메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 1320-1335

Risk-based determination of critical nitrogen deposition loads for fire spread in southern California deserts

Author keywords

Arid; Biogeochemkal model; Bromus; CENTURY; Climate change; Desert; Exotic grasses; Fire risk; Fuel load; Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA; Larrea tridentate; Schismus

Indexed keywords

NITROGEN;

EID: 77954323970     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/09-0398.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (53)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 67649341322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on vegetation and soils in Joshua Tree National. Park
    • R. H. Webb, L. F. Fenstermaker, J. S. Heaton, D. L. Hughson, E. V. McDonald, and D. M. Miller, editors University of Nevada Press, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
    • Allen, E. B., L. E. Rao, R. J. Steers, A. Bytnerowicz, and M. E. Fenn. 2009. Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on vegetation and soils in Joshua Tree National. Park, Pages 78-100 in R. H. Webb, L. F. Fenstermaker, J. S. Heaton, D. L. Hughson, E. V. McDonald, and D. M. Miller, editors. The Mojave Desert: ecosystem processes and sustainability. University of Nevada Press, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
    • (2009) The Mojave Desert: Ecosystem Processes and Sustainability , pp. 78-100
    • Allen, E.B.1    Rao, L.E.2    Steers, R.J.3    Bytnerowicz, A.4    Fenn, M.E.5
  • 2
    • 0000539332 scopus 로고
    • Carbonate
    • C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. White, L. E. Ensminger, and F. E. Clark, editors American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Allison, L. E., and C. D. Moodie. 1965. Carbonate. Pages 1388-1389 in C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. White, L. E. Ensminger, and F. E. Clark, editors. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 , pp. 1388-1389
    • Allison, L.E.1    Moodie, C.D.2
  • 3
    • 0003472560 scopus 로고
    • General Technical Report INT-122. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA
    • Anderson, H. E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. General Technical Report INT-122. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
    • (1982) Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior
    • Anderson, H.E.1
  • 5
    • 27744443802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO gas loss from biologically crusted soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah
    • Barger, N. N., J. Belnap, D. S. Ojima, and A Mosier. 2005. NO gas loss from biologically crusted soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Biogeochemistry 75:373-391.
    • (2005) Biogeochemistry , vol.75 , pp. 373-391
    • Barger, N.N.1    Belnap, J.2    Ojima, D.S.3    Mosier, A.4
  • 6
    • 0028165706 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: Implications for aquatic systems
    • Baron, J. S., D. S. Ojima, E. A. Holland, and W. J. Parton. 1994. Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: Implications for aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry 27:61-82.
    • (1994) Biogeochemistry , vol.27 , pp. 61-82
    • Baron, J.S.1    Ojima, D.S.2    Holland, E.A.3    Parton, W.J.4
  • 8
    • 0000300305 scopus 로고
    • Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems
    • Beatley, J. C. 1974. Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems. Ecology 55:856-863.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 856-863
    • Beatley, J.C.1
  • 10
    • 19544392328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño and displays of spring-flowering annuals in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts
    • Bowers, J. E. 2005. El Niño and displays of spring-flowering annuals in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132:38-49.
    • (2005) Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , vol.132 , pp. 38-49
    • Bowers, J.E.1
  • 11
    • 33746024300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen critical loads for alpine vegetation and terrestrial ecosystem response: Are we there yet?
    • Bowman, W. D., J. R. Gartner, K. Holland, and M. Wiedermann. 2006. Nitrogen critical loads for alpine vegetation and terrestrial ecosystem response: Are we there yet? Ecological Applications 16:1183-1193.
