Potential application of new diagnostic methods for controlling bovine tuberculosis in Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2010, Pages

  Medeiros, Luciana Dos Santos ^a   Marassi, Carla Dray ^a   Figueiredo, Eduárdo Eustaquio S ^b   Lilenbaum, Walter ^a  

^a FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CUIABÁ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Bovine tuberculosis; Diagnosis; Mycobacterium bovis

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOS; BOVINAE; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS;

EID: 77954294159     PISSN: 15178382     EISSN: 16784405     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822010005000002     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Alito, A.; McNair, J.; Girvin, R.M.; Zumarraga, M.; Bigi, F.; Pollock, J.M.; Cataldi, A. (2003). Identification of Mycobacterium bovis antigens by analysis of bovine T-cell responses after infection with a virulent strain. Braz. J. Biol. Res. 36 (11), 1523-1531.
2. 2 cytokine expression in human pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 84(6), 375-385
3. Baptista, F.; Moreira, E.C.; Santos, W.L.M; Naveda, L.A.B. (2004). Prevalência da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em Minas Gerais/Prevalence of tuberculosis among bovines slaughtered in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 56 (5), 577-580.
4. Billman-Jacobe, H.; Radford, A.J.; Rothel, J.S.; Wood, P.R. (1990). Mapping of the T and B cell epitopes of the Mycobacterium bovis protein, MPB 70. Immunol. Cell Biol. 68 (6), 359-365.
5. BRASIL. (2006). Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil. Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT)/ National Program for the Control and Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis - MAPA/DAS/DAS, 188p.
6. Cagiola, M.; Feliziani, F.; Severi, G.; Pasquali, P.; Rutili, D. (2004). Analysis of possible factors affecting the specificity of the gamma interferon test in tuberculosis-free cattle herds. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immun., 11(5), 952-956.
7. Caimi, K.; Romano, M.I.; Alito, A.; Zumarraga, M.; Bigi, F.; Cataldi, A. (2001). Sequence analysis of the direct repeat region in Mycobacterium bovis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 39(3),1067-72.
8. Casillas, C.R.; Elizondo, G.V.; Diaz, C.A. (1995). Comparición del ELISA con la tuberculinizacion en el diagnostico de la tuberculosis bovina (Comparition of ELISA and the tuberculin test in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis). Tec. Pec. Mex. 33 (3), 148-158.
9. Chambers, M.A.; Gavier-Widén, D.; Hewinson, R.G. (2004). Antibody bound to the surface antigen MPB83 of Mycobacterium bovis enhances survival against high dose and low dose challenge FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 41(2), 93-100.
10. Collins, D.M.; Radford, A.J.; de Lisle, G.W.; Jacob, H.B. (1994). Diagnosis and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis using molecular biological approaches. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 83-94.
11. Corner, L.A. (1994). Post mortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 53-63.
12. Corner, L.A.; Melville, L.; McCubbin, K.; Small, K.J.; McCormick, B.S.; Rothel, J.S. (1990). Efficiency of inspection procedures for detection of tuberculous lesions in cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 67 (11), 389-392
13. Cousins, D.V.; Williams, S.N.; Ross, B.C.; Ellis, T.M. (1993). Use of a repetitive element isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in hybridization studies with Mycobacterium bovis: a new tool for epidemiological studies of bovine tuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 37 (1-2), 1-17.
14. de la Rua Domenech, R.; Goodchild, A.T.; Vordemeier, H.M.; Hewinson, R.G.; Christiansen, K.H.; Clifon-Hadley, R.S. (2006). Ante mortem diagnosis in cattle: A review of the tuberculin tests,-interferon assay and other ancillary diagnostic techniques. Res. Vet. Sci. 81 (2), 190-210.
15. Denis, M.; Wedlock, D. N.; McCarthy, A.R.; Parlane, N.A.; Cockle, P.J.; Vordermeier, H. M.R.; Hewinson, G.; Buddle B.M. (2007). Enhancement of the sensitivity of the whole-blood gamma interferon assay for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis Infections in cattle. Clin. Vac. Immunol. 14(11), 1483-1489.
