Viremia and drug resistance among HIV-1 patients on antiretroviral treatment: A cross-sectional study in Soweto, South Africa

AIDS

Volumn 24, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1679-1687

  El Khatib, Ziad ^a,b   Ekstrom, Anna Mia ^a   Ledwaba, Johanna ^b   Mohapi, Lerato ^c   Laher, Fatima ^c   Karstaedt, Alan ^d   Charalambous, Salome ^e   Petzold, Max ^a,f   Katzenstein, David ^g   Morris, Lynn ^b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^e AURUM INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^f NORDIC SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Sweden)

^g STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

adherence; antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV drug resistance; South Africa; viral failure

Indexed keywords

EFAVIRENZ; LAMIVUDINE; STAVUDINE; VIRUS RNA; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONDOM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RESISTANCE; GENOTYPE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HOUSING; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFRIGERATOR; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOUTH AFRICA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; TUBERCULOSIS; VIREMIA; VIRUS LOAD;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOUTH AFRICA; TREATMENT FAILURE; VIRAL LOAD; VIREMIA;

EID: 77954348426     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: 14735571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a097b     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. National Department of Health of South Africa. Monitoring and evaluation. Cumulative number of adults and children on comprehensive HIV and AIDS treatment plan. Johannesburg: National Department of Health of South Africa; 2009. www.doh.gov.za.
2. Ford N, Mills E, Calmy A. Rationing antiretroviral therapy in Africa: treating too few, too late. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1808-1810.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach: 2003 revision. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004.
4. Maartens G, Venter F, Meintjes G, Cohen K. Southern African HIV clinicians society: guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults. Johannesburg: WHO; 2008. http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/amds/art-guidelines-sa- hivsoc-adult.pdf. Accessed 3 October 2009).
5. Noble R. HIV and AIDS statistics for South Africa (2006) http://www.avert.org/safricastats.htm Accessed 16 March 2009.
6. World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, UNICEF. Towards universal access-Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector (progress report 2009). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF; 2009.
7. Ford N, Gray A, Venter FW. Tough choices: tenofovir, tenders and treatment. S Afr J HIV Med 2008; 1:8-10.
8. Chien CV. HIV/AIDS drugs for sub-Saharan Africa: how do brand and generic supply compare? PLoS Med 2007; 2:e278.
9. Beyene K, Gedif T, Gebre-Mariam T, Engidawork E. Highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and its determinants in selected hospitals from south and central Ethiopia. Pharma-coepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18:1007-1015.
10. Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Buchan I, Orbinski J, Attaran A, Singh S, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America. JAMA 2006; 296:679-690.
11. El-Khatib Z, Richter M. (ARV-) Free State? The moratorium?s threat to patients? adherence and the development of HIV drug resistance. SAMJ 2009; 99:412-414.
12. Bangsberg DR, Ware N, Simoni JM. Adherence without access to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa? AIDS 2006; 20:140-141.
13. Ramadhani HO, Thielman NM, Landman KZ, Ndosi EM, Gao F, Kirchherr JL, et al. Predictors of incomplete adherence, viro-logic failure, and antiviral drug resistance among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1492-1498.
14. Fielding KL, Charalambous S, Stenson AL, Pemba LF, Martin DJ, Wood R, et al. Risk factors for poor virological outcome at 12 months in a workplace-based antiretroviral therapy programme in South Africa: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:93.
15. Marconi VC, Sunpath H, Lu Z, Gordon M, Koranteng-Apeagyei K, Hampton J, et al. Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance after failure of a first highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1589-1597.
16. Wallis C, Sanne I, Venter F, Mellors J, Stevens W. Varied patterns of HIV-1 drug resistance on failing first-line antire-troviral therapy in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 53:480-484.
17. Hoffmann C, Charalambous S, Sim J, Ledwaba J, Schwikkard G, Chaisson R, et al. Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1928-1935.
18. Orrell C, Walensky RP, Losina E, Pitt J, Freedberg KA, Wood R. HIV type-1 clade C resistance genotypes in treatment-naive patients and after first virological failure in a large community antiretroviral therapy programme. Antivir Ther 2009; 14:523-531.
19. Nachega JB, Stein DM, Lehman DA, Hlatshwayo D, Mothopeng R, Chaisson RE, Karstaedt AS. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1053-1056.
20. Soweto Chamber of Commerce and Industries. Future development of Soweto. Johannesburg: Soweto Chamber of Commerce and Industries; 2009. http://consortium.co.za/Devel opment.html. (Accessed 30 October 2009).
21. Martinson N, Mohapi L, Bakos D, Gray GE, McIntyre JA, Holmes CB. Costs of providing care for HIV-infected adults in an urban HIV clinic in Soweto, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:327-330.