    • (2006) Ecological Applications , vol.16 , pp. 1183-1193
    • Bowman, W.D.1    Gartner, J.R.2    Holland, K.3    Wiedermann, M.4
  • 12
    • 0037800395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert
    • Brooks, M. L. 2003. Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:344-353.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 344-353
    • Brooks, M.L.1
  • 13
    • 33845230185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominance and environmental correlates of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert, USA
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.021, PII S0140196306002989, Deserts of the World Part I: The Changing Mojave
    • Brooks, M. L., and K. H. Berry. 2006. Dominance and environmental correlates of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert, USA. Journal of Arid Environments 67:100-124. (Pubitemid 44873126)
    • (2006) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.67 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 100-124
    • Brooks, M.L.1    Berry, K.H.2
  • 15
    • 33845211087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980-2004
    • Brooks, M. L., and J. R. Matchett. 2006. Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980-2004. Journal of Arid Environments 67:148-164.
    • (2006) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.67 , pp. 148-164
    • Brooks, M.L.1    Matchett, J.R.2
  • 16
    • 84887884457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southeastern deserts bioregion
    • N. G. Sugihara, J. W. V. Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman, and A. E. Thode, editors University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA
    • Brooks, M. L., and R. A. Minnich. 2006. Southeastern deserts bioregion. Pages 391-414 in N. G. Sugihara, J. W. V. Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman, and A. E. Thode, editors. Fire in California's Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
    • (2006) Fire in California's Ecosystems , pp. 391-414
    • Brooks, M.L.1    Minnich, R.A.2
  • 17
    • 0022831098 scopus 로고
    • Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the Western Sonoran Desert, California
    • Brown, D. E., and R. A. Minnich. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the Western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist 116:411-422.
    • (1986) American Midland Naturalist , vol.116 , pp. 411-422
    • Brown, D.E.1    Minnich, R.A.2
  • 18
    • 0030613982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional and temporal variation in net primary production and nitrogen mineralization in grasslands
    • Burke, I. C., W. K. Lauenroth, and W. J. Parton. 1997. Regional and temporal variation in net primary production and nitrogen mineralization in grasslands. Ecology 78:1330-1340. (Pubitemid 27484381)
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , Issue.5 , pp. 1330-1340
    • Burke, I.C.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2    Parton, W.J.3
  • 19
    • 41849089381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical loads as a policy tool for protecting ecosystems from the effects of air pollutants
    • Burns, D. A., T. Blett, R. Haeuber, and L. H. Pardo. 2008. Critical loads as a policy tool for protecting ecosystems from the effects of air pollutants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6:156-159.
    • (2008) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , vol.6 , pp. 156-159
    • Burns, D.A.1    Blett, T.2    Haeuber, R.3    Pardo, L.H.4
  • 20
    • 84890602691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Hill, editor. California Legislative Analyst's Office, Sacramento, California, USA
    • California Legislative Analyst's Office. 2008. Analysis of the 2008-09 budget bill: resources. E. G. Hill, editor. California Legislative Analyst's Office, Sacramento, California, USA. (http://www.lao.ca.gov/analysis-2008/ resources/ resource-anl08.pdf)
    • (2008) Analysis of the 2008-09 Budget Bill: Resources
  • 21
    • 0001101468 scopus 로고
    • The primary productivity of a desert-shrub (Larrea tridentata) community
    • Chew, R. M., and A. E. Chew. 1965. The primary productivity of a desert-shrub (Larrea tridentata) community. Ecological. Monographs 35:355-375.
    • (1965) Ecological. Monographs , vol.35 , pp. 355-375
    • Chew, R.M.1    Chew, A.E.2
  • 22
    • 0033061989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential relative future effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition on lake chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains, United States
    • Church, M. R., and J. van Sickle. 1999. Potential relative future effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition on lake chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains, United States. Water Resources Research 35:2199-2211.