16. Djaibé,C.D.; Hilty,M.; Ngandolo,R; Mahamat, H.H.; Pfyffer, G.E.; Franca,B.; Hewinson,G.; Tanner, M.; Zinsstag,J.; Schelling, E. (2006). Mycobacterium bovis Isolates from tuberculous lesions in Chadian zebu carcasses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12(5), 769-71.
17. Doherty, M.L.; Monaghan, M.L.; Bassett H.F.; Quinn, P.J. (1995). Effect of a recent injection of purified protein derivative on diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis Res. Vet. Sci. 58(3), 217-221
18. Duarte, E.L.; Domingos, M.; Amado, A.; Botelho, A. (2008). Spoligotype diversity of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae animal isolates. Vet. Microbiol. 130 (3-4), 415-421.
19. Eisenstadt, J.; Hall, G.S. (1995). Microbiology and classification of mycobacteria. Clin. Dermatol. 13 (3), 197-206.
20. Fifis, T.; Corner, L.A; Rothel, J.S.; Wood, P.R. (1994a) Cellular and humoral responses of cattle to purified Mycobacterium bovis antigens. Scand. J. Immunol. 39 (3), 267-274.
21. Fifis, T.; Rothel, J.S.; Wood, P.R. (1994 b). Soluble Mycobacterium bovis protein antigens: Studies on their purification and immunological evaluation. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 65-81.
22. Figueiredo, E.E.S.; Silva, M.G.; Fonseca, L.S.; Silva, J.T. Paschoalin, V.M.F. (2008b). Detecção de Mycobacterium bovis no leite através da identificação do complexo M. tuberculosis por PRA (Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in milk by identification of M. tuberculosis complex by PRA). C. Anim. Bras. In press.
23. Figueiredo, E.; Silvestre, F.G.; Campos, W.N.; Furlanetto, L.; Medeiros, L.; Lilenbaum, W.; Fonseca, L. S.; Silva, J.T.; Paschoalin, V. (2008a) Identification of Mycobacterium bovis Isolates by a multiplex PCR. Braz. J. Microbiol. 40(2), 231-233.
24. Figueiredo, E.E.S. (2006). Padronização de técnicas moleculares para detecção de Mycobacterium bovis em leite: questão de saúde pública (Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis in milk: A matter of public health). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Msc. Dissertation. Instituto de Química. UFRJ).
25. Flores, L.; Van, T.; Narayanan, S.; DeRiemer, K.; Maeda, M.K.; Gagneux, S. (2007). Large sequence polymorphisms classify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with ancestral spoligotyping patterns. J Clin Microbiol. 45 (10), 3393-3395.
26. Fráguas, S.A.; Cunha-Abreu, M.S.; Ferreira, A.M.R.; Marassi, C.D.; Oeleman, W.M.R.; Fonseca, L.S.; Ferreira, R.; Lilenbaum, W. (2008). Estudo comparativo de métodos complementares para o diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina em animais reagentes à tuberculinização (Comparative study on complementary methods for the bovine tuberculosis diagnosis in animals reactive to the intradermal tests). Rev. Bras. C. Vet. 15 (3), 117-121.
27. Ghosh, J.; Larsson, P.; Singh, B.; Pettersson, B.M.; Islam, N.M.; Sarkar, S.N.; Dasgupta, S.; Kirsebom, L.A. (2009). Sporulation in mycobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106(26), 10781-6.
28. Gormley, E.; Doyle, M.B.; Fitzsimons, T.; McGill, K.; Collins, J.D. (2006). Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle by use of gamma-interferon (Bovigam) assay. Vet. Microbiol. 112 (2-4), 171-179.
29. Gormley, E.; Doyle, M.B.; McGill, K.; Costello, E.; Good, M.; Collins, J.D. (2004). The effect of the tuberculin test and the consequences of a delay in blood culture on the sensitivity of a gamma-interferon assay for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102 (4), 413-420
30. Griffin, J.M.; Dolan, L.A. (1995).The role of cattle-to cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in cattle in the republic of Ireland: A review. Ir. Vet. J. 48, 228-234.
