Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay, South Africa: A case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 37, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 2291-2302

  Jerardino, Antonieta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cape rock lobster; Foraging ecology; Human impacts; Limpets; Mussels; Resource intensification; Shell middens; South Africa

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ARTIFACT; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; HUNTER-GATHERER; MIDDEN; PALEOENVIRONMENT; SHELL; SKELETAL REMAINS;

LAMBERTS BAY; SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN CAPE;

BOVIDAE; JASUS LALANDII; MUSCULUS NIGER; PATELLIDAE; TESTUDINIDAE; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77954244881     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Ames K.M. The archaeology of the longue durée: temporal and spatial scale in the evolution of social complexity on the southern Northwest Coast. Antiquity 1991, 65:935-945.
2. Ames K.M. The Northwest coast: complex hunter-gatherers, ecology, and social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 1994, 23:209-229.
3. Barnard A. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of The Khoisan Peoples 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. Basgall M. Resource intensification among hunter-gatherers: acorn economies in prehistoric California. Research in Economic Anthropology 1987, 9:21-52.
5. Beaton J.M. Extensification and intensification in central California prehistory. Antiquity 1991, 65:946-952.
6. Bigalke E.H. The exploitation of shellfish by coastal tribesmen of the Transkei. Annals of the Provincial Cape Museums (Natural History) 1973, 9:159-175.
7. Bigalke E.H., Voigt E.A. The inter-disciplinary aspect of a study of shellfish exploitation by indigenous coastal communities. South African Museums Association Bulletin 1973, 10:256-261.
8. Binford L.R. Mobility, housing, and environment: a comparative study. Journal of Anthropological Research 1990, 46:119-152.
9. Bird D.W., O'Connell J.F. Behavioural ecology and archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 2006, 14:143-188.
10. Bouey P. The intensification of hunter-gatherer economies in the southern North Coast ranges of California. Research in Economic Anthropology 1987, 9:53-101.
11. Broughton J.M. Declines in mammalian foraging efficiency during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1994, 13:371-401.
12. Broughton J.M. Late Holocene resource intensification in the Sacramento Valley, California: the vertebrate evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 1994, 21:501-514.
13. Broughton J.M. Prey spatial structure and behaviour affect archaeological tests of optimal foraging models: examples from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna. World Archaeology 2002, 34(1):60-83.
14. Broughton J.M., Mullins D., Ekker T. Avian resource depression or intertaxonomic variation in bone density? A test with San Francisco Bay avifaunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:374-391.
15. Buchanan W. Shellfish in prehistoric diet: Elands Bay, SW Cape Coast, South Africa. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 1988, 31. BAR International Series, vol. 455.
16. Budack K.F.R. The≠Aonin or Topnaar of the lower !Khuiseb valley and the sea. Khoisan Linguistics Studies 1977, 3:1-42.
17. Budack K.F.R. A harvesting people on the South Atlantic. South African Journal of Ethnology 1983, 6:1-7.
18. Bustamante R.H., Branch G.M. Large scale patterns and trophic structure of southern African rocky shores: the roles of geographic variation and wave exposure. Journal of Biogeography 1996, 23:339-351.
19. Cannon M.D. Archaeofaunal relative abundance, sample size, and statistical methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 2001, 28:185-195.
20. Cruz-Uribe K., Klein R. Chew marks and cut marks on bones from the Kasteelberg B and Dune Field Midden Later Stone Age sites, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 1994, 21:35-49.
21. Deacon J. " My place is the bitterpits": the home territory of Bleek and Lloyd's /Xam San informants. African Studies 1986, 45:135-155.
22. Deacon J. The power of a place in understanding southern San rock engravings. World Archaeology 1988, 20:129-140.
23. Erlandson J.M. The archaeology of aquatic adaptations: paradigms for a new millennium. Journal of Archaeological Research 2001, 9:287-350.
