The late Qing Dynasty diplomatic transformation: Analysis from an ideational perspective

Chinese Journal of International Politics

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 405-445

  Xiaomin, Zhang ^a   Chunfeng, Xu ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954509226     PISSN: 17508916     EISSN: 17508924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/pom004     Document Type: Article

References (142)

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3. Angus Maddison, Zhongguo jingji de changyuan weilai (Chinese Economic Performance in the Long-term), trans. Chu Xuping and Wu Xiangsong (Beijing, China: Xinhua chubanshe, 1999), p. 58.
4. Rationalists believe ideas are unimportant while neo-liberal institutionalists see ideas as an independent variable, similar in influence to power and interests, with its own explanatory capacity. Even then, however, ideas mainly fill in the holes that power and interest-based explanations leave.
5. See Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 3.
6. It must be pointed out that Fairbank later corrected his views on Chinese history. He admitted that China's modernization was primarily a result of internal Chinese dynamics and initiatives, with only limited Western influence.
7. See John Fairbank, Meiguo yu Zhongguo (The United States and China), trans. Zhang Lijing (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1999).
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9. Concerning the definition of 'imperialism' as used by American scholars studying 19th and 20th Century Chinese history
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27. Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) and Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) are two of China's longest, as well as strongest, dynasties. The 'Kang-Yong-Qian' Golden Era refers to three of the earlier emperors in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 CE): Kangxi (1662-1722 CE), Yongzheng (1723-1735 CE), and Qianlong (1735-1796 CE). This period was generally seen as the pinnacle of Qing Dynastic power.
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77. It should be mentioned that traditionally yi is not only a derogatory term referring to inferior nations but also indicates nations in the periphery as enemies because they keep harassing the Chinese central regime
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