31. Harboe, M.; Nagai, S.; Patarroyo, M.E.; Torres, M.L.; Ramirez, C.; Cruz, N. (1986). Properties of proteins MPB 64, MPB 70, and MPB 80 of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect. Immun., 52(1), 293-302.
32. Harboe, M.; Wiker, H.G.; Ulvind, G.; Pedersen, B.; Andersen, A.B.; Hewinson, R.G.; Nagai, S. (1998). MPB70 and MPB83 as indicators of protein localization in mycobacterial cells. Infect. Immun. 66, 289-296.
33. Holanda, E.D.; Lobato, F.C.; Mota, P.M.; Abreu, V.L. (2002). Avaliação de métodos de descontaminação para isolamento de Mycobacterium bovis (Evaluation of decontamination methods for Mycobacterium bovis isolation). R. Bras. Med. Vet. 24 (2), 54-57.
34. Juárez, M.D.; Torres, A.; Espitia, C. (2001). Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis region containing the mpt83 and mpt70 genes. Microbiol. Lett., 203 (1), 95-102.
35. Kamerbeek, J.; Schouls, L.; Kolk, A.; van Agterveld, M.; van Soolingen, D.; Kuuper, S.; Bunschoten, A.; Molhuizen, H, Shaw; R., Goyal, M.; van Embdem, J. (1997). Simultaneous detection and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35 (4), 907-914
36. Kiszewski, A.E.; Becerril, E.; Aguilar, L.D.; Kader, I.T.A.; Myers, W.; Portaels, F.; Pando, R.H. (2006). The local immune response in ulcerative lesions of Buruli disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 143(3), 445-451.
37. Leite, C.Q.F.; Anno, I.S.; Leite, S.R.A.; Roxo, E.; Morlock, G.P.; Cooksey, R.P. (2003). Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from livestock specimens and milk obtained in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 98 (3), 319-323.
38. Liebana, E.; Johnson, J.; Gough, J.; Durr., P.; Jahans, K.; Clifton-Hadley, R.; Spencer, Y.; Hewinson, R.G.; Downs, S.H. (2008). Pathology of naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales. Vet. J. 176 (3), 354-360.
39. Lightbody, K.A.; McNair, J.; Neill, S.D.; Pollock, J.M. (2000). IgG isotype antibody responses to epitopes of the Mycobacterium bovis protein MPB70 in immunised and in tuberculin skin test-reactor cattle Vet. Microbiol. 75 (2), 177-188.
40. Lilenbaum, W.; Fonseca, L. (2006). The use of ELISA as a complementary tool for bovine tuberculosis control in Brazil. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 43 (2), 256-261.
41. Lilenbaum, W.; Fonseca, L.S.; Pessolani; M.C.V. (2001). The use of Ag85 complex as antigen in ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cows in Brazil. J. Vet. Med. 48 (3), 161-166.
42. Lilenbaum, W.; Schettinni, J.; Souza, G.N.; Ribeiro, E.R.; Moreira, E.C. (1999). Comparison between a gama- IFN assay kit and intradermal tuberculin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis on field trials in Brazil. J. Vet. Med. 46 (5), 353-358.
43. Lilenbaum, W.; Schettini, J.C.; Ferreira, M.A.S.; Souza, G.N.; Ribeiro, E.R.; Moreira, E.C.; Fonseca, L.S. (1999). Evaluation of an ELISA - PPD for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in field trials in Brazil. Res. Vet. Sci. 66, 191-195.
44. Liu, S.; Guo, S.; Wang, C.; Shao, M.; Zhang, X.; Guo, Y.; Gong, Q.A. (2007). Novel fusion protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 87 (3), 212-217
45. Marassi, C.D.; Medeiros, L.; Lilenbaum, W. (2009). The use of a Gamma-Interferon assay to confirm a diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Acta Trop. In press.
46. McNair, J.; Corbett, D.M.; Girvin, R.M.; Mackie, D.P.; Pollock, J.M. (2001). Characterization of the early antibody response in bovine tuberculosis: MPB 83 is an early target with diagnostic potential. Scand. J. Immunol. 53, 365-371.