    • (1999) Water Resources Research , vol.35 , pp. 2199-2211
    • Church, M.R.1    Van Sickle, J.2
  • 24
    • 0002026586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, plant invasions, and global changes
    • H. A. Mooney and R. J. Hobbs, editors Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • D'Antonio, C. M. 2000. Fire, plant invasions, and global changes. Pages 65-93 in H. A. Mooney and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (2000) Invasive Species in A Changing World , pp. 65-93
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1
  • 25
    • 0027011403 scopus 로고
    • Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass fire cycle, and global change
    • D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass fire cycle, and global change. Annual. Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87.
    • (1992) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.23 , pp. 63-87
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 26
    • 0042768170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species
    • DeFalco, L. A., D. R. Bryla, V. Smith-Longozo, and R. S. Nowak, 2003. Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species. American Journal of Botany 90:1045-1053.
    • (2003) American Journal of Botany , vol.90 , pp. 1045-1053
    • DeFalco, L.A.1    Bryla, D.R.2    Smith-Longozo, V.3    Nowak, R.S.4
  • 28
    • 0033855728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient
    • Egerton-Warburton, L., and E. B. Allen. 2000. Shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient. Ecological Applications 10: 484-496.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , pp. 484-496
    • Egerton-Warburton, L.1    Allen, E.B.2
  • 31
    • 8744258781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring nitrogen deposition in throughfall using ion exchange resin columns: A field test in the San Bernardino Mountains
    • Fenn, M. E., and M. A. Poth. 2004. Monitoring nitrogen deposition in throughfall using ion exchange resin columns: a field test in the San Bernardino Mountains. Journal of Environmental Quality 33:2007-2014.
    • (2004) Journal of Environmental Quality , vol.33 , pp. 2007-2014
    • Fenn, M.E.1    Poth, M.A.2
  • 32
    • 1842828042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A throughfall collection method using mixed bed ion exchange resin columns
    • Fenn, M. E., M. A. Poth, and M. J. Arbaugh. 2002. A throughfall collection method using mixed bed ion exchange resin columns. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL 2:122-130.
    • (2002) TheScientificWorldJOURNAL , vol.2 , pp. 122-130
    • Fenn, M.E.1    Poth, M.A.2    Arbaugh, M.J.3
  • 33
    • 33846794809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of nitrogen critical, loads for policy makers, stakeholders, and industries in the United States
    • Fisher, L. S., P. A. Mays, and C. L. Wylie. 2007. An overview of nitrogen critical, loads for policy makers, stakeholders, and industries in the United States. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 179:3-18.
    • (2007) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , vol.179 , pp. 3-18
    • Fisher, L.S.1    Mays, P.A.2    Wylie, C.L.3
  • 34
    • 84892646050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future
    • Galloway, J. N., et al. 2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153-226.
    • (2004) Biogeochemistry , vol.70 , pp. 153-226
    • Galloway, J.N.1
  • 37
    • 0038645918 scopus 로고
    • The effects of water and macronutrients addition on aboveground biomass production of annual plants in an old field from a coastal desert site of North-Central Chile
    • Gutierrez, J. R., L. E. Aguilera, and J. J. Armesto. 1992. The effects of water and macronutrients addition on aboveground biomass production of annual plants in an old field from a coastal desert site of North-Central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 65:83-90.
    • (1992) Revista Chilena de Historia Natural , vol.65 , pp. 83-90
    • Gutierrez, J.R.1    Aguilera, L.E.2    Armesto, J.J.3
  • 38
    • 0024197195 scopus 로고
    • Effects of different patterns of supplemental water and nitrogen-fertilization on productivity and composition of Chihuahuan Desert annual plants
    • Gutierrez, J. R., O. A. Dasilva, M. I. Pagani, D. Weems, and W. G. Whitford. 1988. Effects of different patterns of supplemental water and nitrogen-fertilization on productivity and composition of Chihuahuan Desert annual plants. American Midland Naturalist 119:336-343.
    • (1988) American Midland Naturalist , vol.119 , pp. 336-343
    • Gutierrez, J.R.1    Dasilva, O.A.2    Pagani, M.I.3    Weems, D.4    Whitford, W.G.5
  • 39
    • 0000891342 scopus 로고
    • Productivity of desert ecosystems
    • Hadley, N. F., and S. R. Szarek. 1981. Productivity of desert ecosystems. BioScience 31:747-753.