24. Grayson D.K. Quantitative Zooarchaeology 1984, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
25. Grayson D.K., Cannon M.D. Human palaeoecology and foraging theory in the Great Basin. Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today 1999, 141-151. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. C. Beck (Ed.).
26. Hall, S., 1990. Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of the Fish River Basin: A Contribution to the Holocene Prehistory of the Eastern Cape. Ph.D. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.
27. Henshilwood C., Nilssen P., Parkington J. Mussel drying and food storage in the late Holocene, sw Cape, South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology 1994, 21:103-109.
28. Holliday T.W. The ecological context of trapping among recent hunter-gatherers: implications for subsistence in terminal Pleistocene Europe. Current Anthropology 1998, 39:711-720.
29. Horwitz, L., 1979. From Materialism to Middens: A Case Study at Eland's Bay, Western Cape, South Africa. Unpublished B.A. (Hons) thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
30. Jerardino A. The problem with density values in archaeological analysis: a case study from Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1995, 50:21-27.
31. Jerardino A. Late Holocene neoglacial episodes in southern South America and southern Africa: a comparison. The Holocene 1995, 5(3):361-368.
32. Jerardino, A., 1996. Changing Social Landscapes of the Western Cape Coast of Southern Africa over the Last 4500Years. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
33. Jerardino A. Changes in shellfish species composition and mean shell size from a late-Holocene record of the west coast of southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 1997, 24:1031-1044.
34. Jerardino A. Excavations at Pancho's Kitchen Midden, Western Cape coast, South Africa: further observations into the megamidden period. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 1998, 53:17-25.
35. Jerardino A. Pre-colonial settlement and subsistence along sandy shores south of Elands Bay, west coast, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2003, 58:53-62.
36. Jerardino, A., 2004. Why did pastoralism spread so quickly along the West Coast of South Africa? In: Conference Paper Presented at the 2004 Biennial Meeting of the Southern African Association of Archaeologists, 4th-8th April, Kimberley, South Africa.
37. Jerardino A. Excavations at a hunter-gatherer site known as 'Grootrif G' shell midden, Lamberts Bay, Western Cape Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2007, 62(186):162-170.
38. Jerardino A. The art of making candy floss: comments on J. Orton & A. MacKay paper " New excavations at Klein Kliphuis rock shelter, Cederberg mountains, Western Cape, South Africa: the late Holocene deposits" , South African Archaeological Bulletin 63(187): 69-76. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2008, 63(188):172-175.
39. Jerardino A., Navarro R. Shell morphometry of seven limpet species from coastal shell middens in southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2008, 35(4):1023-1029.
40. Jerardino A., Yates R. Preliminary results from excavations at Steenbokfontein Cave: Implications for past and future research. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1996, 51:7-16.
41. Jerardino A., Yates R. Excavations at Mike Taylor's Midden: a summary report and implications for a re-characterisation of megamiddens. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1997, 52:43-51.
42. Jerardino A., Branch G.M., Navarro R. Human impact on precolonial west coast marine environments of South Africa. Human Impacts on Marine Environments: A Global Perspective 2008, 279-296. University of California Press. T.C. Rick, J.M. Erlandson (Eds.).
43. Jerardino A., Dewar G., Navarro R. Opportunistic subsistence strategies among Late Holocene coastal hunter-gatherers, Elands Bay, South Africa. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2009, 4:37-60.
44. Jerardino A., Horwitz L., Mazel A., Navarro R. Just before Van Riebeck: glimpses into terminal LSA lifestyle at Connies Limpet Bar, West Coast of South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2009, 64(189):75-86.
45. Kaplan J. Archaeological Excavations at Doorspring, Lamberts Bay 1994, Unpublished report prepared for Le Cape Projects, Agency for Cultural Resource Management.
46. Kaplan J. Archaeological Excavations at Doorspring, Lamberts Bay: Final Season 1994, Unpublished report prepared for Le Cape Projects, Agency for Cultural Resource Management.