47. Miranda, A.; Amadeu, T.P.; Schueler, G.; Alvarenga, F.B.F.; Duppré, N.; Ferreira, H.; Nery, J.A.C.; Sarno, E.N. (2007). Increased Langerhans cell accumulation after mycobacterial stimuli. Histopathology 51(5), 649-656.
48. Monaghan, M.L.; Doherty, M.L.; Collins, J.D.; Kazda, J.F.; Quinn P.J. (1994). The tuberculin test. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 111-124.
49. Neill, S.D.; Cassidy, J.; Hanna, J.; Mackie, D.P.; Pollock, J.A.; Clements, A.; Walton, E.; Bryson, D.G. (1994). Detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in skin test-negative cattle with an assay for bovine interferon-gamma. Vet. Rec. 135 (6), 134-135.
50. Neill, S.D.; Pollock, J.M.; Bryson, D.B.; Hanna, J. (1994). Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium infection in cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 41-52.
51. Neonakis, K.I.; Gitti, Z.; Krambovitis, E.; Spandidos. A.D. (2008). Molecular diagnostic tools in mycobacteriology. J. Microbiol. Methods, 75 (1), 1-11.
52. OIE, World Organization for Animal Health. Terrestrial Manual, (2008). http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.04.07_BOVINE_TB.pdf.Acessed 11 May 2009.
53. Oliveira, I.; Melo, H.; Camara, A.; Dias, R.; Soto-Blanco, B. (2007). Prevalência de tuberculose no rebanho bovino de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte (Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in a bovine herd from Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte). Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., 44 (6), 395-400,
54. PAHO/WHO, Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa. Informe de Situação de Países. (2006). http://bvs.panaftosa.org.br/docs/level2.php?channel=textoc&lang=es. Acessed 22 Jan 2009
55. Palmer, M.V.; Waters, W.R.; Thacker, T.C.; Greenwald, R.; Esfandiari, J.; Lyashenko, K.P. (2006). Effects of different tuberculin skin-testing regiments on gamma interferon and antibody responses in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13 (3), 387-394.
56. Parra, A.; García, N.; García, A.; Lacombe, A.; Moreno, F.; Freire, F.; Moran, J.; Hermosa de Mendoza, J. (2008). Development of a molecular diagnostic test applied to experimental abattoir surveillance on bovine tuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 127 (3-4), 315-324.
57. Poletto, R.; Kreutz, L.C.; Gonzales, J.C.; Barcellos, L.J.G. (2004). Prevalência de tuberculose, brucelose e infecções víricas em bovinos leiteiros do município de Passo Fundo, RS (Prevalence of tuberculosis, brucelosis and viral infections in dairy cattle from the county of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil). Ciência Rural; 34(2), 595-598.
58. Pollock, J.M. & Neill, S.D. (2002). Mycobacterium bovis infection and tuberculosis in cattle. Vet. J. 163 (2), 115-127.
59. Pollock, J.M.; Welsh, M.D.; McNair, J. (2005). Immune Response in bovine tuberculosis: Towards new strategies for the diagnosis and control of disease. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 108 (1-2), 37-43.
60. Purohit, M.R.; Mustafa, Tehmina T.; Wiker, H.G.; Mørkve, H.G.O.; Sviland, L. (2007). Immunohistochemical diagnosis of abdominal and lymph node tuberculosis by detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex specific antigen MPT64. Diag. Pathol. 2 (1), 36.
61. Radford, A.J.; Wood, P.R.; Billman-Jacob, H.; Geysen, M.; Mason, T.M.; Tribbick, G. (1990). Epitope mapping of the Mycobacterium bovis secretory protein MPB 70 using overlapping peptide analysis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 (2), 265-272.
62. Ribeiro, A.R.P.; Lobato, F.C.F.; Abreu, V.L.V.; Faria, E.S.; Silva, J.A. (2003). Prevalência de tuberculose e brucelose bovina no município de Ilhéus/Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in Ilhéus, Bahia - Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 55(1), 120-122.