    • (1981) BioScience , vol.31 , pp. 747-753
    • Hadley, N.F.1    Szarek, S.R.2
  • 40
    • 0000071805 scopus 로고
    • Productivity and flowering of winter ephemerals in relation to Sonoran Desert shrubs
    • Halvorson, W. L., and D. T. Patten. 1975. Productivity and flowering of winter ephemerals in relation to Sonoran Desert shrubs. American Midland Naturalist 93:311-319.
    • (1975) American Midland Naturalist , vol.93 , pp. 311-319
    • Halvorson, W.L.1    Patten, D.T.2
  • 41
    • 0033928065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental controls on nitric oxide emission from northern Chihuahuan Desert soils
    • Hartley, A. E., and W. H. Schlesinger. 2000. Environmental controls on nitric oxide emission from northern Chihuahuan Desert soils. Biogeochemistry 50:279-300.
    • (2000) Biogeochemistry , vol.50 , pp. 279-300
    • Hartley, A.E.1    Schlesinger, W.H.2
  • 42
    • 0035419958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 14.6 kyr record of nitrogen flux from, desert soil profiles as inferred from vadose zone pore waters
    • Hartsough, P., S. W. Tyler, J. Sterling, and M. Walvoord. 2001. A. 14.6 kyr record of nitrogen flux from, desert soil profiles as inferred from vadose zone pore waters. Geophysical Research Letters 28:2955-2958.
    • (2001) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.28 , pp. 2955-2958
    • Hartsough, P.1    Tyler, S.W.2    Sterling, J.3    Walvoord, M.4
  • 44
    • 0032803825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: Responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation
    • Hooper, D. U., and L. Johnson. 1999. Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation. Biogeochemistry 46:247-293.
    • (1999) Biogeochemistry , vol.46 , pp. 247-293
    • Hooper, D.U.1    Johnson, L.2
  • 45
    • 67349113925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mojave Desert scrub vegetation
    • M. G. Barbour, T. Keeler-Wolfe, and A. A. Schoenherr, editors Third edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA
    • Keeler-Wolfe, T. 2007. Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Pages 609-656 in M. G. Barbour, T. Keeler-Wolfe, and A. A. Schoenherr, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California. Third edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
    • (2007) Terrestrial Vegetation of California , pp. 609-656
    • Keeler-Wolfe, T.1
  • 46
    • 0031467776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the century model
    • DOI 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00082-7, PII S0016706197000827
    • Kelly, R. H., W. J. Parton, G. J. Crocker, P. R. Grace, J. Klir, M. Korschens, P. R. Poulton, and D. D. Richter. 1997. Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the century model. Geoderma 81:75-90. (Pubitemid 28014088)
    • (1997) Geoderma , vol.81 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 75-90
    • Kelly, R.H.1    Parton, W.J.2    Crocker, G.J.3    Grace, P.R.4    Klir, J.5    Korschens, M.6    Poulton, P.R.7    Richter, D.D.8
  • 47
    • 0037214885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Chihuahuan Desert shrubs: Effects of three years of summer drought
    • Kemp, P. R., J. F. Reynolds, R. A. Virginia, and W. G. Whitford. 2003. Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Chihuahuan Desert shrubs: effects of three years of summer drought. Journal of Arid Environments 53:21-39.
