Structure, variability, and salt flux in a strongly forced salt wedge estuary

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 115, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Ralston, David K ^a   Geyer, W Rockwell ^a   Lerczak, James A ^b  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BATHYMETRY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; RIVERS; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; TIME SERIES; WATER LEVELS;

BAROCLINIC; BAROCLINIC CIRCULATION; DIFFUSIVITIES; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL; LOW BACKGROUND; MERRIMACK RIVER; MODEL RESULTS; MODEL SKILL; NUMERICAL SIMULATION; RIVER DISCHARGE; SALINITY INTRUSION; SALT FLUX; SEASONAL SHIFTS; SPATIAL STRUCTURE; TIDAL ASYMMETRY; TIDAL PROCESS; TIDAL PUMPING; TIME-SCALES; UNSTRUCTURED GRID;

ESTUARIES;

BATHYMETRY; BIOLOGICAL PUMP; DIFFUSIVITY; ESTUARY; FLUX MEASUREMENT; HALOCLINE; HYDRODYNAMICS; INTERNAL TIDE; NUMERICAL MODEL; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RIVER DISCHARGE; SALINITY; TIME SERIES; WATER LEVEL;

MERRIMACK RIVER; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77954514971     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JC005806     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Allen, J., P. Somerfield, and F. Gilbert (2007), Quantifying uncertainty in high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem models, J. Mar. Syst., 64(1-4), 3-14, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.010. (Pubitemid 44854466)
2. Banas, N. S., B. M. Hickey, P. MacCready, and J. A. Newton (2004), Dynamics of Willapa Bay, Washington: A highly unsteady, partially mixed estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34(11), 2413-2427, doi:10.1175/ JPO2637.1.
3. Bowen, M. M., and W. R. Geyer (2003), Salt transport and the time-dependent salt balance of a partially stratified estuary, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C5), 3158, doi:10.1029/2001JC001231.
4. Canuto, V. M., A. Howard, Y. Cheng, and M. S. Dubovikov (2001), Ocean turbulence. Part I: One-point closure model-Momentum and heat vertical diffusivities, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31(6), 1413-1426, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0485(2001)0312.0.CO;2.
5. Chant, R. J. (2002), Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3131, doi:10.1029/2001JC001082.
6. Chen, C., H. Liu, and R. C. Beardsley (2003), An unstructured grid, finite-volume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model: Application to coastal ocean and estuaries, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20(1), 159-186, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)0202.0.CO;2.
7. Chen, C., J. Qi, C. Li, R. C. Beardsley, H. Lin, R. Walker, and K. Gates (2008), Complexity of the flooding/drying process in an estuarine tidal-creek salt-marsh system: An application of FVCOM, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07052, doi:10.1029/2007JC004328.
8. Eggleston, D., D. Armstrong, W. Elis, and W. Patton (1998), Estuarine fronts as conduits for larval transport: Hydrodynamics and spatial distribution of Dungeness crab postlarvae, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 164, 73-82, doi:10.3354/meps164073.
9. Fischer, H. (1972), Mass transport mechanisms in partially stratified estuaries, J Fluid Mech., 53(4), 671-687, doi:10.1017/S0022112072000412.
10. Fischer, H. B., E. J. List, R. C. Y. Koh, J. Imberger, and N. H. Brooks (1979), Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
11. FitzGerald, D. M., I. V. Buynevich, R. A. Davis, and M. S. Fenster (2002), New England tidal inlets with special reference to riverine-associated inlet systems, Geomorphology, 48(1-3), 179-208, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00181- 2.
12. Franks, P. (1992), Sink or swim: Accumulation of biomass at fronts, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 82(1), 1-12, doi:10.3354/meps082001.
13. Friedrichs, M. A. M., et al. (2007), Assessment of skill and portability in regional marine biogeochemical models: Role of multiple planktonic groups, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C08001, doi:10.1029/2006JC003852. (Pubitemid 47604117)
14. Garvine, R. W. (1975), The distribution of salinity and temperature in the Connecticut River estuary, J. Geophys. Res., 80(9), 1176-1183, doi:10.1029/JC080i009p01176.