63. Ritacco, V.; Kantor, I.N.; Barrera, L.; Nader, A.; Bernadelli, A.; Torrea, G.; Errico, F.; Fliess, E. (1987). Assessment of the sensivity and specificity of ELISA for the detection of Mycobacterial antibodies in bovine tuberculosis. J. Vet. Med. 34 (2), 119-125.
64. Rodgers, J.D.; Connery, N.L.; McNair, J.; Welsh, M.D.; Skuce, R.A.; Bryson, D.G.; McMurray, D.N.; Pollock, J.M. (2007). Experimental exposure of cattle to a precise aerosolized challenge of Mycobacterium bovis: A novel model to study bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 87 (5), 405-414.
65. Rodriguez, C.A.R.; Zumárraga, M.J.; Oliveira, E.M.D.; Cataldi, A.A.; Romano, M.I.; Otto, H.H.; Bonafé, V.L.; Ferreira Neto, J.S. (2004). Caracterização molecular de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis do Estado de São Paulo Brasil, utilizando a técnica de spoligotyping (Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using the technique of spoligotyping). Arq. Inst. Biol., 71 (3), 277-282.
66. Romano, M.I.; Alito, A.; Fisanotti, J.C.; Bigi, F.; Kantor, I.; Cicuta, M.E.; Cataldi, A. (1996). Comparison of different genetic markers for molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 50 (1-2), 59-71.
67. Romero, B.; Aranaz, A.; Juan, L.; Álvarez, J.; Bezos, J.; Mateos, A.; Mampaso, E.G.; Domínguez, L. (2006). Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis isolates with the same spoligotyping profile as isolates from animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(9), 3405-3408.
68. Roring, S.; Hughes, M.S.; Skuce, R.A.; Neill, S.D. (2000). Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis directly from bovine tissue specimens by spoligotyping. Vet. Microbiol. 74 (3), 227-236.
69. Rothel, J.S.; Jones, S.L.; Corner, L.A.; Cox, J.C.; Wood, P.R. (1990). A sandwich enzyme immunoassay for bovine interferon-y and its use for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 67 (4), 134-137
70. Rothel, J.S.; Jones, S.L.; Corner, L.A.; Cox, J.C.; Wood, P.R. (1992).The gamma-interferon assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle: conditions affecting the production of gamma-interferon in whole blood culture. Aust. Vet. J. 69 (1), 1-4.
71. Roxo, E. (2005). Situação Atual da Tuberculose Bovina no Brasil. Plano Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose, PNCE bovine tuberculosis (National Plan For the Control and Eradication of bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis). Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Docum. PNCE bovine tuberculosis DDD2005, São Paulo, 1-5.
72. Ruggiero, A.P.; Ikuno, A.A.; Ferreira, V.C.A.; Roxo, E. (2007). Tuberculose bovina: alternativas para o diagnóstico (Bovine tuberculosis: alternatives for the diagnosis). Arq. Inst. Biol. 74 (1), 55-65.
73. Ryan, T.J.; Buddle, B.M.; De Lisle, G.W. (2000). An evaluation of the gamma interferon test for detecting bovine tuberculosis in cattle 8 to 28 days after tuberculin skin testing. Res. Vet. Sci. 69 (1), 57-61.
74. Salfinger, M.; Pfyffer, G.E. (1994). The new diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13(11), 961-979.
75. Silva, E. (2001). Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 78 (2), 111-117.
76. Thom, M.; Morgan, J.M.; Hope, J.C.; Ramos, B.V., Martin, M., Howard, C.J. (2004). The effect of repeated tuberculin skin testing of cattle on immune responses and disease following experimental infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102 (4), 399-412.
77. Thorel, M.F. (1994). Le role du laboratoire dans le contrôle de la tuberculose chez les animaux. Le Point Vet. 26 (159), 35-40.
78. Vordermeier, H.M.; Rhodes, S.G.; Dean, G.; Goonetilleke, N.; Huygen, K.; Hill, A.V.S.; Hewinson, R.G.; Gilbert, S.C. (2004). Cellular immune responses induced in cattle by heterologous prime-boost vaccination using recombinant viruses and bacille Calmette- Guérin. Immunology 112(3), 461-470.