    • (2003) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.53 , pp. 21-39
    • Kemp, P.R.1    Reynolds, J.F.2    Virginia, R.A.3    Whitford, W.G.4
  • 48
    • 0031852785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal dynamics in soil carbon and nitrogen resources at a grassland-shrubland ecotone
    • Kieft, T. L., C. S. White, S. R. Loftin, R. Aguilar, J. A. Craig, and D. A. Skaar. 1998. Temporal dynamics in soil carbon and nitrogen resources at a grassland-shrubland ecotone. Ecology 79:671-683. (Pubitemid 28378737)
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 671-683
    • Kieft, T.L.1    White, C.S.2    Loftin, S.R.3    Aguilar, R.4    Craig, J.A.5    Skaar, D.A.6
  • 49
    • 0000112852 scopus 로고
    • Succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands following wildfire in the Great Basin
    • Koniak, S. 1985. Succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands following wildfire in the Great Basin. Great Basin Naturalist 45:556-566.
    • (1985) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.45 , pp. 556-566
    • Koniak, S.1
  • 50
    • 23944439602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting recovery from acidic deposition: Applying a modified TAF (tracking and analysis framework) model to Maine (USA) high elevation lakes
    • Lawler, J. J., J. Rubin, B. J. Cosby, I. J. Fernandez, J. S. Kahl, and S. A. Norton. 2005. Predicting recovery from acidic deposition: applying a modified TAF (tracking and analysis framework) model to Maine (USA) high elevation lakes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 164:383-399.
    • (2005) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , vol.164 , pp. 383-399
    • Lawler, J.J.1    Rubin, J.2    Cosby, B.J.3    Fernandez, I.J.4    Kahl, J.S.5    Norton, S.A.6
  • 51
    • 32644454546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal-scale dynamics of water, carbon and nitrogen in a California chaparral ecosystem: DAYCENT modeling results
    • Li, X. Y., T. Meixner, J. O. Sickman, A. E. Miller, J. P. Schimel, and J. M. Melack. 2006. Decadal-scale dynamics of water, carbon and nitrogen in a California chaparral ecosystem: DAYCENT modeling results. Biogeochemistry 77:217-245.
    • (2006) Biogeochemistry , vol.77 , pp. 217-245
    • Li, X.Y.1    Meixner, T.2    Sickman, J.O.3    Miller, A.E.4    Schimel, J.P.5    Melack, J.M.6
  • 52
    • 0026308066 scopus 로고
    • Annual nitrous-oxide flux and soil-nitrogen characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems
    • Matson, P. A., C. Volkmann, K. Coppinger, and W. A. Reiners. 1991, Annual nitrous-oxide flux and soil-nitrogen characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 14:1-12.
    • (1991) Biogeochemistry , vol.14 , pp. 1-12
    • Matson, P.A.1    Volkmann, C.2    Coppinger, K.3    Reiners, W.A.4
  • 53
    • 46949088306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controls over nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from Mojave Desert soils
    • McCalley, C. K., and J. P. Sparks. 2008. Controls over nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from Mojave Desert soils. Oecologia 156:871-881.
    • (2008) Oecologia , vol.156 , pp. 871-881
    • McCalley, C.K.1    Sparks, J.P.2
  • 54
    • 0001033642 scopus 로고
    • Effects of wildfire on a Sonoran Desert plant community
    • McLaughlin, S. P., and J. E. Bowers. 1982. Effects of wildfire on a Sonoran Desert plant community. Ecology 63:246-248.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 246-248
    • McLaughlin, S.P.1    Bowers, J.E.2
  • 55
    • 0000240384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical decline of coastal sage scrub in the Riverside-Perris Plain, California
    • Minnich, R. A., and R. J. Dezzani. 1998. Historical decline of coastal sage scrub in the Riverside-Perris Plain, California. Western Birds 29:366-391.
    • (1998) Western Birds , vol.29 , pp. 366-391
    • Minnich, R.A.1    Dezzani, R.J.2
  • 56
    • 0031879228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical influences on California precipitation
    • Mo, K. C., and R. W. Higgins. 1998. Tropical influences on California precipitation. Journal of Climate 11:412-430.