15. Garvine, R. W., R. K. McCarthy, and K. Wong (1992), The axial salinity distribution in the delaware estuary and its weak response to river discharge, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 35(2), 157-165, doi:10.1016/ S0272-7714(05)80110- 80116
16. Geyer, W. R. (1993), Three-dimensional tidal flow around headlands, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C1), 955-966, doi:10.1029/92JC02270.
17. Geyer, W. R., and D. M. Farmer (1989), Tide-induced variation of the dynamics of a salt wedge estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19(8), 10601072, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1989)0192.0.CO;2.
18. Geyer, W. R., and H. M. Nepf (1996), Tidal pumping of salt in a moderately stratified estuary, in Buoyancy Effects on Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol.53, edited by D. G. Aubrey and C. T. Friedrichs, pp. 213-226, AGU, Washington, D.C.
19. Geyer, W. R., and R. P. Signell (1992), A reassessment of the role of tidal dispersion in estuaries and bays, Estuaries, 15(2), 97-108, doi:10.2307/ 1352684.
20. Hansen, D. V., and M. Rattray (1966), New dimensions in estuary classification, Limnol. Oceanogr., 11(3), 319-326.
21. Hartwell, A. D. (1970), Hydrography and Holocene Sedimentation of the Merrimack River Estuary, Massachusetts, Contrib.No.5, Coastal Research Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.
22. Hughes, F., and J. Rattray (1980), Salt flux and mixing in the Columbia River Estuary, Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci., 10(5), 479-493, doi:10.1016/S0302- 3524(80)80070-3.
23. Hunkins, K. (1981), Salt dispersion in the Hudson Estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11(5), 729-738, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1981)0112.0.CO;2.
24. Ibanez, C., D. Pont, and N. Prat (1997), Characterization of the Ebre and Rhone estuaries: A basis for defining and classifying salt-wedge estuaries, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(1), 89-101.
25. Jay, D. A., and J. D. Smith (1990a), Residual circulation in shallow estuaries 1. Highly stratified, narrow estuaries, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C1), 711-731, doi:10.1029/JC095iC01p00711.
26. Jay, D. A., and J. D. Smith (1990b), Circulation, density distribution and neap-spring transitions in the Columbia River estuary, Prog. Oceanogr., 25(1-4), 81-112, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(90)90004-L.
27. Kalkwijk, J., and R. Booij (1986), Adaptation of secondary flow in nearly horizontal flow, J. Hydraul. Res., 24(1), 19-37.
28. Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Clayson (1994), An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C12), 25, 235-25, 266.
29. Kay, D. J., D. J. Jay, and J. D. Musiak (1996), Salt transport calculations from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data: A methodological study, in Buoyancy Effects on Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol.53, edited by D. G. Aubrey and C. T. Friedrichs, pp. 195212, AGU, Washington, D.C.
30. Keulegan, G. (1966), The mechanism of an arrested saline wedge, in Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics, edited by A. Ippen, pp. 546-574, McGraw-Hill, New York.
31. Kranenburg, C. (1986), A time scale for long-term salt intrusion in well-mixed estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16(7), 1329-1331, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0485(1986)0162.0.CO;2.
32. Largier, J. (1992), Tidal intrusion fronts, Estuaries Coasts, 15(1), 26-39, doi:10.2307/1352707.
33. Lerczak, J. A., W. R. Geyer, and R. J. Chant (2006), Mechanisms driving the time-dependent salt flux in a partially stratified estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36(12), 2296-2311, doi:10.1175/JPO2959.1. (Pubitemid 46099370)
34. Lerczak, J. A., W. R. Geyer, and D. K. Ralston (2009), The temporal response of the length of a partially stratified Estuary to changes in river flow and tidal amplitude, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39(4), 915-933, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3933.1.
35. Li, M., L. Zhong, and W. C. Boicourt (2005), Simulations of Chesapeake Bay estuary: Sensitivity to turbulence mixing parameterizations and comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C12004, doi:10.1029/ 2004JC002585.
36. MacCready, P. (1999), Estuarine adjustment to changes in river flow and tidal mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29(4), 708-726, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999) 0292.0.CO;2.
