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering," Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 1051-1064, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241501)
97. M. Kellomäki and P. Törmälä, "Processing of resorbable poly-α-hydroxy acids for use as tissue-engineering scaffolds," in Biopolymer Methods in Tissue Engineering, A. P. Hollander and P. V. Hatton, Eds., pp. 1-10, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA, 2004.
98. G. Chan and D. J. Mooney, "New materials for tissue engineering: towards greater control over the biological response," Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 382-392, 2008.
99. H. Huang, S. Hanada, N. Kojima, and Y. Sakai, "Enhanced functional maturation of fetal porcine hepatocytes in three-dimensional poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds: a culture condition suitable for engineered liver tissues in large-scale animal studies," Cell Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 8-9, pp. 799-809, 2006. (Pubitemid 46095262)
100. J. L. Jiang, N. Kojima, L. Guo, et al., "Efficacy of engineered liver tissue based on poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds and fetal mouse liver cells cultured with oncostatin M, nicotinamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide," Tissue Engineering, vol. 10, no. 9-10, pp. 1577-1586, 2004. (Pubitemid 39557861)
101. S. Hanada, N. Kojima, and Y. Sakai, "Soluble factor-dependent in vitro growth and maturation of rat fetal liver cells in a three-dimensional culture system," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 149-160, 2008. (Pubitemid 351520437)
102. N.-J. Cho, M. Elazar, A. Xiong, et al., "Viral infection of human progenitor and liver-derived cells encapsulated in three-dimensional PEG-based hydrogel," Biomedical Materials, vol. 4, no. 1, Article ID 011001, 2009.
103. M. Sokolsky-Papkov, K. Agashi, A. Olaye, K. Shakesheff, and A. J. Domb, "Polymer carriers for drug delivery in tissue engineering," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 59, no. 4-5, pp. 187-206, 2007. (Pubitemid 46887622)
104. B. D. Ratner and S. J. Bryant, "Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going," Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 6, pp. 41-75, 2004. (Pubitemid 39209492)
105. J. P. Desai, A. Pillarisetti, and A. D. Brooks, "Engineering approaches to biomanipulation," Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 35-53, 2007. (Pubitemid 350246652)
106. R. J. Zdrahala and I. J. Zdrahala, "Biomedical applications of polyurethanes: a review of past promises, present realities, and a vibrant future," Journal of Biomaterials Applications, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 67-90, 1999.
107. H. Ijima, T. Matsushita, K. Nakazawa, Y. Fujii, and K. Funatsu, "Hepatocyte spheroids in polyurethane foams: functional analysis and application for a hybrid artificial liver," Tissue Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 213-226, 1998. (Pubitemid 28309083)
108. H. Ijima, K. Nakazawa, H. Mizumoto, T. Matsushita, and K. Funatsu, "Formation of a spherical multicellular aggregate (spheroid) of animal cells in the pores of polyurethane foam as a cell culture substratum and its application to a hybrid artificial liver," Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 765-778, 1998. (Pubitemid 28339848)
109. J. Fukuda, R. Sakiyama, K. Nakazawa, et al., "Mass preparation of primary porcine hepatocytes and the design of a hybrid artificial liver module using spheroid culture for a clinical trial," International Journal of Artificial Organs, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 799-806, 2001. (Pubitemid 34168272)
110. K. Matsumoto, H. Mizumoto, K. Nakazawa, H. Ijima, K. Funatsu, and T. Kajiwara, "Hepatic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in a three-dimensional culture system using polyurethane foam," Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 350-354, 2008. (Pubitemid 351680732)
111. E. S. Place, J. H. George, C. K. Williams, and M. M. Stevens, "Synthetic polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1139-1151, 2009.
112. S. C. Baker, G. Rohman, J. Southgate, and N. R. Cameron, "The relationship between the mechanical properties and cell behaviour on PLGA and PCL scaffolds for bladder tissue engineering," Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1321-1328, 2009.
113. D. E. Discher, P. Janmey, and Y.-L. Wang, "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate," Science, vol. 310, no. 5751, pp. 1139-1143, 2005. (Pubitemid 41681732)
114. M. Bokhari, R. J. Carnachan, N. R. Cameron, and S. A. Przy-borski, "Novel cell culture device enabling three-dimensional cell growth and improved cell function," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 354, no. 4, pp. 1095-1100, 2007. (Pubitemid 46216248)
115. P. Thevenot, W. Hu, and L. Tang, "Surface chemistry influences implant biocompatibility," Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 270-280, 2008. (Pubitemid 351791022)
116. P. Thevenot, A. Nair, J. Dey, J. Yang, and L. Tang, "Method to analyze three-dimensional cell distribution and infiltration in degradable scaffolds," Tissue Engineering Part C, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 319-331, 2008.