79. Wards, B.J.; Collins, D.M.; Lisle, G.W. (1995). Detection of Mycobacterium in tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Vet. Microbiol. 43 (2-3), 227-240.
80. Waters, R.W.; Palmer, M.V.; Thacker, T.C.; Bannantine, J.P.; Vordemeier, H.M.; Hewinson, R.G.; Greenwald, R.; Esfandiari, J.; McNair, J.; Pollock, J.M.; Andersen, P.; Lyashchenko, K.P. (2006). Early antibody responses to experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Clin. Vac. Immunol. 13(6), 648-654.
81. Welsh, M.D.; Cunningham, R.T.; Corbett, D.M.; Girvin, R.M.; McNair, J.; Skuce, R.A.; Bryson, D.G.; Pollock, J.M. (2005). Influence of pathological progression on the balance between cellular and humoral immune responses in bovine tuberculosis. Immunology 114 (1), 101-111.
82. Whipple, D.L.; Bolin, C.A.; Davis, A.J.; Jarnagin, J.L.; Johnson, D.C.; Nabors, R.S.; Payeur, J.B.; Saari, D.A.; Wilson, A.J. & Wolf, M.M. (1995). Comparison of the sensitivity of the caudal fold skin test and a commercial gamma-interferon assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56 (4), 415-19.
83. WHO, World Health Organization. (1996). Guidelines for specification withing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. WHO/EMC/ZOO/96.4. Second edition, 23p.
84. Wiker HG. (2009). MPB70 and MPB83--major antigens of Mycobacterium bovis. Scand. J. Immunol. 69(6), 492-9.
85. Wiker, G.H. & Harboe, M. (1992). The Antigen 85 Complex: a major secretion product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol. Rev. 56 (4), 648-661.
86. Wiker, H. G.; Lyashcenko, K.P.; Aksoy, A.M.; Lightbody, K.A.; Pollock, J.M.; Komissarenko, S.V.; Bobrovnik, S.O.; Kolesnikova, I.N.; Mykhalsky, L.O.; Gennaro, M.L.; Harboe, M. (1998). Immunochemical characterization of the MPB70/80 and MPB83 proteins of Mycobacterium bovis. Infect. Immun. 66 (4), 1445-1452
87. Wiker, H.G.; Harboe, M.; Lea, T.E. (1986). Purification and characterization of two protein antigens from the heterogenous BCG85 complex in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immun. 81 (4), 298-306
88. Wood, P.R & Rothel, J.S. (1994). In vitro immunodiagnostic assays for bovine tuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 40 (1-2), 125-135.
89. Wood, P.R.; Corner, L.A.; Plackett, P. (1990a). Development of a simple, rapid in vitro cellular assay for bovine tuberculosis based on the production of interferon. Res. Vet. Sci. 49 (1), 46-49.
90. Wood, P.R.; Rothel, J.S.; McWathers, P.G.D.; Jones, S.L. (1990b). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine gamma-interferon. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 25 (1), 37-46.
91. Young, J. S.; Gormley, E.; Wellington,E.M. H. (2005). Molecular detection of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Pasteur) in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(4), 1946-1952.
92. Zanini, M. S; Moreira, E. C; Lopes, M. T. P; Oliveira, R. S; Leao, S. C; Fioravanti, R. L; Roxo, E; Zumarraga, M; Romano, M. I; Cataldi, A; Salas, C. E. (2001). Mycobacterium bovis: polymerase chain reaction identification in bovine Lymphonode biopsies and genotyping in isolates from Southeast Brazil by spolygotyping and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 96(6), 809-813.
93. Zumárraga, M. J.; Martin, C.; Samper, S.; Alito, A.; Latini, O.; Bigi, F.; Roxo, E.; Cicuta, M.E.; Errico, F.; Ramos, M.C.; Cataldi, A.; Soolingen, D, Romano, A.A. (1999). Usefulness of spoligotyping in molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis-related infectious in South America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (2), 296-303.