37. MacCready, P. (2007), Estuarine adjustment, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37(8), 2133-2145, doi:10.1175/JPO3082.1. (Pubitemid 47490418)
38. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875, doi:10.1029/RG020i004p00851.
39. Mendes, S., W. Turrell, T. Lütkebohle, and P. Thompson (2002), Influence of the tidal cycle and a tidal intrusion front on the spatio-temporal distribution of coastal bottlenose dolphins, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 239, 221-229, doi:10.3354/meps239221.
40. Monismith, S. G., W. Kimmerer, J. R. Burau, and M. T. Stacey (2002), Structure and flow-induced variability of the subtidal salinity field in northern San Francisco Bay, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32(11), 3003-3019, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)0322.0.CO;2.
41. Murphy, A. H. (1988), Skill scores based on the mean square error and their relationships to the correlation coefficient, Mon. Weather Rev., 116(12), 2417-2424, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)1162.0.CO;2.
42. Nunes, R. A., and J. H. Simpson (1985), Axial convergence in a well-mixed estuary, Estuarine Coastal ShelfSci., 20(5), 637-649, doi:10.1016/0272-7714(85) 90112-X.
43. Oke, P. R., J. S. Allen, R. N. Miller, G. D. Egbert, J. A. Austin, J. A. Barth, T. J. Boyd, P. M. Kosro, and M. D. Levine (2002), A modeling study of the three-dimensional continental shelf circulation off Oregon, Part I: Model-data comparisons, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32(5), 1360-1382, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002) 0322.0.CO;2.
44. Okubo, A. (1973), Effect of shoreline irregularities on streamwise dispersion in estuaries and other embayments, Neth. J. Sea Res., 6(1/2), 213224, doi:10.1016/0077-7579(73)90014-8.
45. Pritchard, D. (1952), Salinity distribution and circulation in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system, J. Mar. Res., 11(2), 106-123.
46. Ralston, D. K., and M. T. Stacey (2007), Tidal and meteorological forcing of sediment transport in tributary mudflat channels, Cont. Shelf Res., 27(10/11), 1510-1527, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.010. (Pubitemid 46810079)
47. Rodi, W. (1987), Examples of calculation methods for flow and mixing in stratified fluids, J. Geophys. Res., 92(C5), 5305-5328, doi:10.1029/ JC092iC05p05305.
48. Seim, H. E., and M. C. Gregg (1997), The importance of aspiration and channel curvature in producing strong vertical mixing over a sill, J. Geo-phys. Res., 102(C2), 3451-3472, doi:10.1029/96JC03415.
49. Simpson, J., J. Brown, J. Matthews, and G. Allen (1990), Tidal straining, density currents, and stirring in the control of estuarine stratification, Estuaries, 13(2), 125-132, doi:10.2307/1351581.
50. Stacey, M. T., and D. K. Ralston (2005), The scaling and structure of the estuarine bottom boundary layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35(1), 55-71, doi:10.1175/JPO-2672.1. (Pubitemid 40335237)
51. Stacey, M. T., J. R. Burau, and S. G. Monismith (2001), Creation of residual flows in a partially stratified estuary, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C8), 17, 01317, 037.
52. Stommel, H., and H. Farmer (1952), On the Nature of Estuarine Circulation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.
53. Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard (2003), A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models, J. Mar. Res., 61, 235-265, doi:10.1357/ 002224003322005087. (Pubitemid 37042355)
54. Uncles, R. J., and J. A. Stephens (1996), Salt intrusion in the tweed estuary, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 43(3), 271-293, doi:10.1006/ ecss.1996.0070.
55. Wang, B., O. Fringer, S. Giddings, and D. Fong (2009), High-resolution simulations of a macrotidal estuary using SUNTANS, Ocean Model., 26(1/2), 60-85, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.006.
56. Warner, J. C., W. R. Geyer, and J. A. Lerczak (2005), Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C05001, doi:10.1029/2004JC002691. (Pubitemid 40974983)
57. Wilmott, C. (1981), On the validation of models, Phys. Geogr., 2, 184-194.
58. Zimmerman, J. (1986), The tidal whirlpool: A review of horizontal dispersion by tidal and residual currents, Neth. J. Sea Res., 20(2/3), 133-154, doi:10.1016/0077-7579(86)90037-2.