47. Kelly R.L. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways 1995, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
48. Kennett D.J. The Island Chumash 2005, University of California Press.
49. Kilburn R., Rippey E. Sea Shells of Southern Africa 1982, Macmillan, Johannesburg.
50. Klein R.G. Stone age predation on small African bovids. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1981, 36:55-65.
51. Kusimba S.B. What is a hunter-gatherer? Variation in the archaeological record of Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Research 2005, 13:337-366.
52. Lasiak T. The susceptibility and/or resilience of rocky littoral molluscs to stock depletion by the indigenous coastal people of Transkei, southern Africa. Biological Conservation 1991, 56:245-264.
53. Lee-Thorp J.A., Sealy J.C., Van der Merwe N.J. Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 1989, 16:585-599.
54. Lupo K. Evolutionary foraging models in zooarchaeological analysis: recent applications and future challenges. Journal of Archaeological Research 2007, 15:143-189.
55. Manhire A., Parkington J., Yates R. Nets and fully recurved bows: rock paintings and hunting methods in the Western Cape, South Africa. World Archaeology 1985, 17(2):161-174.
56. Mayfield S., Branch G.M., Cockcroft A. Relationships among diet, growth rate, and food availability for the South African rock lobster, Jasus lalandii (Decapoda, Palinuridea). Crustaceana 2000, 73:8115-8834.
57. Mazel A.D. People making history: the last ten thousand years of hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela Basin. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 1989, 1:1-168.
58. Mazel A., Parkington J. Stone tools and resources: a case study from southern Africa. World Archaeology 1981, 13. 16-13.
59. McCormac F.G., Hogg A.G., Blackwell P.G., Buck C.E., Higham T.F.G., Reimer P.J. SHCAL04 southern hemisphere calibration, 0-11.0 CAL KYR BP. Radiocarbon 2004, 46(3):1087-1092.
60. McQuaid C.D., Branch G.M. Influence of sea temperature, substratum and wave exposure on rocky intertidal communities: an analysis of faunal and floral biomass. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1984, 19:145-151.
61. Mitchell P. The Archaeology of Southern Africa 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
62. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M. Reflections on North American Pacific coast prehistory. Journal of World Prehistory 1995, 9:1-45.
63. Nagaoka L.A. Using diversity indices to measure changes in prey choice at the Shag River Mouth site, southern New Zealand. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2001, 11:101-111.
64. Noli D. Results of the 1986 Excavation at Hailstone Midden (HSM), Eland's Bay, Western Cape Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1988, 43:43-48.
65. Orton J. The Later Stone Age lithic sequence at Elands Bay, Western Cape, South Africa: raw materials, artefacts and sporadic change. Southern African Humanities 2006, 18:1-28.
66. Parkington J. Coastal settlement between the mouths of the Berg and the Olifants rivers, Cape Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin 1976, 31:127-140.
67. Parkington J. Soaqua and bushmen: hunters and robbers. Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies 1984, 151-174. Academic Press, London and New York. C. Schrire (Ed.).
68. Parkington J. Approaches to dietary reconstruction in the Western Cape: are you what you have eaten?. Journal of Archaeological Science 1991, 18:331-342.
69. Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa 1987, vol. 332(i+ii). British Archaeological Reports International Series. J. Parkington, M. Hall (Eds.).
70. Parkington J.E., Yates R., Manhire A., Halkett D. The social impact of pastoralism in the southwestern Cape. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1986, 5(4):313-329.
71. Parkington J.E., Poggenpoel C., Buchanan W., Robey T., Manhire A., Sealy J. Holocene coastal settlement patterns in the Western Cape. The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines 1988, 22-41. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G. Bailey, J.E. Parkington (Eds.).
72. Parkington J.E., Fisher J.W., Tonner T.W.W. " The fires are constant, the shelters are whims": a feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2009, 64:104-121.