    • (1998) Journal of Climate , vol.11 , pp. 412-430
    • Mo, K.C.1    Higgins, R.W.2
  • 57
    • 0001210376 scopus 로고
    • Critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen
    • Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    • Nilsson, J., and P. Grennfelt. 1988. Critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen. Report number Nord 1988:97. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    • (1988) Report Number Nord , vol.1988 , pp. 97
    • Nilsson, J.1    Grennfelt, P.2
  • 58
    • 0038300778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical and north Pacific teleconnections influence fire regimes in pine-dominated forests of north-eastern California, USA
    • Norman, S. P., and A. H. Taylor. 2003. Tropical and north Pacific teleconnections influence fire regimes in pine-dominated forests of north-eastern California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 30:1081-1092.
    • (2003) Journal of Biogeography , vol.30 , pp. 1081-1092
    • Norman, S.P.1    Taylor, A.H.2
  • 60
    • 0012904940 scopus 로고
    • Postfire recovery of creosote bush scrub vegetation in the western Colorado Desert
    • O'Leary, J. F., and R. A. Minnich. 1981. Postfire recovery of creosote bush scrub vegetation in the western Colorado Desert. Madroño 28:61-66.
    • (1981) Madroño , vol.28 , pp. 61-66
    • O'Leary, J.F.1    Minnich, R.A.2
  • 61
    • 0028976933 scopus 로고
    • Is coexistence of Sonoran Desert annuals mediated by temporal variability in reproductive success?
    • Pake, C. E., and D. L. Venable. 1995. Is coexistence of Sonoran Desert annuals mediated by temporal variability in reproductive success? Ecology 76:246-261.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 246-261
    • Pake, C.E.1    Venable, D.L.2
  • 64
    • 0023525613 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of factors controlling soil organic-matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil
    • Parton, W. J., D. S. Schimel, C. V. Cole, and D. S. Ojima. 1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic-matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil. Science Society of America Journal. 51:1173-1179.
    • (1987) Science Society of America Journal , vol.51 , pp. 1173-1179
    • Parton, W.J.1    Schimel, D.S.2    Cole, C.V.3    Ojima, D.S.4
  • 65
    • 24344499030 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of C. N, P and S in grassland soils: A model
    • Parton, W. J., J. W. B. Stewart, and C. V. Cole. 1988. Dynamics of C. N, P and S in grassland soils: a model. Biogeochemistry 5:109-131.
    • (1988) Biogeochemistry , vol.5 , pp. 109-131
    • Parton, W.J.1    Stewart, J.W.B.2    Cole, C.V.3
  • 66
    • 0000588744 scopus 로고
    • Productivity and production efficiency of an upper Sonoran Desert ephemeral community
    • Patten, D. T. 1978. Productivity and production efficiency of an upper Sonoran Desert ephemeral community. American Journal of Botany 65:891-895.
    • (1978) American Journal of Botany , vol.65 , pp. 891-895
    • Patten, D.T.1
  • 67
    • 0008254758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating carbon dynamics along the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) in central Canada. 1. Model testing
    • Peng, C. H., M. J. Apps, D. T. Price, I. A. Nalder, and D. H. Halliwell. 1998. Simulating carbon dynamics along the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) in central Canada. 1. Model testing. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12: 381-392.
