Images of the World: Studying abroad and chinese attitudes towards international affairs

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 202, 2010, Pages 290-306

  Han, Donglin ^a   Zweig, David ^a  

^a University of Victoria   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASS; EDUCATION; FOREIGN POLICY; GLOBALIZATION; NATIONALISM; PUBLIC ATTITUDE;

CANADA; CHINA; JAPAN;

EID: 77954513002     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S030574101000024X     Document Type: Article

References (55)

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17. "Classic" countries of immigration were founded, populated and built by immigrants in modern times, including the US, Canada and Australia. "Reluctant" countries of immigration have some experience with immigrants but deny officially that they are countries of immigration, such as France, Britain, Germany and the Netherlands. "Latecomers" had no notable immigration after the Second World War, but now import many immigrants because of negative demographic trends. These countries include Japan, Spain, Italy and South Korea. Wayne A. Cornelius, Takeyuki Tsuda, Philip L. Martin and James F. Hollifield (eds.), Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).
18. The funding for the study of returnees from Japan came from the Hong Kong office of the Japan External Trade Office, while the Canadian research was supported by the Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada in Vancouver.
19. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/9000/90766/90882/6622888.html, 26 March 2009.
20. The UK has received a very large number of MA students in the past few years and most have returned. Thus the UK may now have trained more returnees than any other country.
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32. John Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 23.
33. Watson and Lippitt, "Cross-cultural experience as a source of attitude change."
34. David Zweig, Chung Siu Fung and Wilfried Vanhonacker, "Rewards of technology: explaining China's reverse migration," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2006), pp. 449-71.
35. The original question is "Indicate your personal feelings towards some foreign countries, from-5 (most unfavourable) to 5 (most favourable)." To make our returnees' data consistent with the Global View 2006 scale, we made these changes: if the original value was x, the value after transformation was y, where y was equal to (x + 5) x 10.
36. Mark Peffley and Jon Hurwitz, "International events and foreign policy beliefs: public response to changing Soviet-US relations," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1992), pp. 431-61.
37. We defined middle class as total household income above 50, 000 yuan in 2005 before taxes.
38. In China, the survey adopted a stratified multi-stage probability, proportional to size, random sample. As a result, the Chinese sample was representative of all adults nationwide aged 18 or older. All 31 provinces were divided into three strata, according to their geographic location and their Human Development Index. Illiterate individuals or those with no formal education were excluded. The survey was carried out between 10 and 26 July 2006 and yielded 2, 000 responses. The data were retrieved from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Michigan, ICPSR04650-v1.
39. These findings were statistically significant at the.05 level.
40. We borrow the concept "assertive nationalism" from Allen S. Whiting, "Chinese nationalism and foreign policy after Deng," The China Quarterly, No. 142 (1995), pp. 295-316.
41. Maggiotto and Wittkopf, "American public attitudes toward foreign policy," p. 610.
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44. The p-values of the F-test, 0.3077 and 0.103 respectively, are not statistically significant.
45. The p-value of the F-test is 0.166 and 0.00 for these two questions, respectively.
46. For "co-operative internationalism," we coded "strongly agree" as 5 and "strongly disagree" as 1 and then added the responses to the two questions which formed the concept. Ten reflected the strongest support, while 0 reflected the least support. We adopt the same method for assertive nationalism. However, as there are four questions measuring assertive nationalism, we add the four responses together and then divide the result in half. So 10 again reflects the most nationalistic, while 0 is the least nationalistic. We thank the Survey Research Center of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and Yanjie Bian, for providing the data. Funds were provided by a Central Allocation Grant from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (CA03/04. HSS01), HKUST and Renmin University of China.
47. This survey uses a multi-stage stratified sampling scheme with unequal probabilities.
48. The scale used in the GSS survey was 4 point, not 5. So we multiplied the sum of the responses to our measures of co-operative nationalism by 1.25. With four questions in our concept of assertive nationalism, we multiply the sum of assertive nationalism questions by 1.25 and then by 0.5. As a result, the scale of both concepts runs from 0 to 10. One question measuring assertive nationalism - "To protect our country's national interests, we could use military force if necessary" (use military) - does not appear in the GSS data, so instead we used the responses to another statement: "Some international power tries to contain China's development and rise."
49. Combing GSS data and CSCSE data on returnees together, further regression analysis finds that country destination (Japan and Canada) is statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the model of assertive nationalism and co-operative internationalism, controlling the effects of age, gender, education, income, years living overseas, political interest and Party membership.
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52. Almond, The American People and Foreign Policy.
53. Walter Lippmann, The Phantom Public (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993)
54. and Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York: Free Press, 1965).
55. Fewsmith and Rosen, "The domestic context of Chinese foreign policy."