22. Justice AC, Holmes W, Gifford AL, Rabeneck L, Zackin R, Sinclair G, et al., for the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Unit Outcomes Committee. Development and validation of a self-completed HIV symptoms index. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54:S77-S90.
23. El-Khatib Z. Questionnaire design and data entry in EpiData. Stockholm, Sweden: Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology-Karolinska Institutet; 2004. http://onkpat.ki.se/1?node=47234.
24. EpiData Foundation. EpiData for data entry and documentation. Denmark: EpiData Foundation; 2008. www.epidata.dk.
25. Pillay V, Ledwaba J, Hunt G, Rakgotho M, Singh B, Makubalo L, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in Gauteng Province, South Africa in 2002 and 2004. Antivir Ther 2007; 13:101-107.
26. Johnson VA, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, Gunthard HF, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, et al. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1. Int AIDS Soc USA 2009; 17:138-145.
27. de Oliveira T, Deforche K, Cassol S, Salminen M, Paraskevis D, Seebregts C, et al. An automated genotyping system for analysis of HIV-1 and other microbial sequences. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:3797-3800.
28. StataCorp LP. Stata/SE 10. 1. College Station, Texas, USA: Stata Corp; 2008.
29. Westreich D, Sanne I, Maskew M, Malope-Kgokong B, Conradie F, Majuba P, et al. Tuberculosis treatment and risk of stavudine substitution in first-line antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1617-1623.
30. Lawn S, Kranzer K, Wood R. Antiretroviral therapy for control of the HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic in resource-limited settings. Clin Chest Med 2009; 30:685-699.
31. Rosenblum M, Deeks S, ven der Laan M, Bangsberg D. The risk of virologic failure decreases with duration of HIV suppression, at greater than 50% adherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE 2009; 4:e7196.
32. Kandathil A, Kannangai R, Verghese V, Pulimood S, Rupali P, Sridharan G, et al. Drug resistant mutations detected by geno-typic drug resistance testing in patients failing therapy in clade C HIV-1 infected individuals from India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27:231-236.
33. Murillo W, de Rivera I, Parham L, Jovel E, Palou E, Karlsson A, Albert J. Prevalence of drug resistance and importance of viral load measurements in Honduran HIV-infected patients failing antiretroviral treatment. HIV Med 2010; 11:95-103.
34. Johannessen A, Naman E, Kivuyo S, Kasubi M, Holberg-Petersen M, Matee M, et al. Virological efficacy and emergence of drug resistance in adults on antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 108:108.
35. Tebit D, Sangare L, Makamste A, Yameogo S, Somlare H, Bado G, et al. HIV drug resistance pattern among HAART-exposed patients with suboptimal virological response in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49:17-25.
36. Maldonado F, Biot M, Roman F, Masquelier C, Anapenge M, Bastos R, et al. Viraemia and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Mozambique. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 103:607-612.
37. Laurent C, Kouanfack C, Vergne L, Tardy M, Zekeng L, Noumsi N, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance and routine therapy, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1001-1004.
38. Wallis C, Mellors J, Venter W, Sanne I, Stevens W. Protease inhibitor resistance is uncommon in patients on failing second-line lopinavir/r-containing regimen in South Africa. Antiviral Ther 2009; Suppl 1:A183.
39. Hunt G, Ledwaba J, El-Khatib Z, Coovadia A, Kuhn L, Katzenstein D, Morris L. Drug resistance patterns among HIV-infected children and adults failing Kaletra-based regimens in South Africa. Antiviral Ther 2009; 14:A39.
40. Rosen S, Fox M, Gill CJ. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e298.
41. Liu H, Miller LG, Golin CE, Hays RD, Wu T, Wenger NS, Kaplan AH. Repeated measures analyses of dose timing of antiretro-viral medication and its relationship to HIV virologic outcomes. Stat Med 2007; 26:991-1007.
42. Nachega JB, Mills EJ, Schechter M. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010; 5:70-77.
43. Reynolds NR, Sun J, Nagaraja HN, Gifford AL, Wu AW, Chesney MA. Optimizing measurement of self-reported adherence with the ACTG Adherence Questionnaire: a cross-protocol analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:402-409.
44. Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Regensberg L, Maartens G. Adherence to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HIV therapy and virologic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:564-574.
45. Rosen S, Ketlhapile M, Sanne I, Desilva MB. Characteristics of patients accessing care and treatment for HIV/AIDS at public and nongovernmental sites in South Africa. J Int Assoc Phys AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 2008; 7:200-207.
46. Ledwaba J, Hunt G, Rakgotho M, El-Khatib Z, Singh S, Makhu-balo L, et al. HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance surveillance in three provinces in South Africa during 2002-2007. Antiviral Ther 2009; 14:A182.
47. Aleman S, Söderbärg K, Visco-Comandini U, Sitbon G, Sönnerborg A. Drug resistance at low viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients with antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 2002; 16:1039-1044.
48. Halvas EK, Wiegand A, Boltz VF, Kearney M, Nissley D, Want-man M, et al. Low frequency nonnucleoside reverse-transcrip-tase inhibitor-resistant variants contribute to failure of efavirenz-containing regimens in treatment-experienced patients. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:672-680.