    • (1998) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.12 , pp. 381-392
    • Peng, C.H.1    Apps, M.J.2    Price, D.T.3    Nalder, I.A.4    Halliwell, D.H.5
  • 68
    • 21444460254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting resources on federal lands: Implications of critical loads for atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur
    • Porter, E., T. Blett, D. U. Potter, and C. Huber. 2005. Protecting resources on federal lands: implications of critical loads for atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur. BioScience 55:603-612. (Pubitemid 40912686)
    • (2005) BioScience , vol.55 , Issue.7 , pp. 603-612
    • Porter, E.1    Blett, T.2    Potter, D.U.3    Huber, C.4
  • 69
    • 34548223821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translating science into policy: Using ecosystem thresholds to protect resources in Rocky Mountain National Park
    • DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.060, PII S0269749107003296, Air Pollution and Vegetation Effects Research in National Parks and Natural Areas: Implications for Science, Policy and Management
    • Porter, E., and S. Johnson. 2007. Translating science into policy: using ecosystem thresholds to protect resources in Rocky Mountain National Park. Environmental Pollution 149:268-280. (Pubitemid 47320905)
    • (2007) Environmental Pollution , vol.149 , Issue.3 , pp. 268-280
    • Porter, E.1    Johnson, S.2
  • 71
    • 67649381664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen mineralization across an atmospheric nitrogen deposition gradient in southern California deserts
    • Rao, L. E., D. R. Parker, A. Bytnerowicz, and E. B. Allen. 2009. Nitrogen mineralization across an atmospheric nitrogen deposition gradient in southern California deserts. Journal, of Arid Environments 73:920-930.
    • (2009) Journal, of Arid Environments , vol.73 , pp. 920-930
    • Rao, L.E.1    Parker, D.R.2    Bytnerowicz, A.3    Allen, E.B.4
  • 73
    • 0003106996 scopus 로고
    • Plant response to nitrogen fertilization in the northern Mohave Desert and its relationship to water manipulation
    • N. E. West and J. J. Skujins, editors Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
    • Romney, E. M., A. Wallace, and R. B. Hunter. 1978. Plant response to nitrogen fertilization in the northern Mohave Desert and its relationship to water manipulation. Pages 232-243 in N. E. West and J. J. Skujins, editors. Nitrogen in desert ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
    • (1978) Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystems , pp. 232-243
    • Romney, E.M.1    Wallace, A.2    Hunter, R.B.3
  • 74
    • 0347970580 scopus 로고
    • Regional bioclimatology of the California desert
    • J. Latting and P. G. Rowlands, editors University of California, Riverside Press, Riverside, California, USA
    • Rowlands, P. G. 1995. Regional bioclimatology of the California desert. Pages 95-134 in J. Latting and P. G. Rowlands, editors. The California desert: an introduction to natural resources and man's impact. University of California, Riverside Press, Riverside, California, USA.
    • (1995) The California Desert: An Introduction to Natural Resources and Man's Impact , pp. 95-134
    • Rowlands, P.G.1
  • 75
    • 0002674357 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fixation by lichens and free-living microorganisms in deserts
    • N. E. West and J. J. Skujins, editors Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
    • Rychert, R., J. J. Skujins, D. Sorensen, and D. Porcella. 1978. Nitrogen fixation by lichens and free-living microorganisms in deserts. Pages 20-30 in N. E. West and J. J. Skujins, editors. Nitrogen in desert ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
    • (1978) Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystems , pp. 20-30
    • Rychert, R.1    Skujins, J.J.2    Sorensen, D.3    Porcella, D.4
  • 76
    • 1642297147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp rubens): Times for concern, opportunities for management
    • Salo, L. F. 2004. Population dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp rubens): times for concern, opportunities for management. Journal of Arid Environments 57:291-296.
    • (2004) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.57 , pp. 291-296
    • Salo, L.F.1
  • 77
    • 23644432981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonoran Desert winter annuals affected by density of redbrome and soil, nitrogen
    • Salo, L. F., G. R. McPherson, and D. G. Williams. 2005. Sonoran Desert winter annuals affected by density of redbrome and soil, nitrogen. American Midland Naturalist 153: 95-109.
    • (2005) American Midland Naturalist , vol.153 , pp. 95-109
    • Salo, L.F.1    McPherson, G.R.2    Williams, D.G.3
  • 79
    • 19944390236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in islands of fertility in the Sonoran Desert
    • Schade, J. D., and S. E. Hobbie. 2005. Spatial and temporal variation in islands of fertility in the Sonoran Desert. Biogeochemistry 73:541-553.