73. Pfeiffer S. Cranial trauma as evidence of a stressful period among southern African foragers. The Compleat Archaeologist: Papers in Honor of Michael Spence, London Chapter 2010, 259-271. Ontario Archaeological Society (Occasional Paper No. 9) and Museum of Ontario Archaeology Joint Publication. C. Ellis, N. Ferris, P. Timmins, C. White (Eds.).
74. Pfeiffer S., Sealy J. Body size among Holocene foragers of the Cape ecozone, Southern Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2006, 129:1-11.
75. Pfeiffer S., Van der Merwe N.J. Cranial injuries to later stone age children from the Modder River Mouth, southwestern Cape, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2004, 59:59-65.
76. Pfeiffer S., Van der Merwe N.J., Parkington J.E., Yates R. Violent human death in the past: a case from the Western Cape. South African Journal of Science 1999, 95:137-140.
77. Prendergast M.E., Yuan J., Bar-Yosef O. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:1027-1037.
78. Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity 1985, Academic Press, New York. D. Price, J. Brown (Eds.).
79. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G.S., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51(4):1111-1150.
80. Sadr K., Sampson G. Through thick and thin: early pottery in southern Africa. Journal of African Archaeology 2006, 4:235-252.
81. Sealy J.C. Diet, mobility, and settlement pattern among Holocene hunter-gatherers in southernmost Africa. Current Anthropology 2006, 47:569-595.
82. 13C measurements of Holocene human skeletons from the south-western Cape, South Africa. World Archaeology 1988, 20:87-102.
83. Sealy J., Yates R. The chronology of the introduction of pastoralism in the Cape, South Africa. Antiquity 1994, 68:58-67.
84. Skinner J.D., Smithers R.H.N. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion 1990, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
85. Smith A.B. Excavations at Kasteelberg and the Origins of the Khoekhoen in the Western Cape, South Africa. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2006, vol. 1537. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 66.
86. Stiner M.C. The faunas of Hyonim Cave, Israel: A 200,000-year record of Palaeolithic diet, demography and society. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 2005, 48. Massachusetts.
87. Stiner M.C., Munro N.D., Surovell T. The tortoise and the hare: small-game use, the broad spectrum revolution, and paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 2000, 41:39-74.
88. Stahl A.B. Intensification in the west African late stone age: a view from central Ghana. The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns 1993, 261-273. Routledge, London. T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, A. Okpoko (Eds.).
89. Tonner T.W.W. Later Stone Age shellfishing behaviour at Dunefield Midden (Western Cape, South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:1390-1407.
90. Waselkov G.A. Shellfish gathering and shell midden archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1987, 10:93-210.
91. Winterhalder B. Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research. Human Ecology 1980, 8:135-170.
92. Winterhalder B. Optimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in anthropology: theory and models. Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies 1981, 13-35. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. B. Winterhalder, E.A. Smith (Eds.).
93. Wobst H.M. The archaeo-ethnology of hunter-gatherers or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology. American Antiquity 1978, 43:303-309.
94. Woodburn J. Egalitarian societies. Man 1982, 17:431-451.
95. Woodburn J. African hunter-gatherer social organization: is it best understood as a product of encapsulation?. Hunter and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution and Social Change 1988, 31-64. Berg, Oxford. T. Ingold, D. Riches, J. Woodburn (Eds.).
96. Yates R. Mega- and minor middens: Shellfish and subsistence over four thousand years on the west coast, South Africa 1989, Unpublished Report, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.
97. Yates R. Archaeological Heritage Resources Assessment: Portion 37 of the Farm Uitkomst 23, Paternoster, Saldanha Bay Municipality, Western Cape Province 2004, Unpublished report prepared for Deon Van Zyl Consultants, Iziko South African Museums, Cape Town.
98. Yates R., Manhire A., Parkington J. Rock painting and history. Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research 1994, 29-60. Wits University Press, Johannesburg. T.A. Dowson, D. Lewis-Williams (Eds.).