117. M. Dvir-Ginzberg, I. Gamlieli-Bonshtein, R. Agbaria, and S. Cohen, "Liver tissue engineering within alginate scaffolds: effects of cell-seeding density on hepatocyte viability, morphology, and function," Tissue Engineering, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 757-766, 2003. (Pubitemid 37048116)
118. H. Shin, S. Jo, and A. G. Mikos, "Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering," Biomaterials, vol. 24, no. 24, pp. 4353-4364, 2003. (Pubitemid 36960133)
119. D. G. Anderson, J. A. Burdick, and R. Langer, "Smart biomaterials," Science, vol. 305, no. 5692, pp. 1923-1924, 2004. (Pubitemid 39287983)
120. S. Duggal, K. B. Frønsdal, K. Szöke, A. Shahdadfar, J. E. Melvik, and J. E. Brinchmann, "Phenotype and gene expression of human mesenchymal stem cells in alginate scaffolds," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1763-1773, 2009.
121. Y. Du, S.-M. Chia, R. Han, S. Chang, H. Tang, and H. Yu, "3D hepatocyte monolayer on hybrid RGD/galactose substratum," Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 33, pp. 5669-5680, 2006. (Pubitemid 44294821)
122. M. P. Lutolf, J. L. Lauer-Fields, H. G. Schmoekel, et al., "Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogels for the conduction of tissue regeneration: engineering cellinvasion characteristics," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 9, pp. 5413-5418, 2003. (Pubitemid 36542719)
123. S. Zhang and C. E. Semino, "Design peptide scaffolds for regenerative medicine," Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 534, pp. 147-163, 2003. (Pubitemid 41582794)
124. C. E. Semino, J. R. Merok, G. G. Crane, G. Panagiotakos, and S. Zhang, "Functional differentiation of hepatocyte-like spheroid structures from putative liver progenitor cells in three-dimensional peptide scaffolds," Differentiation, vol. 71, no. 4-5, pp. 262-270, 2003. (Pubitemid 36819111)
125. L. Ferreira, J. M. Karp, L. Nobre, and R. Langer, "New opportunities: the use of nanotechnologies to manipulate and track stem cells," Cell Stem Cell, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 136-146, 2008.
126. F. Loffredo and R. T. Lee, "Therapeutic vasculogenesis: it takes two," Circulation Research, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 128-130, 2008.
127. P. P. C. Poyck, G. Mareels, R. Hoekstra, et al., "Enhanced oxygen availability improves liver-specific functions of the AMC bioartificial liver," Artificial Organs, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 116-126, 2008. (Pubitemid 351208021)
128. M. Radisic, H. Park, F. Chen, et al., "Biomimetic approach to cardiac tissue engineering: oxygen carriers and channeled scaffolds," Tissue Engineering, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2077-2091, 2006. (Pubitemid 44734968)
129. S. H. Oh, C. L. Ward, A. Atala, J. J. Yoo, and B. S. Harrison, "Oxygen generating scaffolds for enhancing engineered tissue survival," Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 757-762, 2009.
130. J. T. Borenstein, E. J. Weinberg, B. K. Orrick, C. Sundback, M. R. Kaazempur-Mofrad, and J. P. Vacanti, "Microfabrication of three-dimensional engineered scaffolds," Tissue Engineering, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1837-1844, 2007. (Pubitemid 47293985)
131. J. J. Moon, M. S. Hahn, I. Kim, B. A. Nsiah, and J. L. West, "Micropatterning of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels with biomolecules to regulate and guide endothelial morphogenesis," Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 579-585, 2009.
132. J. J. Moon and J. L. West, "Vascularization of engineered tissues: approaches to promote angiogenesis in biomaterials," Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 300-310, 2008. (Pubitemid 351791025)
133. A. Carraro, W.-M. Hsu, K. M. Kulig, et al., "In vitro analysis of a hepatic device with intrinsic microvascular-based channels," Biomedical Microdevices, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 795-805, 2008.