    • (2005) Biogeochemistry , vol.73 , pp. 541-553
    • Schade, J.D.1    Hobbie, S.E.2
  • 80
    • 26044470144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulse additions of soil carbon and nitrogen affect soil nitrogen dynamics in an arid Colorado plateau shrubland
    • Schaeffer, S. M., and R. D. Evans. 2005. Pulse additions of soil carbon and nitrogen affect soil nitrogen dynamics in an arid Colorado plateau shrubland. Oecologia 145:425-433.
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.145 , pp. 425-433
    • Schaeffer, S.M.1    Evans, R.D.2
  • 82
  • 83
    • 0001505294 scopus 로고
    • Trends in fire occurrence in the Arizona Upland Subdivision of the Sonoran Desert, 1955 to 1983
    • Schmid, M. K., and G. F. Rogers. 1988. Trends in fire occurrence in the Arizona Upland Subdivision of the Sonoran Desert, 1955 to 1983. The Southwestern Naturalist 33:437-444.
    • (1988) The Southwestern Naturalist , vol.33 , pp. 437-444
    • Schmid, M.K.1    Rogers, G.F.2
  • 84
    • 67349097846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorado desert vegetation
    • M. G. Barbour, T. KeelerWolfe, and A. A. Schoenherr, editors Third edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA
    • Schoenherr, A. A., and J. H. Burk. 2007. Colorado desert vegetation. Pages 657-682 in M. G. Barbour, T. KeelerWolfe, and A. A. Schoenherr, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California. Third edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
    • (2007) Terrestrial Vegetation of California , pp. 657-682
    • Schoenherr, A.A.1    Burk, J.H.2
  • 85
    • 6044235841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: Understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems
    • DOI 10.1007/s00442-004-1683-3
    • Schwinning, S., O. E. Sala, M. E. Loik, and J. R. Ehleringer. 2004. Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia 141: 191-193. (Pubitemid 39379401)
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.141 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-193
    • Schwinning, S.1    Sala, O.E.2    Loik, M.E.3    Ehleringer, J.R.4
  • 92
    • 0032427248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest
    • Swetnam, T. W., and J. L. Betancourt. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate 11:3128-3147.
    • (1998) Journal of Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3128-3147
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 93
    • 0036791202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil vulnerability and sensitivity to acid deposition in China
    • Tao, F. L., Y. Hayashi, and E. D. Lin. 2002. Soil vulnerability and sensitivity to acid deposition in China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 140:247-260.
    • (2002) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , vol.140 , pp. 247-260
    • Tao, F.L.1    Hayashi, Y.2    Lin, E.D.3
  • 94
    • 62249102695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report number CEC-500-2006-032. California Energy Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research
    • Tonnesen, G. S., Z. Wang, M. Omary, and C. J. Chien. 2007. Assessment of nitrogen deposition: modeling and habitat assessment. Report number CEC-500-2006-032. California Energy Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research, (http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/ CEC-500-2006-032/CEC-500-2006-032.PDF)
    • (2007) Assessment of Nitrogen Deposition: Modeling and Habitat Assessment
    • Tonnesen, G.S.1    Wang, Z.2    Omary, M.3    Chien, C.J.4
  • 97
    • 0012768701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the San Bernardino Mountains, California
    • Wangler, M. J., and R. A. Minnich. 1996. Fire and succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Madroño 43:493-514.
    • (1996) Madroño , vol.43 , pp. 493-514
    • Wangler, M.J.1    Minnich, R.A.2
  • 98
    • 8844246489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface control of desert pavement pedologie process and landscape function, Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California
    • Wood, Y. A., R. C. Graham, and S. G. Wells. 2005. Surface control of desert pavement pedologie process and landscape function, Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Catena 59:205-230.
    • (2005) Catena , vol.59 , pp. 205-230
    • Wood, Y.A.1    Graham, R.C.2    Wells, S.G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.